Investigatory Project Biology

TO STUDY AND PREVENT THE EFFECTS

OF THE VIRAL DISEASES IN HUMAN BODY

UNNIKRISHNAN SANTHOSH 12B

-CONTENTS
1
 SL. NO TITLE PG. NO
1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3
2 INTRODUCTION 4
3 NIPAH 5
4 HIV 6
5 HEPATITIS 7
6 COVID-19 8
7 CHICKENPOX 9
8 DIFFERENT 11
TECHNIQUES TO
PREVENT VIRAL
DISEASES
9 CONCLUSION 13
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to thank God
Almighty for giving me the opportunity
2
and guidance to complete this project. I
would also like to thank our principal
Karikkal Chacko Vincent and our
bursar Koshy Chirakkarottu for
providing me with this wonderful
opportunity to work on the project
STUDY AND PREVENTION OF VIRAL
DISEASES IN THE HUMAN BODY. I would
like to convey my heartfelt gratitude
to Mrs. Asha Mohan and Mrs. Vishnu
Priya M.J for their tremendous support
and assistance in the completion of my
project. The completion of the project
would not have been possible without
their help and insights.
Unnikrishnan Santhosh
12B

INTRODUCTION
3
A virus has a single strand DNA or
RNA molecule within a protein
coat. Virus has no cell organelles
as seen in normal cell. Hence
viruses multiply by taking control
over genetic mechanism of the host
cells. Virus infection is seen in both
plants and animals. This project
gives a brief note on various
degrees at hand in controlling
selected viral diseases. The most
spectacular progress so far has
involved vaccines. Vector control
and sanitization have
contributed greatly.

NIPAH
There have been several outbreaks of Nipah virus in
Kerala, some of which have been traced to fruit bats.
The National Institute of Virology, Pune, confirmed the
first case of Nipah virus in Kerala in May 2018.
Pathogen: Nipah virus.
4
Spread: Direct contact with infected animals, such
as bats or pigs, or their body fluids (such as
blood, urine or saliva) Consuming food products
that have been contaminated by body fluids of
infected animals.
Treatment: Treatment is limited to supportive
care, including rest, hydration, and treatment
of symptoms as they occur.

HIV
Pathogen: Human immunodeficiency virus.
Spread: spread through the contact of body fluids.
Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection
equipment
5
Symptoms:

Treatment: The treatment for HIV is

called antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART
involves taking a combination of HIV
medicines (called an HIV treatment regimen)
every day. ART is recommended for
everyone who has HIV. ART cannot cure HIV,
but HIV medicines help people with HIV live
longer.
-HEPATITIS
Pathogen: Hepatitis virus.
Spread: Through contaminated food and water,
components of excreta of patients.
Symptoms: Symptoms of acute hepatitis can include
fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
6
 abdominal pain, dark urine, light-colored stools, joint
pain, and jaundice.
Treatment: Several antiviral medicines — including
entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread), lamivudine
(Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) and telbivudine — can help
fight the virus and slow its ability to damage your
liver.
JULY 28 WORLD HEPATITS DAY…

-COVID-19
Pathogen: Corona virus or SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Spread: Virus is transmitted through direct contact
with respiratory droplets of an infected person
(generated through coughing and sneezing), and
touching surfaces contaminated with the virus.

7
Prevention: Staying up to date with covid-19
vaccines, improving ventilation, getting
tested for covid-19 if needed.
 Following recommendations for what to do if you
have been exposed, staying home if you have
covid-19 and are at high risk of getting sick.
 Avoiding
contact with
people who
have
suspected or
confirmed
covid-19.

-CHICKENPOX

8
Pathogen: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
Spread: Chickenpox spreads very easily
by touching chickenpox blisters or through the
air when someone with chickenpox coughs or
sneezes.

Is there a treatment for chickenpox?

Calamine lotion and oatmeal baths (such as
Aveeno, etc.) may help relieve some of the
itching. Keeping the nails clean and short
may help to prevent infections from
scratching.
Aspirin or aspirin containing products should
not be used to relieve fever in children. Non-
aspirin medications, such as acetaminophen
(commonly known as Tylenol), are
recommended.
PREVENTION: The best way to prevent
chickenpox is to get the chickenpox
vaccine. Everyone including children,
adolescents, and adults should get two
doses of chickenpox vaccine if they have
never had chickenpox or were never
vaccinated.

9
 Different techniques to prevent viral
diseases.
Immunity against viral illnesses includes the use
of vaccines or antibody to provide immune
protection against a specific disease.
Immunoprophylaxis against viral illnesses
includes the use of vaccines or antibody which
provides a susceptible individual with
immunologic protection against a specific
disease. Immunization against viral illnesses can
be either active or passive. With active immunity,
protection is achieved by stimulating the body's
10
immune system to produce its own antibodies by
immunization with virus preparation.
(1) Attenuated live viral vaccines
Most live vaccines contain viruses that have been
attenuated by laboratory manipulation. These
attenuated viruses can infect and replicate in the
recipient and produce a protective immune
response without causing disease. Live
attenuated viral vaccines can often confer
lifelong immunity after one immunization series.

(2) Killed (inactivated) viral vaccines

Killed viral vaccines contain either whole virus
particles, inactivated by chemical or physical
means, or some component(s) of the virus.
Completely inactivated viral vaccines cannot
cause infection. However, they do not generally
produce lifelong immunity following one
immunization series; additional doses are usually
required.

(3) Recombinant-produced antigens

This approach has made possible a safe and
effective recombinant vaccine against hepatitis B
virus, which has replaced the vaccine derived
from the plasma of hepatitis B virus-infected
individuals.
11
(4) Sanitation and vector control.
Many viral diseases are controlled by
reducing exposure to the virus by
(1) eliminating nonhuman reservoirs,
(2) eliminating the vector,
(3) improving sanitation.

-CONCLUSION
It’s more difficult to avoid getting sick with
an infection. Living in an affluent country like
the United States, the threat we face from
deadly viruses, bacteria, and parasites can
seem remote, but these infectious microbes
are ever present among us, not long ago, no
one understood that infectious diseases
were caused by tiny organisms that moved
from person to person. The first line of
defense is to keep germs at bay by
following good personal hygiene habits.
12
Prevent infection before it begins and avoid
spreading it to others with these easy
measures. Wash your hands well. Cover
your mouth and nose with a tissue when
you sneeze or cough etc.
So,
“Create healthy habits, not restrictions, He who
has health has hope and he who has hope has
everything.”

-BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/
prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
 https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/
varicella/chknpxfacts.html#:~:text=How%20is
%20chickenpox%20spread%3F,not%20live%20long
%20on%20surfaces.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8492/
#:~:text=Many%20viral%20diseases%20are
%20controlled,and%20(3)%20improving%20sanitation.
o https://www.google.com/search?q=
%E2%80%9CLet
%27s+build+wellness+rather+than+treat+disea
13
 se.
%E2%80%9D&newwindow=1&sxsrf=APwXEdcqY
4_BoBtBUNn8y6H9NUiwHS9QPg:1684422384975&s
ource=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5
xqGvkv_-
AhVz4DgGHeFxC_MQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&bi
w=1280&bih=569&dpr=1.5#imgrc=KBzykRDgLbr
m1M
https://samagra.kite.kerala.gov.in/files/
samagra-resource/uploads/tbookscmq/
Class_XII/MAL_MED/Biology.pdf

14
15