DNA Introduction

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of
chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Found in the cell nucleus, packed as chromosomes

DNA is made of nucleotides (building block of DNA strand)

AT

CG

DNA replication
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of the DNA from one original DNA
molecule
replication takes place inside the nucleus of the cell
RNA introduction
DNA stores genetic information and codes for your traits. However, sometimes what gets left out is how important
RNA is. Without RNA, you actually couldn’t get that genetic message out to your cells so that they can start
producing proteins.
DNA and RNA are in all living organisms.

RNA is single stranded

AU

CG

20 different types of amino acids

Chromosomes

Centromere

Chromatid

Male Female
XY XX

Determined by 2 chromosomes, coming from the genetic parents. One chromosome from the
father(male) and one chromosome from the mother (female). The male has 1 x chromosome and 1
y chromosome, while both of the chromosomes in the female are x's. If the x chromosome is
fertilized with the x females chromosome, then it'll be a female, while if the y chromosome fertilized
with the x chromosome, it'll be a male.
Mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division where a diploid parent cell divides to

make two daughter cells that contain the same number of
chromosomes in them.
Importance of mitosis:
Growth:
Our hair, nails, bones etc. grow in size by mitosis.
Think of some examples from plants.

Repair of damaged tissues:

Cuts and wounds heal because new cells are produced by mitosis.
Fractured bones repair because new bone cells are formed by
mitosis.

Replacement of worn-out cells:

Our bone marrow produces different types of cells including red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Every day thousands of cells from the top layer of our skin die, and
these are replaced by new cells produced by mitosis.

Asexual reproduction:
Binary fission in bacteria -
Amoeba -