MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
To Better understand tourism is evolving to these four (4) perspectives:
● The Tourist.
● The business providing tourists good and services.
● The Government of the host community (destination).
● The Host Community.

United Nation - World Tourism Organization (UN-WTO) - was able to

create a one unified definition of the industry.
Tourism comprises the activities of persons Traveling to and staying
outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business And other purposes.

Usual Environment - UNWTO refers to this as the usual area of daily

routine activities where most of a Person’s time is spent in terms of work,
education and everyday life.

Travel Division
Traveling outside the usual environment can be divided to it ’s type:
● International Tourism
- Inbound (foreign visitors)
- Outbound (locals visiting other countries)

● Internal Tourism
Where Local and Foreign visitors visit a country of reference.

● Domestic Tourism
Locals visiting a destination in their own country.

● National tourism
Where internal tourism combined with the other business sectors of the
industry are involved.
VISITORS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO(2):

1. Same-Day Visitor - A.K.A. Excursionist. A person spending the

whole day in a destination but not spending one night.
2. Tourist - a person visiting a destination and spends more than one
night.

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM:
NATIONAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
Physiography - is one of the many main reasons why tourism exists is
that the destination possesses a natural and environmental
attraction.
Built Environment - is the attraction made by the people itself to
add more vibrancy to the traditional tourism activity.
Infrastructure - These are man-made facilities to cater to the ever
growing basic demands of a tourist (e.g. Roads, communication
networks and retail stores.
Superstructure - These are facilities built mainly for tourist needs
like hotels, restaurants, car rentals and convention centers.
Technology - This has been constantly evolving especially in this area
where internet access and electronic gadgets are now a necessity
which influences a person's daily activity.

OPERATING SECTORS OF TOURISM:

Transportation - Tourism will not even develop if transportation will
not exist.
Accommodation - It is simply because a tourist needs a place to stay.
Food Service - Also, just like in accommodation, a tourist (or even all
people) need to eat everyday.
 Attraction - A tourist will visit a place to see a destination that made
them attracted to it. This can be natural or man-made.
Events - This kind of activity makes another way of making tourism
vibrant and exciting.
Adventure and Outdoor Recreation - As tourists become more and
more aware of their capabilities, they tend to explore and experience
activities that are out of the traditional tourism activity that will give
them an adrenaline rush.

MODULE 2
HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TOURISM

EARLY TOURISM
● TORAH - a Hebrew word which means studying,learning, and
searching.
● Noah and His Ark - in the Old Testament, is considered as the first
large-scale tour operator even though his passengers were mostly
animals.
● FORMS OF TOURISM
- Travel for Religious Purposes
- Travel for Business
- Travel for Private Purposes

● OLYMPIC GAMES - ATHENS, GREECE (776 BC)

TOURISM IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD
● Travail - where travel became burdensome,dangerous, and
demanding.
● Pilgrimages - were made to fulfill a vow as in case of illness or of
great danger or as penance for sins.
TOURISM IN RENAISSANCE ERA
● Grand Tour - young men seeking positions in court were encouraged
to travel the continent to widen their education and eventually
become a leisure activity.
● Spa - derived from the Walloon word “espa” meaning fountain;
where tourism becomes an activity for healing their illness through
medical baths.

TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

This era brought about major changes in the Scale And Type Of Tourism
Development. It brought about not only technological changes but also
essential social Changes That Made travel desirable as a recreational
activity.
TOURISM IN 19TH CENTURY
● Railway - created not only more business by providing reliable and
cheap transportation.
● Steam Power - provided the increased mobility needed by the
tourism business.
Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive
transportation that led to the popular day-trip cruises and the growth of
coastal resorts near large industrial towns.

Thomas Cook - considered as the first and most famous travel organizer.
- first excursion train trip between Leicester and Loughborough in 1841
with 570 passengers.

Baedeker - first published photography and guide book in 1839.

TOURISM IN 20TH CENTURY

Mass Tourism - The ability to move around and see new places was a
start. continued to develop in the first half of the 20th century.
George Westinghouse - introduced the idea of paid leave from work, with
a firm belief that allowing staff paid time off would be beneficial to
productivity levels overall.

POST MODERN ERA (21ST CENTURY)

There are always peaks and troughs when it comes to tourism.
Terrorism, Health Scares and political/Economic Instability Often
discourage travel.
Internet Access - has become more common and new borders have
opened.
Virtual Tourism - which was widely used during the Coronavirus outbreak
of 2020.

In the post-modern tourism era, consumers are more savvy, more fussy
and more aware.

ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Philippine Discovery
- Tourism in the Philippines began when the original
inhabitants of the country roamed around in search of food.
- recognized by the discovery of Ferdinand Magellan and the galleon
trade between the Philippines and Mexico.

POST COLONIAL ERA

Colorum - entrepreneurs who handle their tour illegally, use their private
vehicles for public use and the drivers as the tourists tour guides even
without formal training.
- Foreigners visiting Philippines was taken advantage by Colorum
Department of Tourism (DOT) - is the Philippines National Tourism
Organization (NTO) funded by the government overseeing the
country’s tourism industry.
The Philippine Tourist And Travel Association (PTTA) - the first tourism
organization in the Philippines was organized in 1952.
PTTA was funded by the government and later it organized the Board of
Travel and Tourism Industry (BTTI) as its promotional arm.

MODULE 3 - 4
OPERATING SECTORS OF THE TOURISM
INDUSTRY
1. Transportation
2. Travel Trade
3. Accommodation
4. Food Service
5. Attraction
6. Events
7. Adventure and Outdoor recreation
8. Entertainment
9. Tourism Services

TRANSPORTATION
Air transport is one of the major modes of travel in which travelers are
chartered from one Tourist destination to another.

Civil Aviation Sector - composed of airports, airlines, air navigation

service providers, and activities that directly serve passengers or provide
airfreight services.
Civil Aerospace Sector - comprises the manufacture and maintenance of
aircraft systems, frames, and engines, as well as aviation-specific ground
equipment.
The International Air Transport Association (ITAT) - is the global
organization for virtually all the international air carriers.
- The principal function of IATA is to safely facilitate the movement of
persons and goods from any point on the world air network to any
other by any combination of routes.

Philippines Airlines
March 15, 1941 airline’s first flight, it is the oldest commercial airlines in
Asia operating under its original name.

Cruise Ship Industry

Careers in cruise ships are among the most sought-after jobs by
hospitality students. The industry provides decent pay and enables its
employees to travel all over the world.
Water transport - reached its peak in the 1800s and at the early part of the
19th century.
- The decline of the popularity of water transport was brought about by
the introduction of the commercial airplanes which is faster mode of
transportation.
- The cruise industry flourished again with the introduction of leisure
travel. The industry’s popularity reached new heights with the
introduction of mega ships in the 1990s.

Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) - aims to promote and

develop the cruise ship industry by abiding with the Federal Maritime
Commission under the Shipping Act of 1984.

Ferries in the Philippines

•2GO Travel - took over SuperFerry, SuperCat Cebu Ferries.
LAND TRANSPORT: RAILWAYS AND MOTOR
COACHES

WORLD TRAIN SYSTEMS

● Eurail - is a famous train transport system in Europe which offers rail
passes for train travel all over Europe.
- The most popular Eurail pass is the Eurail Global Pass which
enables the traveler to goto 21 European countries by rail with one
Pass.

● Channel Tunnel - or “Chunnel” connects the countries France and

Britain underneath the sea.
 - It Consists of three tunnels, the two tubes serve as rail traffic while
the third one serves as a service tunnel or an emergency escape
route.
● Seikan Tunnel - is the longest seabed tunnel in the world in Japan.
The tunnel passes by the Tsugaru Strait to the Honshu and Hokkaido
islands.

TRAVEL TRADE
Travel Agency - A place where a person can secure information, expert
counseling and make arrangements to travel by air, sea, or land to any
point in the world.
Consolidators - are Travel Agencies that sell Airline tickets at sizable
discounts.
Tour Operator - Contracts and purchases the separate travel components
and assembles them into package,which it sells to the Travelers through
the travel agents.
Tour Package - an arrangement in which transportation and
accommodation is bought by the tourists at an all- inclusive price and the
price of the individual elements cannot be determined by the purchaser
himself.
Tour Guide - An individual who, either as an employee or affiliate of a duly
licensed travel and tour agency, guide Tourists, both foreign and domestic,
for a fee, commission, or any other form of lawful remuneration.

ACCOMMODATION/LODGING
Hotel originated from the word “host”. It is defined as a profit-oriented
business that offers guest rooms, business facilities,and other Services.
Department of Tourism defines a hotel as “a building, edifice, or
premises, or a completely independent part thereof, which is used for the
regular reception, accommodation, or lodging travelers and tourists and the
provision of services incidental thereto for a fee”
HOTEL CLASSIFICATIONS
Commercial Hotels - are the largest group of hotels that primarily caters to
business travelers. They offer a wide variety of services and facilities that
meet the exquisite taste of their guests.
Airport Hotels - are named so because of their proximity to major travel
centers like the airport.
Resorts - are designed for relaxation and vacationing guests as they target
the leisure market.
Bed and Breakfast Hotels - usually are converted houses, historical
buildings that offer rentable rooms to guests. the number of guest rooms
in this category ranges from 20 to 30.
Suite Hotels - feature luxury rooms. Guest rooms can have a foyer and
kitchen, as well as butler service.
Extended-Stay Hotels - are designed for travelers who intend to stay for
five days or longer and require reduced hotel services.
Convention Hotels - primarily cater to conventions and meetings of small
to large groups.
Casino Hotels - highlight gaming as one of the entertainment venues for
guests.

● De Luxe
● First Class
● Standard Economy

Philippine Resort Classification

● CLASS AAA
● CLASS AA
● CLASS A
Resort is any place or places with pleasant environment and atmosphere
conducive to comfort, healthful relaxation and rest, offering food, sleeping
accommodation, and recreational facilities to the public for a fee or
remuneration.

FOOD SERVICE SECTOR

The French and English people are known to Have popularized various
types of food services known today.
The food and beverage industry may be categorized as:
1. Commercial - those that operate with the aim of earning a profit.
2. Non-Commercial or Institutional - those that operates primarily for
the convenience or welfare of these served rather than primarily for
profit.

HOTEL FINE DINING RESTAURANTS

Fine dining restaurants offer specialized menu selections, such as:
1. A la carte - individually priced
2. Table d’hote - set menu
Menu changes are based on food consumption pattern, salability, and
availability of ingredients.

Table Service
1. American Table Service - also known as the blue-plated service,
theAmerican table service serves the guests food directly from the
kitchen.
2. French Table Service - this is the most elaborate and most formal
form of table service and is used in exclusive clubs, hotels, and
Restaurants. Table Service
3. Russian Table Service - individual portions of food are placed on
the plates in the kitchen or serving pantry, garnished and ready to
serve. This method is used by most restaurants for serving meals as
well as banquets.
4. Buffet Service - guests choose their meal from an array of food. the
guests either help themselves or are served by food servers behind
the long table (managed buffet)
Casual Restaurants - Casual Service (midscale) Restaurant Serve
moderately priced food for patrons who want a less formal atmosphere.
This segment is in between the fast food restaurant and the fine dining
restaurants.
Family Restaurants - These restaurants focus on menus that would
cater to all ages in the family.
Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) - Fast food restaurants typically is
fast paced in food preparation, service, and relatively low-priced.

ATTRACTION
Natural Attractions
- Topography
- Flora
- Fauna
- Bodies of Water

Man Made Attractions

- Entertainment
- Events
- Cultural Attractions
- Recreation

Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) - The term

“MICE” refers to a particular type of tourism in which large groups of
tourists travel to a certain destination for a particular purpose, usually
business-oriented.

Incentives - tend to be leisure-based because these are given by the

employer to its employees as rewards for an excellent job performance.
Exhibitions - sometimes called “Tradeshows” are often part of the
different association’s annual sponsored conventions and meetings.
this event provides venues for suppliers (exhibitors) to interact with
individuals who may have direct and indirect association with the industry.
RECREATION

● Aerial Sports
● Caving
● Mountain Biking
● Sea Kayaking
● Surfing
● Trekking
● White Water Action
● Rock Climbing

ENTERTAINMENT
Entertainment consists any activity which provides a diversion or permits
people to amuse themselves in their leisure time.

Gaming Industry
Casinos provide new opportunities in the labor industry. They have been
emerging all across the globe and are most commonly built near or in
hotels, restaurants, retail shopping centers, malls, cruise ships, and other
tourist attractions.

Tourist Destination - A tourist destination is a geographical unit which the

tourists visits and where he stays.

There are several components that makes up the tourism and hospitality:

5 As of Tourism
1. Accessibility - Transportation is needed to physically move tourists
from where they live to where they are visiting.
2. Attraction - A tourist attraction is a place of interest that tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical
significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement opportunities.

3. Activities - Attractions are often supported by a range of activities.

4. Accommodation - All destinations need accommodation nearby
Otherwise tourists will have nowhere to sleep.
 5. Amenities - Amenities are the services that are required to meet the
needs of tourists while they are away from home. They include public
toilets, signage, retail shopping, restaurants and cafes, visitor centers,
telecommunications and emergency services.

Characteristics of Tourism
1.The product is not brought to the consumer.
2. The products are not used up, thus they do not exhaust the country’s
natural resources.
3. It is a labor-intensive industry.
4. It is people-oriented.
5. It is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
6. The industry is seasonal
7. The industry is dynamic.

Importance of Tourism
1.Contributions to the balance of payments.
2.Dispersion of development.
3.Effect on general economic development.
4.Employment opportunities.
5.Social benefits.
6.Cultural enrichment.
7.Educational significance.
8. A vital force for peace.
MODULE 5
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM
The Impact of Tourism

Economic Effects of Tourism tourism affects the economy of those areas

in which it takes place. The area affected may be a resort, a region, or the
entire nation. Not with standing the size of the affected area, the economic
effects of tourism may be classified as either positive (benefits) or
negative (costs).
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
● Jobs - employment generated by tourism can either bedirect,
indirect, or induced employment.
Direct Employment - tour guide, receptionist, ride operator,etc.
Indirect Employment - waiter, cab driver, shop vendor etc.
Induced Employment - construction worker, therapist, accountant, etc.
● Livelihood Generation - once an area has become economically
successful, more businessmen and government agencies may be
influenced to invest in tourism and other industries in that area.
● Income - being a labor-intensive industry, tourism income comes
from wages and salaries.
● Taxes and Fees - obtained from taxation on tourism activities such
as VAT or value added tax.

ECONOMIC COST
● Leakage - occurs from the cost of goods and services that must be
imported to satisfy the needs of tourists.
● Poor Quality of Jobs - skills can be easily trained regardless of the
educational background.
● Price increase - rich tourists can afford to buy items at high prices.
● Overdependence - some destinations, by becoming over dependent
on tourism for their livelihood, have made themselves vulnerable to
changes in tourist demand.
● Opportunity Cost - The cost of investing in tourism is very high and
is usually on longer terms
MODULE 6
MULTIPLIER EFFECT OF TOURISM

Tourism Multiplier

Multiplier is used to describe the total effect, both direct and secondary, of
an external source of income introduced into the economy.
Multiplier Effect is a term used to estimate the
Direct and secondary effects of tourist expenditures on the economy of a
country.
Leakage - is the value of goods and services that must be imported to
service the needs of tourism.

Direct Effect - These are the result from the visitor spending money in
tourist enterprises and providing a living for the owners and managers and
creating jobs for employees.
Indirect or Secondary Effect - The visitor expenditure gives rise to an
income that, in turn, leads to a chain of expenditure-income-expenditure,
and so on, until leakages bring the chain to a halt. Consequently, the
impact of the initial income derived from the tourist’s expenditure is usually
greater than the initial income, because subsequent rounds of spending are
related to it.
MODULE 2 (Continuation)
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