RECOFI/XII/2023/7

REGIONAL COMMISSION FOR FISHERIES

12TH SESSION

JEDDAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

27-29 NOVEMBER 2023

REPORT ON THE WORKING GROUP ON AQUACULTURE (WGA)

Executive Summary

This document contains a summary of the activities undertaken in the intersessional period
under the RECOFI WGA, highlighting the outcomes of 2 workshops held, the 10 th meeting
of the WGA, including the proposed workplan for the upcoming intersessional period.
The Commission is requested to:

 Review the activities of the WGA in the intersessional period;

 Review and consider the recommendations from the WGA at its 10th meeting,
notably:
o climate change be added as a standing item to the agenda of meetings of the
WGA
o aquaculture biosecurity be a standing agenda item of the WGA
o consider the activities and budget being proposed by the WGA for the next
biennium and which will be discussed and endorsed under Agenda Item 13

INTRODUCTION
1. At the 11th Session of the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI), a programme
of work related to RECOFIs Working Group on Aquaculture (WGA) was endorsed. The
activities included: Six activities were approved to be undertaken under the framework of the
WGA in the previous intersessional period: 1) Technical workshop on marine spatial planning,
including consultancy service for development of guidelines for marine cage selection, 2)
Regional workshop on harmonized RECOFI aquaculture data collection, reporting and
dissemination, 3) RAIS Maintenance, 4) Workshop for the national aquatic animal emergency
disease preparedness and response, 5) Awareness-raising on Progressive Management
Pathway (PMP) and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) (back-to-back with national aquatic
animal emergency preparedness), and 6) Support launching national and regional events to
celebrate the international year of artisanal fisheries and aquaculture (IYAFA).
2. Two workshops were held in the intersessional period, combining three of the above-
proposed activities:
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

 The joint RECOFI and General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and the
Black Sea (GFCM) workshop on Allocated Zones for Aquaculture was held in Muscat,
Sultanate of Oman, from 19 to 20 March 2023.
 The RECOFI workshop on Enhancing Knowledge on Aquatic Health Management and
Biosecurity and Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture was held in
Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 10 to 13 July 2023.
3. The reports of these workshops are currently in progress to being published, however
the outcomes of these workshops were presented at the 10th Meeting of the WGA (6-7
November 2023)
JOINT RECOFI AND GENERAL FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE
MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA (GFCM) WORKSHOP ON
ALLOCATED ZONES FOR AQUACULTURE
4. The joint Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) and General Fisheries
Commission for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (GFCM) workshop on Allocated Zones
for Aquaculture was held in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, from 19 to 20 March 2023. It was
attended by participants from RECOFI and GFCM Member Countries. The topics discussed
were as follows:
 Allocated zones for aquaculture (AZA): highlights on the Mediterranean and the Black
Sea
o marine spatial planning, AZA’s framework and AZA guide
o methodological process, management and monitoring plan for AZA
o monitoring plan
 RECOFI experiences on site selection and planning for aquaculture
 Lessons learnt in Mediterranean and Black Sea countries: case studies on AZA
establishment

Recommendations and follow-up

5. The joint workshop on AZA aimed at providing a unique opportunity for the GFCM
and RECOFI to share experiences and knowledge on sustainable aquaculture development
within AZAs and to promote collaboration among member countries towards the sustainability
of the sector. The following actions/activities emanated during the closure of the workshop:
 Promote international collaboration towards sharing of know-how and experiences
among GFCM and RECOFI countries.
 Collaborate in technical assistance actions for the adaptation, further development
and effective application of measures and rules for the sustainable development of
aquaculture in the industry.
 Provide technical assistance towards establishing pilot scale AZAs (national case
studies).
 Organize a workshop to identify challenges in establishing AZAs in view of
improving the toolbox.
 Link the concept of AZAs to the concept of responsible investment in aquaculture.

RECOFI WORKSHOP ON ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE ON AQUATIC HEALTH

MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY AND UNDERSTANDING OF
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE
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1. The RECOFI workshop on Enhancing Knowledge on Aquatic Health Management and

Biosecurity and Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Aquaculture was held
in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 10 to 13 July 2023. The workshop was held in a
hybrid format and was attended by 44 participants from all RECOFI Member Countries:
Kingdom of Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Iraq, State of Kuwait, Sultanate of
Oman, State of Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates, as well as two
additional countries, the Arab Republic of Egypt and Republic of Tunisia.
3. The workshop was comprised of a number of technical presentations and discussions
on each of the following topics:
• Biosecurity governance (national, regional and international levels).
• Mass mortality events in aquatic populations: guidance for effective preparedness,
response, recovery and review.
• Understanding AMU and AMR in Aquaculture and the One Health framework.
• Prudent and Responsible Use of Antibiotics and Application and Benefits of Clean
Seed (SPF).
• Enhancing gut microbiome and exploring alternatives to antibiotics.
• Risk analysis and risk assessment using value chain approach with tilapia as an
example.
• Application of biosecurity in zones and compartments.
• The Progressive Management Pathway to Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB)

Workshop Recommendations
2. Recommendations were not adopted at the workshop, rather, as agreed at the workshop,
were circulated to participants after the workshop. Feedback from the workshop participants
was received and taken into account, with the recommendations listed below:

(1) Update of the RECOFI RAOH Strategy developed in 2008.

(2) Explore resources to implement as soon as possible some capacity building activities
identified in WGE 1, e.g. risk analysis course, diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring, SPF
development, local research competence and collaboration and emergency preparedness (using
the mechanism of the oil-spill scenario) and contingency planning (including completion of the
Emergency Preparedness and Response System (EPRS) audit that was started prior to the
event);
(3) Consider “aquaculture biosecurity” as a permanent agenda of the RECOFI WGA; more
people from the private sector and research to be invited.
(4) Raise the profile of aquaculture biosecurity promoting collaboration and engagement in the
RECOFI region/within member countries; and
(5) Engage with AQMENET and the Sub-regional committee of the World Organisation for
Animal Health (WOAH).
(6) Organization on a regular basis a regional meeting to provide a platform for competent
authorities, industry and research academic sectors to meet, exchange information and
experiences, update knowledge and monitor recommendations progress.
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

(7) Consider FAO and other partners’ (e.g. NACA, WOAH, industry and academic sectors)
initiative on PMP/AB1 and for RECOFI countries to commence pilot testing using the PMP/AB
guidance for application (https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/publication/306389)
(8) Consider support to the FAO Action Plan on AMR (2021-2025), welcomed during
COFI/SCA 11, through the development of the aquatic component of the National Action Plan
on AMR

10TH MEETING OF THE WORKING GROUP ON AQUACULTURE

6. The tenth meeting of the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) Working
Group on Aquaculture (WGA) was held virtually from 6 to 7 November 2023. The meeting
was attended by the following RECOFI Members countries: Republic of Iraq, Islamic Republic
of Iran, Sultanate of Oman, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, State of Qatar, United Arab Emirates.

ELECTION OF CHAIR AND VICE-CHAIRS

6. The meeting elected unanimously re-elected Mr Dawood Al-Yahyai, Director-General
of Fisheries Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth, and Water Resources,
Sultanate of Oman, as the Chairperson and further unanimously elected Ibrahiem AlZahrani,
Aquaculture Director, National Livestock Fisheries Development Program, Riyadh, Ministry
of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
as the Vice-Chair.

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND AQUACULTURE

9. The WGA agreed that climate change should be added as a standing item to the agenda
of meetings of the WGA.
10. The WGA acknowledged the need to explore how countries are working on climate
change and aquaculture, including the ongoing initiatives or strategies to address climate
change and aquaculture, and which RECOFI countries are considering including aquaculture
in their National Adaptation Plans under the UNFCCC. The WGA noted that planning is
important to improve resilience; including the identification of the risks in the region, and
review the fragility of the systems, as well as exploring the technologies available that can
support aquaculture in the face of climate change.
11. The WGA highlighted the use of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), as this can
be considered a useful system in addressing the impacts of climate change. The WGA
supported the organization of a technical workshop on recent RAS technology developments,
engaging private sector experts and emphasizing solar energy applications in such production
facilities. The workshop would consist of a plenary technical session and individual country
consultations with the invited companies.

1
The PMP/AB was welcomed, endorsed and supported by three sessions of the COFI/SCA that was participated
by RECOFI countries, namely:
COFI/SCA 10 (Trondheim, August 2019): Iran, Kuwait, Morocco. Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates (https://www.fao.org/about/meetings/cofi-sub-committee-on-aquaculture/cofi-aq10-documents/en/)
COFI/SCA 11 (Rome, May 2022; hybrid event): Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia,
United Arab Emirates (https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/meeting/41348)
COFI/SCA 12: (Hermosillos, May 2023): Iraq, Morocco, Oman, United Arab Emirates
(https://www.fao.org/about/meetings/cofi-sub-committee-on-aquaculture/cofi-aq12-documents/en/)
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOFI RECOMMENDATION ON MINIMUM

DATA REPORTING ON AQUACULTURE
22. The WGA recognized that the data submitted on RAIS is, in most cases, out of date and
does not reflect the level of detail in the minimum aquaculture reporting. In terms of
implementing this Recommendation, the WGA agreed that it would be useful to have a
separate, virtual meeting to review the Recommendation to consider what data can be collected
and what data is useful for the countries.
23. Further, the WGA welcomed the offer of FAO to explore how FAO’s questionnaire
could potentially become a joint FAO-RECOFI questionnaire to include the request of any
additional information required in the Recommendation that is determined important to be
collected. Once collected, data could be then provided to RECOFI for its processing and
analysis.

UPDATE ON THE REGIONAL AQUACULTURE INFORMATION SYSTEM

(RAIS)
24. The WGA recognized the important achievement of establishing the Regional
Aquaculture Information System (RAIS) in 2015, and particularly that it is hosted in a RECOFI
member country (Kuwait). The WGA acknowledged that RAIS has not been maintained in the
way it had been anticipated and that a decision would need to be reached on how to move
forward, given that it had not been maintained and now the site itself is out of date. A further
challenge is that countries had not been updating their data on RAIS, and some of the data is
over 10 years old with no update.
25. The WGA considered the different options for storing the aquaculture data submitted
by RECOFI member countries, including, attempting to upgrade RAIS with proper system
updating and follow-up from the host country, host it in a different country, or develop a
separate system that could be hosted by FAO. The WGA agreed that this matter shall be
discussed at the upcoming RECOFI session for a decision, and the different options could be
presented at the upcoming session.

OUTCOMES OF THE JOINT WORKSHOP BETWEEN RECOFI AND GFCM ON

ALLOCATED ZONES FOR AQUACULTURE

26. The WGA noted the outcomes of the joint RECOFI/ General Fisheries Commission for
the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (GFCM) workshop on Allocated Zones for
Aquaculture, held in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, from 19 to 20 March 2023.
27. The WGA recognized that taking into account good planning, the development of
AZAs as a part of environmental management can support the reduction of other problems,
such as diseases and user conflicts.
28. The WGA agreed with a proposal to develop guidelines for the reinforcement of
management and planning for sustainable aquaculture in the RECOFI area, which included an
outline of the proposed guidelines and a roadmap for their development. The proposed
roadmap, with the budget is attached below as Appendix 1.
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

OUTCOMES OF THE RECOFI WORKSHOP ON ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE ON

AQUATIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY AND
UNDERSTANDING OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE
29. The WGA appreciated the recommendations from the workshop and highlighted the
importance to update the RECOFI Regional Aquatic Organisms Health (ROAH) Strategy,
taking stock of what has been done since 2008.
30. The WGA recognized the importance of the FAO Action Plan on AMR (2021-2025),
welcomed during COFI/SCA 11, through the development of the aquatic component of the
National Action Plan on AMR, as well as FAO and other partners’ (e.g. NACA, WOAH,
industry and academic sectors) initiative on PMP/AB and for RECOFI countries to commence
pilot testing using the PMP/AB guidance for application.
31. Further, the WGA recognized the importance to undertake capacity building activities,
such as a diagnostics training course on fish disease.
32. The WGA recognized the benefit of prioritizing the important cultured species in the
region and then developing a risk profile for these specific species in order to engage in
contingency planning.
33. The WGA agreed that aquaculture biosecurity should be a standing agenda item of the
WGA.
34. The WGA noted FAO elearning Academy module developed “Pathway to aquaculture
biosecurity: managing disease risks in the value chain”, and encouraged RECOFI Member
countries to benefit from this course.

WORKPLAN OF THE RECOFI WGA FOR THE PERIOD 2024-2025

35. The WGA agreed on the following activities to be proposed to RECOFI at its upcoming
12th Session for endorsement, which is further detailed in RECOFI/12/2023/11 Programme of
Work and Budget 2024-2025.

Activity Tentative Location Duration Indicative Priority

Date (days) budget
(USD)

Technical Activities/Workshops
Workshop to address 2nd half TBD 3 25 000 3
climate change and 2024
aquaculture inc a
exhibition with
private sector on
RAS technology
developments
Review of 1st half Virtual Series of - 5
Recommendation 2024 1 day
RECOFI/8/2015/1 sessions
Minimum Reporting
on Aquaculture Data
and Information inc
data collection.
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

Develop guidelines for 1st half consultancy ongoing budget to 1

the reinforcement of of 2024 work and be
management and workshops prepared
planning for for
sustainable RECOFI
aquaculture in the session
RECOFI area
(roadmap in Appendix
X)
Diagnostics training 2nd half TBD 3-4 days 25 000 4
course on common 2024
cultured organisms
diseases in RECOFI
area

Prioritize the important 2nd half Hybrid

cultured species in the 2024 virtual and
region & developing a in-person
risk profile for these
specific species in
order to engage in
contingency planning
(back to back with
diagnostics training)

Update the RECOFI 1st half ongoing, 20 000 2

Regional Aquatic of 2024 consultancy
Organisms Health + virtual
(ROAH) Strategy validation
workshop
Biennial meetings of the WGA
11th meeting of 2 /3
nd rd
Virtual 2-3
the WGA quarter days
2025
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

Appendix 1
PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF
MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN THE
RECOFI AREA

INTRODUCTION
7. The development of aquaculture anywhere in the world involves a series of important
technical, environmental, administrative, and commercial challenges, but perhaps one of the
most relevant aspects will be the planning and management of sustainable activity.
8. The increasing competition for space in the coastal areas represent one of the main
constrain for the development of aquaculture. This issue is to the attention of many
organisations and international bodies, which recognize that the future of aquaculture is directly
related with the capacity to develop marine spatial planning systems and the availability of
suitable marine areas. In this framework of this planning and management, the CAQ-GFCM
has worked in recent years on the AZA concept (allocated zones for aquaculture), and in fact,
this concept was adopted through the CAQ Resolution in 2011.
9. In addition to the establishment of AZA, the sustainable development of aquaculture
must take into account other aspects such as new investments and projects, environmental
management and administrative issues and licensing procedures for the development of the
activity.
10. These guidelines will be oriented towards the type of aquaculture developed in the
RECOFI area, the existing potential, and the particular conditions of the countries in the region.
In some of these countries’ aquaculture is already developing, while in others aquaculture is
scarce, so it is considered interesting to have some planning tool such as guidelines for the
development of aquaculture in the region.
MAIN TARGETS
11. The general objective is the development of guidelines to improve management and planning
of sustainable aquaculture in the RECOFI area.
12. Specific targets to achieve the general goal of the Guidelines are the following:

a) To have a reference document for the RECOFI countries that will help improve
aquaculture development in the region.

b) Establish common, clear and specific guidelines for the establishment of AZA zones in the
region.

c) Optimize investments in aquaculture through a set of internationally validated principles or

guidelines, adapted to the region.

d) Establish key points and main guidelines to improve the environmental management of
aquaculture in the region.

e) To strengthen administrative simplification in the procedures for obtaining licenses and

authorizations for the activity.

f) To reinforce the management tools and information available to stakeholders involved in

aquaculture development
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

MAIN USERS
13. Regarding the users, in general terms, these voluntary Guidelines are a planning and
management knowledge-based tool at disposal of the RECOFI countries, to be used by decision makers
from regional, national, and local administrations, governmental and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), research and academic institutions, the private sector, aquaculture producers and fishing
communities, and all other stakeholders concerned with the aquaculture sector, coastal development,
and the use of the aquatic environment.
14. The geographical context to apply this Guidelines will be the RECOFI Area countries Members
including Bahrain, Iraq, Iran (Islamic Rep. of), Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab
Emirates.
PROPOSAL OF CONTENTS
15. The objective of this project is to develop a guide or guidelines that include the main aspects to
be considered for the development of aquaculture in the area, and in this context, the following content
is initially proposed:

I. INTRODUCTION
II. TARGETS
III. USERS
IV. GUIDELINES

a) GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISMENT OF ALLOCATED ZONES FOR AQUACULTURE

(INLAND AND MARINE AREAS)
 Including cartography and maps by countries
 Methodological aspects
 Proposal ways to include the AZA in the Law: annex, regulation draft.
b) GUIDELINES FORRESPONSIBLEINVESTMENTINAQUACULTURE
 Targeting environmental, social, and economic criteria.
 Management of financial fund to support the activity.
c) GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVEMENT THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN AQUACULTURE
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Environmental monitoring programs
 Reducing escapes and introducing of alien species
 Others
d) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORMATIVE LINKED
WITH THE AQUACULTURE
 Procedural guidelines.
 Simplification of administrative procedures.
 Formulas to calculate fees.

V.ANNEXS

ACTIVITIES TO BE DEVELOPED
16. The activities to be considered for the development of the “project” would be the following:

a. Establish and agreement the main target of the “Guidelines”, structure, and contents, by
online meeting.
b. Organize the working team (coordinator / team leader/...)
c. Identify the stakeholder by country to provide information (country focal point).
d. Propose a roadmap for the development of the work / document.
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

e. 1st Meeting to present the “Guidelines Project”.

f. Field work: development of a with field visits, interviews with key informants and obtaining
basic information.
g. 1st Draft of the technical guidelines for the RECOFI countries.
h. Circulate the document among the agents involved in its preparation and participation for
their review and feedback.
i. 2nd Draft of “Guidelines for the RECOFI Countries”.
j. Validation of the document.
k. 2nd Meeting: launching of actions to promote, disseminate and present the document.

17. These activities could be developed throughout the project, previously being necessary to
establish the functions of each participant, the roles, and the functions and of the external consultant.
WORK SCHEDULE
18. The work schedule and the deadlines for its execution will depend mainly on the needs of the
region and its administrations to order the development of aquaculture, as well as the resources available
to carry out the work. However, time considered for its execution would be between 6-12 months.

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Establish and agreement the main target of the X
“Guidelines”, structure, and contents, by online
meeting.
Organize the working team (coordinator / team X
leader/...)
Identify the stakeholder by country to provide X
information (country focal point).
Propose a roadmap for the development of the X
work / document.
1st Meeting to present the “Guidelines Project”. X
Field work: development of a with field visits, x
interviews with key informants and obtaining
basic information.
1st Draft of the technical guidelines for the
x X
RECOFI countries.
Circulate the document among the agents X
involved in its preparation and participation for
their review and feedback.
2nd Draft of “Guidelines for the RECOFI x
Countries”.
Validation of the document. X
2nd Meeting_: launching of actions to promote, X
disseminate and present the document.
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

BUDGET PROPOSAL
19. The total estimated budget for the implementation of the project, i.e., the development of the guidelines, will depend on:

- The content and length of the document - Travel and field work
- Estimated time spent in working days
- No consultant involved

Tot
ACTIVITIES M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 Observations
days
Step
Establish and agreement the
main target of the Days to prepare docs, contacts, online meetings, and
1 2 2
“Guidelines”, structure, and others tasks
contents, by online meeting.
Organize the working team Days to send emails, contacts, online meetings, and
2 2 2
(coordinator / team leader/…) others tasks
Identify the stakeholder by
country to provide Days to send emails, contacts, online meetings, and
3 2 2
information (country focal other tasks
point).
Propose a roadmap for the
Days to prepare Roadmap and to circulate and close
4 development of the work / 2 2
actions
document.
1st Workshop - to present
the “Guidelines Project” -
Days to organise, prepare the meeting, development and
5 First propossal / Data needs 5 5
elaborate the docs needs.
from Countries Focal
Points
Participative Workshop to co-
construction. First Data Days to organise meeting, development and elaborate
6 5 5
collection and analysis from the docs needs.
Countries Focal Points
 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

Field work: development of

field visits, interviews with Days to organise and development of fieldwork in
7 key informants and obtaining 5 5 10 several locations (2 minimum). FIELD WORK OR
basic information. (or other OTHER WAY TO DATA COLLECTION
way to data collection)

1st Draft of the Days to development the content of the GUIDELINES

8 GUIDELINES for the 7 8 8 8 31 (Deadline 30 June deliver 1st Draft). WRITE THE
RECOFI countries. DOCUMENT
Circulate the document
among the agents involved in
Days to circulate the GUIDELINES and make the
9 its preparation and 1 1 2
monitoring of comments and feedback
participation for their review
and feedback.

2nd Draft of “Guidelines for Days to elaborate the 2nd draft(15 sept deliver 2nd
10 6 4 10
the RECOFI Countries”. draft). WRITE THE DOCUMENT

Validation of the document

11 2 2 Days to monitoring, collecting comments and close doc.
GUIDELINES
2nd Workshop launching of
actions to promote, Days to organise meeting, development and elaobrate
12 5 2 7
disseminate and present the the docs needs.
GUIDELINES.
Tot 4 4 12 8 18 13 1 1 6 6 5 2 80

Reference daily rate:

Consultant Rate Days Total

Aquaculture Expert 250 Euro 80 20 000 Euro

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

 RECOFI/XII/2023/7

20. To be established once the scope of the project has been agreed and its actions defined.
Expected output Required completion date
To be developed once agreement on contents and scope

REFERENCES DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS.

 Allocated zones for aquaculture: a guide for the establishment of coastal zones dedicated to aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Studies and Reviews. No 97. Rome, FAO. 90 pp. Macias, J.C., Avila Zaragozá, P., Karakassis,
I., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Massa, F., Fezzardi, D., Yücel Gier, G., Franičević, V., Borg, J.A., Chapela Pérez, R.M., Tomassetti, P., Angel, D.L., Marino,
G., Nhhala, H., Hamza, H., Carmignac, C. & Fourdain, L. 2019.
 FAO. 2023. Guidelines on assessing and minimizing the possible impacts from the use of non-indigenous species in aquaculture. General Fisheries
Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3207en
 FAO. 2022. Guidelines for streamlining aquaculture licensing and leasing processes. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome.
https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3103en
 FAO. 2023. Guidelines on aquaculture restocking and stock enhancement. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome.
https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3840en
 Responsible investment in aquaculture | General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean - GFCM | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations | General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org)