USE OF LIBRARY,

STUDY SKILLS & ICT 1

(CST111)

COMPUTER
AND
THE SOCIETY (Part 2)
Week 7 ¡ Lecture Notes
The CST111 Team @2023
RECOMMENDED TEXT
§ Ayo C.K., Ikhu-Omoregbe N.,
Osamor V.C., Adebiyi M. O.
(2011): “Fundamentals of
Computer Application.” Rehoboth
Publications int’l Ltd. Lagos. ISBN
978-978-917-275-7. 348 pages.
§ CHAPTER 9
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 Learning Objectives
1. To Understand the Definitions of all other
E-Societal Modules
2. To Gain Knowledge of their Architectures
3. To Know their Models & Modes of Delivery
4. To Know their usefulness and Importance
to Citizens
5. To explore their Limitation Factors
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 Other e-Societal modules
2. Electronic Government (e-Government)
3. Electronic Banking (e-Banking)
4. Electronic Health (e-Health)
5. Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce)
6. Electronic Judiciary, Court and Filing
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e-Society Access Media Devices

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 e-Government
ü This is the use of ICT in public administration combined
with new skills to improve piblic services and democratic
processes
ü It helps to strengthen support for public policies
ü It enables open and transparent governance
ü It is a better use of tax payers’ money
ü It fosters easier interaction with citizens, businesses and
organisations
ü It creates accountability and efficiency in order to
deliver better services and wealth for the well-being of
citizens
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 e-Government (2)
ü It can lead to the full implementation of e-Education, e-
Housing, e-Health, e-Agriculture, e-Finance, e-Judiciary,
e-Contract, e-Commerce, e-License, e-Tax and e-Police
but to mention a few
ü A very promising attribute of e-Government is its ability
to connect citizens through ICT (e-Citizens) regardless
of location and time
ü It leads to mobile Government (m-Government) which
refers to the deployment of government’s services and
administration on mobile devices. For e.g m-Voting would
become very easy and convenient
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 e-Government Service Architecture
ü Government to Government (G2G): This refers to
online non-commercial interaction between
government organisations, departments and
other local authorities or agencies
ü Government to Citizen (G2C): This is an online
non-commercial interaction between local,
regional and central government and private
individuals
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e-Government Service Architecture (2)
ü Government to Business (G2B): This is an online
non-commercial interaction between local and
central government and the major business
sectors including public and private enterprises,
vendors and contractors
ü Government to Employees (G2E): This is similar
to G2C but the distinction is that G2E offers
online non-commercial interaction between
government and employees while G2C covers
the entire citizenry.
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e-Government Service Architecture (3)

ü Note that all the above listed interactions are

both ways, hence we can also have C2G, B2G
and E2G representing the interaction between
citizen, business and employee and government.

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e-Government Service Architecture (4)

Another component of e-Government is e-

Democracy which is aimed at developing digital
citizenship (Netizen) through the use of ICT to
create personal contact, dialogue and consultation
among participants in democracy. The benefits of
e-Democracy are:

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e-Government Service Architecture (5)
i. Enhancement of online petitions and
action alerts
ii. Enhancement of forwarding and
redistribution of information among
eMails and mobile phones
iii. Enhancement of P2P interactive
communication
iv. Reduction of running cost
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e-Government Service Architecture (6)
e-Democracy deliverables include:
=> e-Petition: citizens can make complaint and
observations on government
=> e-Profile: information like eMail, phone numbers of
public servants are properly stored
=> e-Polls: citizens can cast their votes to assess and
evaluate government policies on issues
=> e-Forum: citizens can discuss issues of national
relevance
=> e-News: news and information on public matters are
provided to citizens
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e-Government Service Architecture (7)

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 Electronic Banking

Electronic banking (e-banking) is an umbrella term for the

processes a customer may perform electronically without
visitng a brick-and-mortar banking institution. It started
with the use of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in the
early 1980s. This grew to Nigeria in the 2000s and now,
electronic transasctions can be performed with a credit or
debit card. Some transactions include:

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 Electronic Banking (2)
=> Withdrawal - the cardholder withdraws funds from their
own account via the ATM
=> Transfer - a cardholder transfers funds between linked
accounts belonging either to the cardholder or to another
account
=> Inquiry - the cardholder can check balance or request
for a statement of recent transactions on the account
=> Administrative - this conveys avariety of non-financial
transactions including change of password or PIN
(Personal Idenitification Number).
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Electronic Banking (3)

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 Electronic Banking (4)
Other forms of e-Banking are:
=> Telephone Banking: this service is provided by a
financial institution which allows customers perform
financial transactions over the phone.

=> Online Banking: or internet banking allows customers to

conduct financial transactions on a secure webiste
operated by the financial institution. Transactions include
funds transfer, bills payment, loan applications, checking
bank accounts, etc. The internet is the delivery channel for
this banking platform.
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Electronic Banking (5)

ONLINE BANKING

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 Electronic Banking (6)
=> Mobile Banking: this service is provided by a financial
institution which allows customers perform financial
transactions via installed mobile bank applications as well
as using short codes (USSD). Some banks also allow use of
text messages and emails that alert the customers of
transactions performed on their bank accounts.
=> Interactive-TV Banking: Special TVs called Interactive
TV, iTV or idTV allow customers subscribe to a satellite or
cable television where they can interact and carry out
banking transactions as they view it. They can check
balances, move money between accounts, pay bills, etc.
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Electronic Banking (7)

MOBILE BANKING
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 Electronic Health
e-Health is an emerging field in the intersection of medical
informatics, public health and business.

=> It refers to health services and information delivered or

enhanced through the internet and related technologies
=> It facilitates the storage of huge amounts of data
=> It ehnaces the speedy processing of information and the
possession of inbuilt intelligence
=> It improves the quality and effectiveness of care at
reduced cost of physical consultation
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 Electronic Health (2)
Examples / forms of e-Health
• Electronic Health Records enables the communication of
patient data between different healthcare professionals
• Telemedicine allows medical information to be
transferred between healthcare professionals through
audiovisual media for the purpose of consulting
• m-health includes the use of mobile devices to collect
community and clinical health data, delivery of
healthcare information to researchers, real-time
monitoring of patient vitals and direct provision (via
mobile telemedicine)
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Electronic Health (3)

TELEMEDICINE VIDEO CONFERENCING

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 Electronic Commerce
e-Commerce is the use of the Internet and the Web to
transact business activities between organisations and
individuals.

=> It involves marketing, buyig and selling of products and

services between businesses, groups and individuals
=> It helps generate demand products and improves order
management, payment and other support functions.
=> Examples of e-Commerce sites include Jumia, Amazon,
Aliexpress, konga, etc.

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Electronic Commerce (2)

E-COMMERCE SITE
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 Electronic Commerce (3)
Drivers that promote e-Commerce include:

1. Digital convergence: the digital revolution has made it

possible for almost all digital devices to communicate
with themselves
2. Anytime, anywhere, anyone: Today’s commerce is
available to anyone, anywhere in the world. e-Commerce
ties together the industrial sector, merchants, the service
sector and content providers using text, multimedia,
video and other technologies.

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 Electronic Commerce (4)
3. Changes in organisations: Organisations are changing the modes of
their operations. The use of automated workers leads to downsizing of
large organisations which enhances better business processes

4. Increasing pressure of operating cost and profit margin: global

competition has added unusual pressure on produced goods and
services. e-Commerce addresses these pressure concerns swiftly,
efficiently and at low cost

5. Demand for customised products and services: Customers are

demanding higer quality and better performances including
customised ways of producing, dekivering and paying for goods and
services. Firms that do not move with this trend will lose out.
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 Electronic Commerce (5)
Advantages of e-Commerce
1. Lower cost: Doing e-Commerce on the internet is cost effective as
it reduces logistics problems, sales and marketing costs, cost of
purchase, inventory management, etc and puts a small business on
apr with giants like Amazon.com, General Motors, etc. Cost of renting
a physical store or buying insurance is also eliminated.

2. Higer margins: e-Commerce leads to higher margins and higer

margins lead to more control and flexibility for the business owner
and customers.

3. Better customer service: Web-based e-Commerce customer

service means better and quicker customer service.
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 Electronic Commerce (6)
4. Quick comparison shopping: e-Commerce helps customers to
make quick comparison of shops

5. Teamwork: e-Commerce helps people work together. EMail is one

example of how people collaborate to exchange and work on problem
solutions. It has transformed the way organisations interact with
suppliers, vendors, business partners and customers. More
interaction means better overall better results.

6. Knowledge markets: e-Commerce helps create knowledge

markets. Small groups inside big firms can be funded with money to
develope new ideas. For example, a Silicon Valley team is doing
customer research on electric cars and advising car designers.
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 Electronic Commerce (7)
7. Information sharing, convenience and control: information sharing
is improved between merchants and customers to promiote quick
just-in-time deliveries. Customers and merchants save money, no
traffic jams and no crowds.

8. Swapping goods and services: offering goods and services

through barter is gaining popularity through sites like
BarterTrust.com and Ubarter.

9. Customisation: With information about customer tastes and

peferences, products can be differentaited (customised) to match
individual needs.

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 Electronic Commerce (8)
Limitations of e-Commerce
Despite the unlimited advantages and benefits of e-
Commerce, some problems and drawbacks still need to
be considered before plunging into the web business.
Here are a few of them:
1. Security: this remains a problem of online businesses.
For millions of potential card customers, the fear of credit
card theft is a real one. Impersonation and phishing are
also security issues and customers need to feel confident
about the integrity of the process before they commit to
the purhase.
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 Electronic Commerce (9)
2. System and Data Integrity: The integrity of the system
that handles data poses a serious concern. Computer
virus are rampart with new ones discovered every day.
Viruses can cause unecessary delays, storage problems
and data corruption. The danger of hackers accessing
files and corrupting accounts adds more stress to an
already complex operation.
3. System Scalability: A business develops an interactive
interface, expecting 2 million customers and 6 million
show up. This affects performance, system delays and
leads to loss of customers.
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 Electronic Commerce (10)
4. Fulfillment problems: Tales of shipping delays,
merchandise mix-ups and crashing websites continue to
be a problem in e-commerce.
5. Products people won’t buy: Imagine a website called
furniture.com where ordering or returning items will
probably cost more than the amount for production.
6. Corporate vulnerability: the availability of product
details, catalogues and other information about a
business through its website makes it vulnerable to
access by a competitor.

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 Electronic Commerce (11)
Types of e-Commerce
a. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-Commerce: This is the
most common type of e-Commerce. It means online
business attempt to reach individual consumer.
b. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) e-Commerce: This
involves consumers selling to business organisations.
c. Business-to-Business (B2B) e-Commerce: this involves
online businesses selling to other businesses
d. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-Commerce:
consumers are able to sell to each other with the help of
online markets. For e.g auction sites at eBay.
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 Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing
e-Judciary

• e-Judiciary seeks to improve court administration to

boost transparency and efficiency as well as facilitate
citizens’ access to justice
• It helps monitor cases, enabling quicker disposal of
cases and help in transforming court services into a
more focused system that will meet the needs of the
citizens
• It will help store digital transcripts of evidence, making
them tamperproof.
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 Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (2)
e-Court
• e-Court will ensure that the status of pending cases
from every court will be available online in terms of
cause list and case details
• Courts will be able to issue digitally certified copies of
cases instantenously
• Victims, perpetrators and witnesses will be produced
through video conferencing
• Notices and summons will be served electronically
• Digitally signed court orders and judgements will be
availale on the Net.
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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (3)
e-Filing
• Electronic filing of cases by advocated from
their offices, issuing of digital receipts signed
by the court authorities
• Data from the case files and the data from
constitution files are processed and analysed
to form the verdict or the analysis report on the
case.
• The output document can be reviewed for
correctness by a legal practitioner or Judge.
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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (4)

An Electronic Judiciary Suite

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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (5)
Important Modules in e-Judiciary

=> Digitally signed certified copies module:

The court also provides digitally signed copies
which do not need to be crosschecked with the
original file and can be immediately served to a
litigant. The litigant can even download an
electronically certified copy from the Net without
having to contact the court.
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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (6)
b. Judgements Information System Module: This
consists of the judgements of the Supreme Court
and several High Courts. It contains reported
judgements of the courts that can be accessed
by litigants and lawyers.

c. Daily Orders Module: Orders delivered by the

court are made available to litigants on the
Internet on the same day.
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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (7)
d. Cause Lists Module: these are the schedules
ofcases that will be heard by the courts on the
following day. This application helps advocates
and litigants view the cause lists as soon as they
are out in the online registry, eliminating the need
to wait for hard copies
e. Case Status Module: With this application, the
latest status of a case that is either pending or
has been disposed off by the Supreme court or a
High Court is accessible.
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Electronic Judiciary, Court & Filing (8)

AN E-JURY SITE
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ASSIGNMENT (Handwritten Solution to be submitted on MOODLE)
1. Briefly explain the 5 e-Societal Module discussed in this note.
2. Describe the various e-Govt. Service Delivery Archi.
3. List the various e-Democracy Deliverables.
4. Draw the e-Government. Service Delivery Architecture
5. Define the various forms of e-Banking & their benefits.
6. List the various forms of e-Health & their benefits.
7. List the key Drivers, and the main Types of e-Commerce.
8. Mention 5 Advantages & Disadvantages e-Commerce.
9. Explain in details the concepts entailed in of e-Judiciary.
10. List the important modules of e-Judiciary Architecture.
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