Diffraction is the spreading out of a wave as it passes through a gap/slit or passes (around) an

obstacle

Critical angle - the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which angle of refraction
is 90° or angle of incidence for which a ray is transmitted along the boundary

Wavelength - the distance between two adjacent points that are in phase

Amplitude - maximum displacement of the wave

Drift velocity - The average/mean velocity of the charge carriers (e.g free electrons)

Work function of a metal - Minimum energy required to release a photoelectron from the surface
of the metal

E.m.f. - Energy supplied to/per unit charge Or Work done supplied to/per unit charge
Or The work done moving unit charge around the whole circuit

Explain, using Huygens’ construction, how diffraction occurs as waves pass through a gap (2)
Waves spread out as they pass through the gap (1)
Each point on the wavefront acts as a source of new/secondary wavelets (1)

Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves: (2)

Transverse: vibrations/oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of (wave) travel
Longitudinal: vibrations/oscillations are parallel to the direction of (wave) travel

Coherent (2 marks) - Same frequency + Constant phase difference/relationship

Wavefronts - lines connecting points on the wave that are at exactly same phase position

P.D. is energy transferred per unit charge

Current is the rate of flow of charge