UNIFORM

CIRCULAR MOTION
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
'

L ✓ =4m5
v -4ms "

the
of circle
•
motion
-

speed
•

in the
4ms
.

• v= - i

4m51
•
✓=

v. 4ms "

DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY ACCELERATION

L V r v
L S

Linear Angular Linear Angular Centripetal Angular

acceleration
displacement displacement velocity velocity Acceleration
 DISPLACEMENT

to Linear
Displacement ( s )

of moving formed
'
the length the
by
y
are
•

in
an
object a circle
about a
point .

0
↳ centre rotation v1
of . •

the shortest
→
possible
the
length from
point 1 to 2 is arc
length .

Any other track bfw point 1 and

will either
2 have a
different center
motion
rotation or will not be circular
of
a .
,

11

Not a "

Angular Displacement 101 Yi

,

2. circular ,
,

the the
angle subtended
by
arc motion 1
, !! !
in •

formed when the

object Took
'
moves
,

a circle about a
point .

i. i
i. LOR
'

the angular displacement is measured in radians 1rad ) .

 S X O c=2ñr
5=80 r r
s

d) ↳ radians t.ro
→
5=8121-1 ) of r
meters
s
5=21-1 r r

sector 21T r t
ofa
cir :
✗
.

0--1
circumference
circle r

of
a
↳ to
degree -

11rad )
360° -
21T rad
radian converter
Define the radian

The
O - se se ro →
angulardisplacement
s=r(g÷×2ñ)
about
0
a
point
n=
✗
4T → when the arc
length is
£ zoo the
5=3%+2117
to radios
in radians
equal of
angle .
the sector .
 VELOCITY
( v1
Linear Velocity
V
•

The linear
of change of displacement
→ rate about
•tz=t
a
point .
z

to the
→ Direction linear
of the velocity is
tangent as

point on
surface of
circle .

DO
t
:-O
• •

1
ES SI Unit
-1
V = :
Ms

At
VV
• > v

Angular velocity ( WI
n W

the rate
→

of change of angular displacement

about
⇐ •

point
e-

of The object a
-

an .
-

→
•

direction
"

perpendicular to
"

of rotation
→
W is *
•

the
plane of .

Rule tells direction

"
vw

Right of 3¥
"

Grip
•
→ Hand W =

Direction rotation SI unit rads -1

curl
of Fingers :
of
:

Thumb :
Direction of Angular velocity
 W =
DI
Dt

~
Oi -0 ; ti
-

-0
-

start
¥
W= N rev min
G per
: .

second
End
f : rev .

per
W=Of Of -21T
-

; ;T
t
60
N
f ✗
=

tf ti -

w= 21T -0 as
f- f-
-

so

-21T£
w -

T -
O

w=2ñoÉ; f- ¥0
as so

-2¥
w -

w
-21T£
-

21¥
w
-
-
Relating linear velocity and
angular velocity •tt=t
Ds
s=rO so Ds=r DO so
both sides time It
dividing by
•
r t; -
-
O
t
tf =

1¥
>
v10

•mo"
•
=

At
•
SB

V =
8 W
t:-O
RA '
A Es
var
if w: constant
As DO is same
for both A QB ,

for
" "

W is same both AaB .

As VB > ✗a 50 Sis > SA

.
B covers

the
more
displacement
time So
than A- in

same .
VB > VA .
 •

Centripetal Acceleration vi. •

•
• Ñi
The rate it
→

of change of vi
linear velocity about a
•

11>0
point .

Final •

velocity
ac= DI SI Unit :
Ms
-2
initial
Dt velocity
/ Ñil =/ VII v
Ñ
=

(5)

•
•
•
Ñ+Ñ=vf
For a small
change in
angle a sector vi
can be
approximated to a triangle .
Hence in vi. DO
@,
Ñ=Ñ Vi-

we
apply s -
-
v0 to relate Dv DO and v
,

with one another .

Another way
of 0 deriving a
,

5=80 VDI 0
of triangle
1¥
sector
of
=
=

¥ dividing by
DO At Dt

v¥|¥t=!¥t
Av ✓
AIG
=
=

both sides
dividing are = VW

at
by ,
so =

a. ai
¥
= -
 Are = VW

v v

as v=rw asv=rwsow=I
V
Are = VW Ac=VW
ac=lrw)w Ac
Vol :-)
-
-

a. =w2r Ac
¥
-
-
 CENTRIPETAL FORCE / / / / /
/ / / / /

A resultant
•

force that tends

to rotate aboutan
object A F- 15N
a
point .

moving
^
rest 1- =/ ON 1- = 10N + 5N

It title N Fc
to +
=

is a
given any =
•

>

force that will

-

cause an

to
V
in WE 10N
object
circle
move a
w= now
.

the extra
force is the
centripetal
• It
centrifugal
the
force also
that
tone .

•
1- = Wi-Fi

body
v
acts on
"
to the
object
'
tends move
centrifugal force
out
of the circular orbit .
F.
<
lunlte hating )
Centripetalthe force acts to
this
'

counter
effect centripetal force
-

of
-

forces ( centre loving )

tone .
Both are

Newton 's 3rd Law pair of

equal &
forces so are
opposite .
 List
of forces acting as
centripetal force
I.
Planetary motion
/ Satellite
Gravitational force :

Car making turn about Friction

ii.
thread
a
force corner :

iii. Stone tied to Tension

a
force
:

in
iv. Water in bucket a vertical circle
weight Contact force : + .

the the center hence

→
change in
velocity towards
is
of
circle
towards center
centripetal
must
force due to
ads
in
Change . in
velocity
here is not
change magnitude but due to

! Av needs tone !
change in direction

F-net = ma so Fc = Mac

centripetal force
0
Are = VW 0

Ac = WZ 8 o
Ac =

2nd
[ =
mvw Fc =
mw2y
Fc 1st
m_y2
=
 Motion in a horizontal circle

1- cos 0 =
W -
l
T ?? F,

of
< • >

Toso 1- Sino =
Fc -
2
^
'
T sine
component
''

° W
Fc ← ←
tension
ofads force Rotation
centripetal
in
perfect
= ⑥ > • a
→ as
→

1- Sino horizontal is not

force .

v
possible as there is

balance
W
Tsin O Fc
no

out
force to
=
weight force .

Tsin O The Tension

the
= mvw

is
value
of
→
if increased
speed of rotation
along with O also increase

,
Sino and to balance out the weight force
hence 0 increases !

needed to
→

Alternatively ,
with increase
component
in
speed , centripetal force balance it . Hence Tsino
0
increases ,
so
greater sine increases
by increasing .
Motion in a vertical circle
1. 1- =
W 1- Fc
Fo is in
fixed speed of tension
•
as •
max
"
rotation and radius ^
the cord exists
of
circle is
fixed .

•
3
at position 1 .

greatest chance
Tension cord to
force varies T the
for
•

@ 1 break
from
min
max

and then
to Wv .

@ 3
-

2
T

back to Max @ I
< • > Fc 2 .
T =
Fc
the rotates
string
as T >
0

4 AT 3 T + W =
Fc
v
.

Fc W the rotational
if
•

↳ 0
such that
speedFc is
•
Wcoso
1
W Fc W =
there will
,

v be no need for
W tension
force in

4. INCOSO + Fc = T the cord .

1- = 0
•
least tension in

cord .
 1- =
Woos 0 + Fc
A wsBx + C
y=
0
so A- W 13=1 ( =E
y=T & a -_
-

TIN
^
Fc= 5N
Wi-Fi 8-
W+Fc=8
W -15=8
Fc 5
W -3N
¥
-

W -

Fi 3-
; ; , ,

0 90 180 270 360 0/0

V

-
TIN
 ^ Fc
^
Fc R ^

?⃝
Fc = W + R Fc + R = W

12
m¥ m¥
R
mg mg
=
+ =

for minimum
speed for maximum speed
rotation R 0
of rotation 12=0
of
=
, ,

my =
ring + 0
m¥ +
0 =
Mlg

¥ =
g ÷ =

g
Turning a car
along a banked road
R
R ^

front F. =.
center
center
view
of of
=.
.

Fc violation Fri •

-8
> > rotation
" "
1N Friction
W
R
✗

Fr Rsino
MR -0
-
-

Fc t where É ^

Fr Fr cos 0
coefficient of I
- > >
. "

µ
:
e
o
Fr
↳
friction
R : contact
force A
component of friction force along
with the component
of normal
Friction balance the
centrifugal
force is acting as contact
force
a
centripetal force .

force .

Fc Rsinl
= + Frcoso
Fc Fr Fr friction
=
:

my '=µR force
R : normal coñlail
0 :
banking angle .
Bucket water in vertical circle
of
is Fc
if Fc > W
,
a

water
contact force
R →

base
from of
_ bucket
water downwards
,
on

water be
forces acting on can related

wt R = Fc
+ R mvz
Mg
=

T
Fc must be
for water not
fall the
to
large
-

water
enough to balance
weight of .

12=0
,

0 MY
mg + =
minimum speed of rotation so water doesn't fall .

T T

g=v÷ or v
gr
=
 4

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all questions in this section. Use

You are advised to spend about 1 hour 30 minutes on this section.

1 (a) A body is travelling in a circular orbit of radius r with constant speed v as shown in
Fig. 1.1.
V ×

µ
v
' Vi +Ñ=y
☐vis
2
o <L
A
IV Ñf Ñi
= -

p.in#.i i iai
do
I
•
1

Fig. 1.1
S ✗ 0
Use a vector diagram to show that the acceleration a of the body is given by

v2 ✓
Ava DO
a=
r
angle 11>01
towards the centre of the circle.
The
change of
is so small that triangle
to
approximated
a
DV ✗ DO be
can

Dv = ✓ DO sector .

dividing both sides by Dt

/ Vfl =
1 Vi I = V

*
VII.
=

At

A = VW

Ig
as v = rw so w=

a-
-4%1
a- -

[4]
© UCLES 2011 9792/03/M/J/11
 5
1- =
41-12
(b) The drum of a spin drier has a rate of rotation of 4.0 revolutions per second. An object in For
the drum has a mass of 0.20 kg and rotates in a vertical circle of radius 0.16 m. Examiner’s
m -0.2kg Use
F- 0.16m
-

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

a=vw • Ñ=vw
00=2
"f a=wT

a=(rw)w w=2Ñ( 4) a -_
(811-510.16)
•
a =
w= 81T
a- W 's
- 9--101.06
<

•
A = why
101
acceleration = ........................................ m s–2 [2]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the object.

f- net = ma

0.20×101
=

=
20.2

20
resultant force = ............................................. N [1]

(iii) For each of the three positions shown in Fig. 1.2 draw arrows to represent the weight
W of the object and the force D that the drum exerts on the object. Indicate how
these two forces always add to produce the resultant force of constant magnitude
' '

calculated in (ii). For F' to be

"
D
horizontal ,D
W
must act inclined
"
* in the
upward
D direction as shown .

W
k

D
Do
W
✗

vF( Centripetal
force )
•
•
•

"
D F
''

F
( centripetal v

W
force )

Fig. 1.2 [6]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2011 9792/03/M/J/11 [Turn over

 2 of 814
4

Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Use

1 (a) (i) Define the radian.

The angular when the
displacement of
-

s=rO
a
body
..................................................................................................................................
arc length equal to the radius the
0=4 is
of
..................................................................................................................................

sector
formed
..............................................................................................................................
.
[2]

(ii) A small mass is attached to a string. The mass is rotating about a fixed point P at
constant speed, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

mass rotating
at constant speed

Fig. 1.1

Explain what is meant by the angular speed about point P of the mass.
w
-1¥ The rate
of change of angular displacement
-

..................................................................................................................................

of a body about a
point
..................................................................................................................................
.

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/M/J/08

 3 of 814
5

(b) A horizontal flat plate is free to rotate about a vertical axis through its centre, as shown For
in Fig. 1.2. friction Examiner’s
Fc =
Fmax Use

if Fc > Friction
,
Mr W
'
= 0.72W
mass
ships ! plate
0.72mg
-

nxxw =

F
07219.87
'
M Fc 10.351W

w=2Y§
=
+ >

w
-2¥ w=2ñf d
-

"
w =
4.49 rads

211-1=4.49
60
Fig. 1.2 N =
42.9=43 rpm

A small mass M is placed on the plate, a distance d from the axis of rotation.
The speed of rotation of the plate is gradually increased from zero until the mass is
seen to slide off the plate.

The maximum frictional force F between the plate and the mass is given by the
expression

F = 0.72W,

where W is the weight of the mass M.

The distance d is 35 cm.

Determine the maximum number of revolutions of the plate per minute for the mass M to
remain on the plate. Explain your working.

number = ........................................... [5]

(c) The plate in (b) is covered, when stationary, with mud.

Suggest and explain whether mud near the edge of the plate or near the centre will first
leave the plate as the angular speed of the plate is slowly increased.

Mud near the

edge of the
plate leaves
first As
..........................................................................................................................................
.

centripetal / centrifugal
'

F. mrw
=
so Fear More
..........................................................................................................................................
.

force near
edge
than center
......................................................................................................................................
.

[2]

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/M/J/08 [Turn over

 49 of 814
6

2 A large bowl is made from part of a hollow sphere.

A small spherical ball is placed inside the bowl and is given a horizontal speed. The ball follows a
horizontal circular path of constant radius, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

ball

14 cm

Fig. 2.1

The forces acting on the ball are its weight W and the normal reaction force R of the bowl on the
ball, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
W Rsino
= ① -

Rsino
^ Fc Roos 0
= ② -

wall of R
ball
bowl dividing both eq ① . &②

Fc Roost
⇐

¥ =*¥o
.
tana .

cos 0
lance
¥
-
=

W
W= titano
Fig. 2.2

The normal reaction force R is at an angle to the horizontal.

(a) (i) By resolving the reaction force R into two perpendicular components, show that the
resultant force F acting on the ball is given by the expression
centripetal force/ centrifugal W = F tan .

[2]
© UCLES 2014 9702/41/O/N/14
 50 of 814
7

(ii) State the significance of the force F for the motion of the ball in the bowl.
The force F is
acting an
centripetal force
...........................................................................................................................................
.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The ball moves in a circular path of radius 14 cm. For this radius, the angle is 28°.
(v)
Calculate the speed of the ball.

w = F tano

ring =m¥tanO
tano
g=

9.8 =
I tan 28° 106
speed = ............................................... m s−1 [3]
0.14
"
V =
I. 6ms

© UCLES 2014 9702/41/O/N/14 [Turn over