DBT123 – FUNDAMENTAL OF

SITE SURVEY

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

Gs. SAIFUL ANUAR BIN JAAFAR@IBRAHIM

DEPARTMENT
 WHAT IS LAND SURVEYING?

• Land surveying has been defines as the art and science of

determining the position of natural and artificial features on,
above and below the earth’s surface; and representing this
information on paper plans, as figures in report tables or on
computer based maps.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LAND SURVEY

CLASSIFICATION GEODETIC
PLANE OF LAND
SURVEY
 Geodetic Surveying
• The curved surface of the earth is considered by performing
the computation on ellipsoid.
• The curve surface approximating the size and shape of the
earth.
• This survey involved with high precision over large area.
• Employed to provide control points.
• Survey work is conducted by very refined instruments using
refine methods of adjustments.
• Provide a high degree of precision.
 Plane Surveying

• Measurement involve with relatively small and flat area.

• Measurement plotted will represent the projection on the
horizontal plane of the actual field measurement.
• The scope and use is very wide as it is employed in the
majority of survey conducted e.g. engineering survey.
 BRANCHES OF LAND SURVEYING

Topography Engineering Cadastral

Survey Survey Survey

Geographic
Hydrographic Photogrammetry
Information
Survey System
(GIS)

Branches of
Global
Land Surveying Remote Positioning
Sensing System
(GPS)
 Topographic Surveying
• A topography survey is a survey conducted to obtain the data
needed for the preparation of a topography map.
This data consists of the horizontal and vertical locations of
the features to be shown on the map.
• Topography refers to the characteristics of the land surface.
These characteristics include relief, natural features and
artificial (or man-made) features.
• Relief is the conjuration of the earth’s surface and includes
such features as hills, valleys, plains, summits, depressions,
and other natural features, such as trees, streams, and lakes.
Man-made features are highways, bridges, dams and
buildings.
Topographic Surveying
Topographic Surveying
 Engineering Surveying

• Can be describe as any survey work carried out in connection

with construction and building.
• This surveying is related with design and construction of new
routes such as roads, dam, pipeline and railways etc.
• The important of this surveying are:
‐ Produce new plan of the construction
‐ Produce control point for the construction project
‐ To calculate the areas and volumes of land data
‐ Setting out the building same as the plan
 Cadastral Surveying

• This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property

boundaries for legal purposes. In many countries the
registration of ownership of land is based on such plans.
• In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by
Department Of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license
surveyor firm.
Cadastral Surveying
Land Title
 Cadastral Surveying-Strata
• Introduction of the strata title legislation in Malaysia, it is not
possible to hold a title deed for a part of a building such as an
apartment etc.
• The Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318) was introduced to enable
the subdivision of lots into strata and the transfer of these
titles.
• Strata can be applied to any of the following: high rise,
various residential, town houses, duplex, factories, offices and
retail etc.
• The common property can comprise recreational facilities,
gym, sauna, swimming pool, tennis court, meeting room, golf
course, etc.
• All owners contribute to the maintenance of these facilities.
 Hydrographic Surveying

• This is surveying in a marine environment where the

traditional role for centuries was to map the coastlines and sea
bed to procedure navigation charts.
• More recently, this surveying have been carried out for
offshore oil and gas exploration and production
• Also used in the design, construction and maintenance of
harbors, river and sea defences etc.
 Photogrammetry

• Photogrammetry can be defined as the method of determine

the shapes, size and positions of the objects using photographs.
• The photographs are taken with special cameras mounted in
the fixed wing aircraft of helicopters.
• Because this is non contact technique, it is advantages to
measure hazardous area such as landslide or mountain area.
 Geographical Information System (GIS)

• A geographical information system (GIS) is an information

management process for organizing spatially related data so
that it can be analyzed and displayed.
• The data are stored in different layers which can be overlaid
to assess their interrelationship.
• The terminology and application for GIS have developed
rapidly in recent years with the advent of powerful and fast
computers although the concept is not new.
 Remote Sensing

• The technique is closely allied to photogrammetry because it

also uses imagery to collect information.
• In this case, information is gathered about the ground surface
without coming into contact with it.
• Remote sensing can be carried out for certain purpose using
satellite imagery or spectral imaging (LiDAR).
 Global Positioning System (GPS)

• GPS capabilities of giving co-ordinates at point on the earth

surface is an advantages for surveying works in the large
areas.
• It because the GPS instrument do not required line of sight
between observation points, can works day and night and in
all weather conditions.
• GPS also suitable for establishing control points and detail
surveying.
 PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING

• Concept of ‘From Whole to the Part’

Pkt 1/ STN 1 Pkt 2/STN 2

L1 L2 L3
Pkt 6 Pkt 3

Pkt 5 Pkt 4
 LAND SURVEYING PROCEDURES

Reconnaissance
Conduct a
Survey

Booking

Draw Plan
 Reconnaissance

• The first task on survey

• Observed based on specification of work
• To determine the accuracy to which the measurements
are required.
• To established the method that is needed.
• To establishing best sites for survey station which are:
‐ Good measuring condition
‐ Permanency of station
‐ Referencing of station
‐ Obstacles of measuring
‐ Intervisibility of station
 Conduct a Survey

• To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and

artificial features on the land.
• The survey can be linear measurement, compass surveying,
levelling, theodolite surveying, GPS etc.
• Usually, there are 4 parameters to be surveyed which are: -
‐ Horizontal Angle
‐ Vertical Angle
‐ Horizontal Distance
‐ Vertical Distance
Conduct a Survey-Equipment
 Booking

• Every survey must be record in a book or note.

• Every different survey must be record at new page.
• Every number and note must be write clearly.
• Draw a site plan in the notes.
 MEASUREMENT
ANGLE MEASUREMENT

- Angle between survey line such as horizontal angle and

vertical angle.
- Classified as horizontal and vertical.
- Horizontal angle are needed to determine the bearing and
azimuth.
- Vertical angle are used for trigonometric levelling and stadia.
 MEASUREMENT
BEARING MEASUREMENT

- Angle measured in clockwise direction between survey lines

with the north direction.
- Can be measured using compass or total station.
- Types of bearing:
• Whole circle bearing (WCB)
- the measurement line where the direction of the
measurement is clockwise.
- WCB range is 0° - 360° from north direction.
• Quadrant bearing (QB)
- Angle form any line which it makes with the north-
south axis.
 MEASUREMENT
BEARING MEASUREMENT

Whole Circle Bearing Quadrant Bearing

0⁰/360⁰
W N
X
φ θ LINE QB
θ
AX NθE
270⁰ 90⁰ A AY SΦE
W E
AZ SωW
ω Φ AW NφW

Z S Y
180⁰
 MEASUREMENT
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

- Probably most elementary method of surveying.

- Determine length between two points.
- No angular measurement obtains.
- Methods for distance measurement:
• By direct measurement (chain, tape or steel band)
• By optical means ( tacheometry)
• By electronic distance measurement (EDM)
- Unit of bearing:
Degree(°) Minute(‘) Second(“)
 Draw Plan
• Each plan must have:
‐ Frame
‐ North directions
‐ Legends
‐ Survey lines
‐ Scale
‐ Measurement
‐ Station
 SCALE

Definition of Scale

• Ratio between distance on the map and the

same distance on the ground
• Scaling represent true measurement on the
ground because it is impossible to use that
value and draw on the paper.
As Example :
• 100 meter on the ground?
• We can’t find 100 meter paper or plan.
Types of Scale

Verbal Scale Graphic Scale

Representative
Fraction
 Scale
• Scaling can be state into three forms :-

 Verbal Scale
 Graphic scale
 Representative
Fraction
 Verbal Scale

• State clearly the scale value.

• 1 inch = 1 mile means 1 inch on the paper
epresent 1 mile on the ground.
• Can represent two different units.
• Good to avoid confusing.

1 cm = 100 km
 Graphic Scale

• Two different type (Bar scale and diagonal

scale)
• Bar scale (almost in every map and plan)
• Diagonal scale (big scale plan)
• Today all of the plan and map use bar scale.
100 50 0 1 2 3 4 500 km
 Representative Fraction

• Can use any unit

• 1:1000 means 1 unit on the paper represent
1000 unit on the ground.
• If the unit is in metric, 1cm on the paper
represent 1000 cm on the ground.

1 : 1000
 Where the Scale be used ?

• Map
• Small scale = 1:1 000 000 , 1:500 000,
1:20,000
• Big scale = 1:10 000, 1:1 250, 1:1 000

• Plan
• Site Plan= 1:500 , 1:200, 1:100, 1:50
• Detail Plan= 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 , 1:1 (full size)

• One of the difference between map and plan

is scale.
 Example of Scale Calculation - Distance

• Scale 1:500
• 10 cm on the map, what is distance on the
ground?
10cm = 1
X = 5000cm (50m)
X 500

• Scale 1:250
• 30m on the ground, what is distance on the
map?
X = 1 X = 0.12m (12cm)
30m 250
 Example of Scale Calculation - Area

• Area measured on a plan as 550mm by

340mm. What is the are on the ground?
• Scale 1:1500
550mm = 1 X = 825 000mm
X 1500 (825m)

340mm = 1 X = 510 000mm

Y 1500 (510m)
Area = 825m x 510m
= 420 750m2
THANK YOU
 PLOTTING

– The skill with which the instrument are used.

•Proper use of the instrument is essential for accurate
plotting

– The plotting procedure

•The principle work from the whole to the part should be
applied.
•This procedure will prevent the accumulation of errors.
•Plotting of a framework of survey lines (a grid) covering the
whole mapping area.
•The traverse stations and details are then plotted on the
grid.
 PLOTTING

University
Technology N 1000
MARA E 1000

Diploma in
Building

10 000m²

Grouping
N 500
E 1500
 PLAN

CERTIFIED PLAN
• Certified plan showed the boundary lot being survey and
marked with boundary mark with bearing and distance and
coordinates.
 PLAN

ENGINEERING PLAN
• Engineering plan" means the plans and specifications for the works to be
constructed or purchased within any subdistrict, including such maps,
profiles, plans and other data as may be necessary to set forth the
location, character of the work, the property contains and showing any of
important information needs for construction.
 MAP

• Represent geographic area

• Printed on paper
• Digital Map
 ACCURACY AND PRECISION IN SURVEY

Accuracy:
Closeness of a Precision:
sample mean Closeness of
to the true repeated
value observation
• Distance must always reduced to horizontal

Example :

DH q = 3º
SD = 30.589 m
DH = 1.334 m
q Then
horizontal distance = h
h = 30.589 cos 3º
h = 30.547 m
To calculate the horizontal distance (h) :
Or
h = SD cos q or h =√ (SD2 - DH2)
h = √(30.5892 - 1.3342)
SD = Slope Distance
h = 30.560 m
q = Vertical angle
DH = Vertical Distance
LAND SURVEYING APPLICATIONS

Construction
Planning
Land boundaries
Transportation
Maps & Plans
Engineering
 CONCLUSION

• Determine earth positions (x, y, z).

• Survey any part of land.
• Precise Equipment.

• Land Survey is about positioning…

 Scale Calculation - Distance

On the map Scale On the ground

5 cm 1 cm = 1m

400mm 1:250
0.25m 1:500
1cm = 5m 20m
1:15000 3km
 Scale Calculation - Area

On the Scale On the

map ground
25 cm2 1 cm = 1m

400mm2 1:250
100cm2 1:500
1cm = 50m 0.25 hektar

1:15000 138.997 ekar

THANK YOU