Basic Electronics Engineering

Er. Shyam Dahal

Associate Professor/Warden
Kathmandu Engineering Col lege
©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 1
‘S i lence’ a nd ‘sm i le’ a re two po we rfu l
words. ‘Smi le’ is the way to solve many
problems and ‘si lence’ is the way to avoid
many problems.

System Inception

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 2

5.1 Communication and Communication System

l In broad sense, the term "communication" refers to the

send ing, receiving, a nd processing of info rmatio n by
electronic means.
l Communication system is a system desig ned to send
information from a source generating that information to
one (point-to-point communication) or more (broadcasting)
receivers of that information. Information may be voice,
data or video .
l Types of communication system: (i) Analog communication
system (ii) Dig ital Communication system

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 3

5.2 Analog and Dig ital Sig nal

Fig ure 5.1: Analog and dig ital sig nal

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 4
5.3 Modulation

l It i s d e f i n e d a s t h e p ro c e s s b y w h i c h s o m e
characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in accordance
with a modulating wave.
l The message signal is referred to as the modulating
wave , a nd the result of the modulation process is
referred to as the modulated wave.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 5

Need for Modulation

l The use of modulation permits multiplexing, that is,

the simultaneous transmission of sig nals from several
message sources over a common channel.
l The size of the antenna needed for efficiently radiating
electromag n etic en erg y is la rgely red uced d ue to
modulation.
l Modulation may be used to convert the message sig nal
into a form less susceptible to noise and interference.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 6

5.4 Analog Modulation Techniques

i. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

ii. Angle Modulation
a) Frequency modulation (FM)
b) Phase modulation (PM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
It is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied accord ing to the amplitude of the
message sig nal.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 7

 Fig ure 5.2: AM output with its waveforms

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 8

Frequency Modulation (FM)
It is defined as the process in which the frequency of a
carrier sig nal is varied accord ing to the amplitude of the
message sig nal.
Phase Modulation (PM)
It is defined as the process in which the phase of a carrier
sig nal is varied according to the amplitude of the message
sig nal.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 9

 Fig ure 5.3: FM output with its waveforms
©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 10
 Fig ure 5.4: PM output with its waveforms

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 11

5.5 Dig ital Modulation Techniques

i) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

ii) Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
iii) Phase-shift keying (PSK)

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 12

5.6 Components of a Communication System

Fig ure 5.5: Block diagram of a communication system

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 13

i. Transmitter
This portion processes the message signal into a form
suita ble for tra nsm ission over the cha n nel. Such a n
operation is called modulation.
ii. Communication channel
The function of the cha n n el is to provide a physica l
con n ection between the tra n sm itter output a nd the
receiver input. Examples: wire lines, microwave links,
optical fibers, etc.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 14

iii. Receiver
This portion processes the received sig nal to get
message sig nal. Such an operation is called demodulation.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 15

5.7 Dig ital Communication System

Fig ure 5.6: Block diagram of a dig ital communication system

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 16

l Source
The source is where the information to be transmitted orig inates.
l Source encoder
So u rce encoder co nverts th e ana log sig na ls o r seq uence of
symbols into binary sequence of 1's and 0's.
l Source decoder
Source decoder converts the binary output of the channel decoder
into its orig inal analog form or sequence of symbols.
l Channel encoder
The channel encoder adds some error control bits (redundancy) to
the bit streams of source encoder output.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 17

l Channel decoder
It produces as its output, the output of source code of the
transmitter with as few errors as possible.
l Channel modulator
Channel modulator is intended to convert bit streams from channel
encoder to electrical waveform suitable for transmission over
communication channel.
l Channel demodulator
Channel demodu lato r co nverts received electrica l signa l into
sequence of bits with minimum error & maximum efficiency.
l Channel
Example: Cable for wired communication or free space for wireless
communication.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 18

Advantages of dig ital communication over analog communication:
l Increased immunity to channel noise and external interference.
l Im proved secu rity of co m m un icatio n th ro ug h th e use of
encryption.
l A common format for the transmission of d ifferent kinds of
message sig nals (e.g. voice sig nals, video sig nals, computer
data).
l It is easier and mo re efficient to m u ltiplex severa l d ig ita l
sig nals.
l Dig ital sig nal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 19

5.8 Optical Fibre Communication
Optical Fibre
It is a flexible optical ly transparent fibre, usual ly made of glass or
plastic, through which lig ht can be transmitted by successive total
internal reflections. Optical fibre consists of th ree parts namely
protective layer, cladd ing, and core. The refractive index of the
core is greater than that of the cladding.

Fig ure 5.7: Optical fibre

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 20
 Fig ure 5.8: Block diagram of optical fibre communication system

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 21

Advantages of optical fibre communication:
l Enormous potential bandwidth
l Smal l size and weig ht
l Electrical isolation
l Immunity to interference
l Sig nal security
l Low transmission loss
l Ruggedness and flexibility
l System reliability and ease of maintenance
l Potential low cost

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 22

Disadvantages:
l Joining fibre is difficult and expensive.
l Fibre is not as mechanical ly robust as copper wire.
l Hig h investment cost.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 23

5.9 Electromagnetic Wave
A wave of energy having a freq uency with in the electromagnetic
s pectru m a nd p ro pagated as a period ic d istu rba nce of th e
electro mag netic field w h en a n electric ch a rge osci l lates o r
accelerates is cal led an electromagnetic wave. Examples include
radio waves, infrared, visible lig ht, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma
rays.

Fig ure 5.9: An electromagnetic wave

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 24

Different modes of propagation of electromagnetic wave are:
l Ground wave: If the electromagnetic waves from the transmitting
antenna are propagated along the surface of the earth to reach the
receiver antenna, such mode is called ground wave propagation. This
mode of propagation involves waves having frequency ranging from 3
KHz to 3 MHz.
l Sky wave: The mode in which the electromagnetic waves from the
transmitting antenna travel towards the sky and gets reflected from the
io nos p h ere to reach th e receivi ng a nten na is ca l led s ky wave
propagation. This mode involves waves of frequency in the range 3
MHz 30 MHz.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 25

l Space wave: In th is mode of propagation, electromagnetic waves
travel in straig ht line in space. So, this mode is also known as line of
sig ht communication. This mode involves waves of frequency greater
than 30 MHz.

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 26

5.10 Antenna
l An antenna is a structure that is general ly a metal l ic object,
often a wire or group of wires, used to convert hig h-frequency
current into electromagnetic waves, and vice-versa.
l An antenna is a means for radiating or receiving electromagnetic
waves.
Types of antennas
l Wire antennas
l Aperture antennas
l Micro strip antennas
l Array antennas

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 27

l Reflector antennas
l Lens antennas

Basic antenna parameters:

l Radiation pattern
l Radiation power density
l Radiation intensity
l Directivity
l Gain
l Antenna efficiency
l Beamwidth

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 28

l Beam efficiency
l Bandwidth
l Polarization
l Input impedance
l Antenna temperature

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 29

5.11 Broadcasting and Communication

l Broadcasting may be defined as th e d istri butio n of aud io

and/or video sig nals that is used to transmit programs to an
audience.
l Broadcasting can be "recorded" or "live".
l Broadcasting performs the fol lowing functions:
i. News function
ii. Opinion function
iii. Education function
iv. Commercial function
v. Entertainment function

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 30

 Fig ure 5.10 Broadcasting
©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 31
5.12 Wired and Wireless Communication

This is your assig nment

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 32

5.13 Internet and Intranet

This is your assig nment

©Ian Summervil le 2000 Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 11 Slide 33