ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

Assessment of Consumption, Chemical Composition and Medicinal Value of Camel Milk

in Western Hararghe Ethiopia
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS iii

LIST OF TABLES iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2

2.1. Chemical composition of camel milk 2

2.2. Therapeutic Values of Camel Milk 2

2.2.1. Anti-bacterial properties 4

2.2.2. Antiviral Activity 4

2.2.2. Therapeutic effect camel milk on hepatitis: 5

2.2.3. Anti-diabetic action of camel milk 5

2.2.4. Anti-cancer action of camel milk 6

2.3. Camel Milk Consumption 7

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8

3.1. Study Design 8

3.2. Sampling Procedure and Sample Size Determination 8

3.3. Data Collection Method 8

3.4. Experimental Work Procedure 9

3.4.1. Sample collection 9

3.4.2. Chemical composition of milk samples 9

3.4.3. Experimental Animal 10

3.4.4. Extraction from Browses of the Plant Species 10

3.4.5. Chemical Composition of Browses 11

3.5. Experimental Design 11

3.6. Data Analysis 12

ii
 3.7. Expected Outcome 13

4. WORK PLAN 14

5. BUDGET BREAKDOWN 15

6. REFERENCE 17

iii
 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AACC American Association of Cereal Chemists

AOAC Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

CM Camel Milk

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

IgA Immunoglobulin A

IgG Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

SAS Statistical Analysis System

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table1. Summary of sampling layout for assessment of consumption, medicinal value and
browsed plant species 9
Table 2. Summary of milk sampling layout for composition analysis 10
Table 3. Experimental Group and their Treatments 12
Table 4. Major activities and time duration 14
Table 5.Training Cost 15
Table 6.Per Diem Field work (Survey expense) 15
Table 7.Transportation Cost 15
Table 8. Experimental animal and chemical cost 16
Table 9. Laboratory work expense 16
Table 10.Budget Summary 16

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 1. INTRODUCTION
The global population of domesticated large camelids (dromedaries and Bactrian) is
estimated to be about 28 million (Faye 2015). More than 80% of the camel population
inhabits Africa with 60% in the Eastern African countries (Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia and
Kenya) which are important exporters of dromedary camels to the Arabian Peninsula and
Egypt (Faye 2015). The camel population in Ethiopia is estimated at 4.8 million (Behnke
2010). Nowadays, camel milk production is in progress in many countries in both Asia
and Africa due to increased demand due to its countless properties that make it a very
useful choice, as camel’s milk is used in some parts of the world to cure certain diseases
(Attia et al. 2001).

The medicinal property of camel milk was understood by Pastoralists and Muslim
communities from their day today life experience and holly Quran and Prophet
Mohammed’s sayings respectively. It is also used as a traditional medicine to treat
several diseases, and as a result, it builds the immune system of human beings when
consumed occasionally (Kumar et al. 2004; Sharma and Singh 2014; Yadav et al. 2015;
Jilo 2016). Therefore, camel milk is at the core of some pastoralists’ culture, life and
health and is considered as white gold of the desert (Gul et al. 2015).

Similarly scientific investigations illustrations that camel milk contains protective

proteins, which may have possible role for enhancing immune defence mechanism. Since
then, a significant numbers of studies have been conducted to determine the therapeutic
properties of camel milk. It contains many vitamins and also higher amount of zinc so it
plays a major role in immune system of body as cells of immune system are sensitive to
zinc deficiency (Hansen et al.1982). Camel’s milk is unique in terms of antioxidative
factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti-arthritis, treatment for para
tuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and cosmetics (Al-
Juboori AT. et al. 2013, Sharma C. and Singh C. 2014, Simeneh K. 2015).

Moreover, camel milk is endowed with exceptionally solid immune system (Abdel Galil
M. et al. 2016). Fresh camel milk and their products are a good bioactive adjuvant for the

1
people living in the arid and semiarid areas. Moreover, some studies have revealed that
camel milk also possesses insulin-like properties and can control blood sugar due to
hypoglycemic properties in diabetic patients. It can be used as a natural medicine for
diabetic patients (Shabo . et al.2005).

Even though camel milk have extraordinary in terms of nutrition and therapist value, its
production and consumption in Ethiopia was confined to the pastoral areas. As a result
scholars advocate extensive research investigations to confirm the projected health
benefits and characterize the properties of this natural adjuvant, to create economic and
social space for camel milk and products (Ayele et al.2014; Kula J., 2016; Hailegebrael
and Bayew, 2017; Ngussie et al.2017; Bano et al.2019; Yaseen G., et al.2019). Despite
the significance of camel milk to livelihoods of the pastoralists in oromia, camels milk
potential medicinal value, chemical composition and its consumption among non-
pastoralist community is not fully investigated. Therefor the current study will be
designed Assessment of Consumption, Chemical Composition and Medicinal Value of
Camel Milk in Western Hararghe Ethiopia with the following objectives:

 To assess the challenge and opportunities of camel milk consumption

 To assess the indigenous knowledge about medicinal value of camel milk
 To identify different plant species browsed by camel
 To analysis biochemical properties (composition) of camel milk
 To analysis biochemical properties of plant species browsed by camel
 To evaluate the response of camel milk for diabetes
 To investigate the response of identified plant species for diabetes treatment

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Chemical composition of camel milk

Camel’s milk has generally an opaque white colour and has a faint sweetish odour and
sharp taste; sometimes, it can be salty (Abbas et al. 2013). Its opaque white colour is
because of the fats that are finely homogenized throughout the milk, whereas the changes
in taste are caused by the type of fodder and availability of drinking water (Kumar et al.
2015). Its density ranges from 1.026 to 1.035 and the pH from 6.2 to 6.5; both are lower
than those of the cow’s milk, and the maximum buffering capacity of skim milk is at pH
4.95 (Gul et al. 2015).

Various minerals such as Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and vitamins (A, E, C and B1) are
present in camel milk (Khasmi et al. 2001; Onjoro et al. 2003). The values of trace
minerals were significantly higher in camel milk as compared to cow’s milk (Agrawal et
al. 2004). The concentration of vitamin C in camel milk is two to three times higher as
compared to cow’s milk (Stahl et al. 2006). The low pH due to higher concentration of
vitamin C stabilizes the milk and therefore it can be kept for relatively longer periods
without cream layer formation. The availability of relatively higher amount of vitamin C
in camel milk is of significant relevance from the nutritional point of view, as it exerts
powerful antioxidant activity (Mal et al. 2007). The levels of vitamin A, E and B1 were
reported to be low in camel milk compared to the cow’s milk. Cow’s milk contains a
carotene that lacks in camel milk (Stahl et al. 2006).
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2.2. Therapeutic Values of Camel Milk

Health benefit potentials of camel milk are obtained through a number of bioactive
components in camel milk (Al Haj OA, Al and Kanhal HA.2010). The camel milk is
being consumed for centuries by nomadic peoples due to its nutritional and medicinal
properties. . Currently, the value of camel milk has increased worldwide due to its high
therapeutic value for human health. The medicinal properties of camel milk can be
attributed to the presence of protective proteins, which may possibly play a pivotal role
for the enhancement of immune Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Sharma and Singh 2014).

The medicinal properties of camel milk can be attributed due to presence of protective
proteins like, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulin’s mostly IgA
which may possibly play pivotal role for enhancement of immune defense mechanism.
Antibacterial and antiviral activities of camel milk proteins have been investigated. In
addition camel milk also plays an important role to control number of health disorder
such as diabetes, allergy, autism, hepatitis, arthritis etc (Sharma et al., 2014). In addition,
camel milk also plays an important role to a control number of physical health disorders
or even mental disorders.

Camel milk have been acknowledged for a long time in different parts of the world to
provide a potential treatment for a series of diseases such as dropsy, jaundice,
tuberculosis, asthma, and leishmaniasis or kala-azar (Asresie A, and Yusuf M. 2014).
Also revealed that several studies have shown that milk is an important nutritional and
functional source of food and provide particular health benefits due to the presence of
bioactive substances in it. In the same way, in all camel rearing countries, the breeders
are convinced that camel milk has special medicinal properties, especially for dropsy,
jaundice and conditions affecting the lungs and spleen (Yohannes M. et al. 2007, Sharma
C. and Singh C. 2014).

Camel milk is enriched with various protective proteins like lysozyme, Lactoferrin,
lactoperoxidase, NAGase, PGRP, IgG and IgA which exert antibacterial, antiviral,
antifungal and antiphrastic activity, immunological properties, growth promotion activity
and anti-tumor activity (Mona EY. et al. 2010).According to Conesa and
 4

coworkers(Conesa C. et al. 2008) ,protective proteins and their immunological action in

camel milk have therapeutic effects. LZ participates in primary immune system based on
targeting structures common to invading pathogens, whereas Immunoglobulins give the
immune protection to the body against infections. Another protective protien in camel
milk LF prevents microbial growth in gut.

Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, and

lactoperoxidase (LPO), ahaem-containing glycoprotein of the mammalian peroxidase
family, are components of milk, saliva, airway mucus and other exocrine secretions.
These proteins have a wide range of biological functions including antimicrobial and
immuno-modulatory effects (Lo ¨nnerdal&Iyer, 1995; Vorland, 1999; Hooijdonket al.,
2000; Conner et al., 2002). LF exhibits inhibitory activity against various viruses,
including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C viruses, poliovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
by preventing entry of the viruses into the host cells (van der Strate et al., 2001). LPO, in
combination with its physiological substrates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiocyanate
(SCN), displays a wide spectrum of virucidal activity against HIV, HSV-1, RSV and
echovirus (Pourtois et al., 1990; Mikola et al., 1995)

2.2.1. Anti-bacterial properties

Camel milk is reported to inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,
including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and
Salmonella typhimurium (El-Agamy et al. 1992; Kumar D. et al. 2016). The inhibitory
action of camel milk against L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and E. coli has been attributed
to the presence of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and lysozyme, respectively. The
growth of Salmonella typhimurium is inhibited by lactoferrin in camel milk through
binding iron and making it unavailable for its growth (El-Agamy et al. 1992; Ochoa TJ
and Cleary TG., 2009).

Came milk contains antimicrobial enzymes (lactofferin and lactoperoxidase) protective

protein like caseins, stronger immune system and smaller Immunoglobulins than other
ruminants. Camel milk has higher concentrations of Lactoferrin and lysozyme than
bovine milk (Konuspayeva G. et al. 2005). Literature has shown that Lactoferrin can act
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as either a bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal agent (Al-Majali et al. 2007). This difference
in the activity may, in part, explain the wide range of MIC values for Lactoferrin activity.
As several studies revealed lactofferin has inhibitory activity on both Gram- positive and
Gram-negative bacteria in vitro.

2.2.2. Antiviral Activity

Rotaviruses are the most frequent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in infants or calves
in most parts of the world. Camel milk-purified immunoglobulin (IgG) and secretory
immunoglobulin A (sIgA) are reported to be effective against rotaviruses isolated from
bovine or form human sources (El-Agamy et al. 1992; El-Agamy EI. 2000). The
antirotavirus activity, i.e., antibody titer in colostrum, was strong due to IgG, while sIgA
in normal milk was high. This indicates that raw camel milk is considered a strong viral
inhibitor to human rotavirus. These findings may explain the reason for use of camel milk
as a remedy to treat diarrhea by camel herdsmen (El-Agamy et al. 1992; El-Agamy EI.
2000).

2.2.2. Therapeutic effect camel milk on hepatitis:

Scientific publications have shown that camel milk cures both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
The special fat in camel milk soothes the liver and has beneficial action on chronic liver
patients (Redwan el-RM and Tabll A 2007). There is also a possibility that the relatively
high concentrations of ascorbic acid in camel milk helps in improving liver function (Gul
W. et al. 2015). But Subsequent studies have shown that camel Lactoferrin markedly
inhibits hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection through preventing the entry of the virus
into the cells (Abdel Galil M. et al. 2016). Additionally, camel Lactoferrin is more potent
anti-viral agent than bovine and human Lactoferrins, even its anti-parasitic action can
clear Schistosoma Mansoni (Maghraby AS. et al.2005, Choi SK. et al. 2013).

2.2.3. Anti-diabetic action of camel milk

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels,

resulting from low insulin secretion and/or increased insulin resistance (Abdel Galil M. et
al. 2016). DM and its complications have become a main focus of interest for researchers
worldwide due to their close association with the risk of cerebrovascular and
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cardiovascular disorders, which were noted in 68% of diabetes-related deaths among

patients aged 65 years or older (Khaskheli M et al. 2005, Shamsia SM. 2009). Today, the
management of DM remains a great challenge for treating physicians.

In addition to the conventional diabetic management strategies of diet, insulin, oral

hypoglycaemic drugs, and exercise, diabetes has also received attention because of the
current wide interest in alternative therapies for chronic incurable diseases. In this
respect, there is mounting evidence that camel milk (CM) consumption is effective in the
control of DM in both humans9,19e21 and experimental animals(Kappeler et al.2005, El-
Hatmi H et al. 2007. Strong support for this notion comes from camel breeders in

India who consume CM regularly and who have zero incidence of DM compared to 5.5
percent in other communities in which CM is not consumed (Zicarelli L., 2004).
Additional support comes from the more recent finding that the consumption of CM by
type I diabetic patients resulted in a 30-35% reduction in the daily insulin requirements,
with significant decreases in both blood glucose levels and micro-albuminuria (Musaad
A.M., 2013).

These benefits can be related in part to the unique composition of CM, which is rich in
insulin, insulin-like proteins, minerals, immunoglobulins and trace elements with anti-
inflammatory properties (FAO, 2013, Sisay F, Awoke K 2015). Additionally, CM
possesses antioxidants and free radical scavengers (D'Urso S et al.2008, Haddadin MS
2008). Further, camel insulin possesses unique features that make it different from human
and other animal insulin and more effective when orally administered. Camel insulin,
unlike the insulin contained within other animal and human milks, is contained within
micelles and is thus protected from digestion and proteolysis in the upper gastrointestinal
tract; it has also been proposed that camel insulin is encapsulated.

2.2.4. Anti-cancer action of camel milk

The claimed anti-cancer action of camel products is widely accepted by local healers who
use of a mixture of camel milk and urine in the treatment of patients suffering from a
variety of cancers, including breast, nasopharyngeal, lung and others. This, in addition to
the difficulties faced by modern medicine in finding a lasting cure for cancer, prompted
 7

the current flurry of studies attempting to find evidence to support these claimed anti-
cancer actions of camel milk and urine and eventually succeed in identifying the anti-
malignant component in camel milk or urine that could ultimately lead to the discovery of
an effective anticancer drug (A.G.M. Abdel Gader and A.A. Alhaider, 2016).

Research reports declare that, the local healers’ practice of prescribing milk along with
urine has a double advantage as both products are endowed with anti-cancer actions;
additionally, the milk disguises the identity and taste of the urine and makes its
consumption palatable to the patient (A.G.M. Abdel Gader and A.A. Alhaider, 2016).

Milk consumption in Ethiopia shows that most consumers prefer purchasing of raw milk
because of its natural flavor (high-fat content), availability and lower price. Specific
upper income market segments prefer and can afford packaged processed milk.
Packaging costs alone may add up to 25% of the cost of processed milk depending on the
type of packaging used (Abebe B. et al. 2013).

2.3. Camel Milk Consumption

However consumption milk is different in the pastoral area, they get milk from different
species like camel and goat to be the most beneficial for children’s overall health,
strength, and growth. During the rainy season, milk consumed by pastoral children can
account for 67% of the mean daily energy they require and 100% of their protein
requirements (L Sadler and Catley, 2009). Lack of availability and access to milk in the
dry season decreased daily consumption amounts by almost 25% with milk contributing
only 16% and 50% of energy and protein requirements respectively. In dry season,
children’s milk consumption will drop an average of 50% (Land O Lakes, 2011).
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Study Design

The study will have two part i.e. survey and laboratory. The survey part will be employ to
assess challenges and opportunities in consumption, marketing, traditional knowledge of
medicinal value of camel milk and plant species browsed by camel. Whereas the
experimental one will be conducted to investigate the prospective of camel milk for upper
respiratory disease, diabetes and biochemical properties of camel milk and browsed pant
species respectively.

3.2. Sampling Procedure and Sample Size Determination

Three-stage sampling procedure will be employed to select camel herding samples. First,
Two pastoral districts will be selected purposively based on their access to the market and
accessibility to roads and towns. Second, the same procedure will be followed to select
three pastoral kebeles from each district. Third, random sampling method will be used to
select households having lactating camels herding from the selected kebeles.

The sample size will be determined based on Arsham (2007) formula at 5% standard
error since the camel herders have a homogenous production system and social values.

N= 0.25/

Where, N = sample size

SE= Standard error of the population.

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Accordingly, a total of 156 smallholder farmers will be selected at 4% standard error by

random sampling method. By having 15% non-response rate and the total sample size is
180.

3.3. Data Collection Method

A semi-structured questionnaire will be developed to collect quantitative and qualitative

data through the interview schedule. Quantitative data will be collected such as: camel
herd composition, challenges and opportunities in consumption, marketing of camel milk,
plant species browsed by camel and qualitative data such as, camel milk importance and
traditional knowledge about medicinal value camel milk perceived by respondents. Focus
group discussions and key informants interviews will be used to validate the information.
The sampling layout for the survey work is indicated in Table 1.

Table1. Summary of sampling layout for assessment of consumption, medicinal value and
browsed plant species
District Name of kebele Number of household for survey study
Bordede 3 90
Meiso 3 90
Total 6 kebele 180 household

3.4. Experimental Work Procedure

3.4.1. Sample collection

Samples of fresh whole camel milk will be collected aseptically following the procedure
described by Richardson (1985). The sample will be transported in an icebox and kept
in refrigerator at 4oC for daily consumptions by experimental white Winstar rats and
biochemical composition analysis. Besides the major plants frequently browsed by
camels will be collected from the study areas, with great thoughtfulness for plant parts
browsed by the animal and inflorescence and fruits for identification. The respondents
will identify and rank the top browsed plant species. Taxonomic identification of the
plant species will be undertook at Addis Ababa national Herbarium. The collected plant
materials will be dried under shade to protect the loss of any compound due to sun
radiation, and grind by means of IKA Universal Mixer M20. Nutrient analysis will be
 10

done in Addis Ababa University nutrition laboratory. The rest of the powders will be
stored for further analysis of plant extracts for eliciting information concerning their
effect on selected viral strain and diabetes positive rats.

3.4.2. Chemical composition of milk samples

A camel milk samples collected from previously surveyed districts will be transported to
Bisheftu, Ethiopian dairy and meat development institute for the chemical composition
analysis by using milkoscan. The analysis will be performed within 36 hours after
sampling (Alganesh et al., 2007). The sampling layout for the milk samples for chemical
composition is indicated in Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of milk sampling layout for composition analysis

District Name of kebele Number of household for survey study

Bordede 3 15
Meiso 3 15
Total 6 kebele 30 milk samples

3.4.3. Experimental Animal

Adult white Winstar rats will be purchased from Ethiopian Public Health Institute. The
first generation at the ages of 75 to 90 days will be used, which will be housed in the
laboratory animal house with fresh water in feeding bottles and standard rat chow

available ad libitum. They will be maintained in 12-hour light and dark cycles at 22–25 ºC
room temperatures. The use of animals for laboratory purposes will be approved by the
ethical committee, following the established ethical procedures on the use of animals for
experimental purposes in Ethiopia.

3.4.4. Extraction from Browses of the Plant Species

20.0 g of the dried plant powder was weighed in a 100ml Erlenmeyer flask with 70 ml of
hexane of 99% purity grade (the plant sample had to be submerged in a solvent) for pre-
extraction. The Erlenmeyer will be placed in a sonicator-bath (Branson 8210 or some
other type) and sonicated at 400 C for 30 minutes. The mixture will be filtered using filter
 11

paper, followed by washing the Erlenmeyer with 20 ml of hexane and then with 50 ml of
hexane. The filtrate will be poured in a round-bottomed flask and the solvent will be
concentrated in vacuum (at about 11 mm Hg) up to 5-10 ml by means of Rota vapor,
utilizing a water bath at 400 C. This residue will be brought in a 30ml vessel to let the
solvent evaporate. The open vessel will be left overnight in a well-ventilated hood in
order to evaporate the last traces of the solvent in the hexane pre-extract. The solids,
collected on the filter, will be broken up and dried in the air overnight in the hood. The
dried material will be extracted in the same way with methanol-water (90:10).

3.4.5. Chemical Composition of Browses

Proximate composition of the plant parts and rat chow for moisture content, total ash,
crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat will be determined using AOAC official methods
(AOAC, 2000). Utilizable carbohydrate and total energy contents in the plant part and rat
chow will be calculated following the official methods of AACC (AACC, 2000).

3.5. Experimental Design

The experimental rats will be divided into three main groups, i.e. plant extractions taste
group, camel milk taste male group and camel milk taste female group. Plant extract taste
groups will be diabetic rats treated with extracts of six plant species. Camel milk taste
male group and camel milk taste female group will be diabetic and non-diabetic rats
treated with camel milk, Glibenclamide (500 μg/kg, p.o.) and aqueous solution.
Glibenclamide is a standard antidiabetic drug. Ninety adult rats from both sexes
weighting 200-250 grams (75-90 days old) will be segregated according to sex. Then,
they will be divided into eighteen groups and an experiment will be conducted for three
weeks.

All groups will be fed on rat chow and water ad libitum. The diabetic rats will be
induced to diabetes using STZ at the dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Streptozotocin
induces diabetes within 3 days by destroying the beta cells (Karunanayake et al., 1975;
Aminu et al., 2016). Body weight and blood glucose level of each rat will be measured at
the beginning of the experiment. Then, blood glucose level will be measured after 72
hours, after first, second, and third weeks of the experimental period so that the chemical
 12

diabetes could be verified in rats injected with Streptozotocin as stated by Bhuyan et al.
(1974). One ml of blood will be taken from the rats to measure blood glucose level (Levi
et al., 1977). Blood samples will be taken for the measurement of glucose for three
consecutive weeks after the initial baseline data will be taken for each group and
subgroups. This phase of the work will be carried out once every week for the following
three weeks in diabetic and control rats as suggested by Thulesen et al. (1997). The
experimental design layout for animal group and the perspective treatment is indicated in
Table3.

Table 3. Experimental Group and their Treatments

No Group Site/sex Condition Treatment
1 Bordede E1 Bordede Diabetic PE1
2 Bordede E2 Bordede Diabetic PE2
3 Bordede E3 Bordede Diabetic PE3
4 Bordede E4 Bordede Diabetic PE4
5 Meiso E1 Meiso Diabetic PE1
6 Meiso E2 Meiso Diabetic PE2
7 Meiso E3 Meiso Diabetic PE3
8 Meiso E4 Meiso Diabetic PE4
9 Male diabetic M Diabetic Camel milk
Female diabetic F Diabetic Camel milk
10 Male diabetic M Diabetic Water
Female diabetic F Diabetic Water
11 Male diabetic M Non Diabetic Camel milk
Female diabetic F Non Diabetic Camel milk
12 Male diabetic M Non Diabetic Water
Female diabetic F Non Diabetic Water
13 Male diabetic M Diabetic Glibenclamide
Female diabetic F Diabetic Glibenclamide
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3.6. Data Analysis

Data will be coded, cleaned and entered into Microsoft Excel computer software.
Statistical analysis will be carried out by using SPSS version 20. The data obtained from
survey questionnaire will be analyzed on the given statistical package software.
Descriptive statistics presented in frequency and percentage. The General Linear Model
(GLM) procedure of SAS (2009) will be used to analyze chemical composition of milk.
Mean comparisons will be done using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) technique
when analysis of variance shows significant differences between means in milk
composition, plant extract and groups treated with extracts from different plant species.
Differences will be considered statistically significant at 5% level of significance.

The following model will be used for the analysis of chemical composition of milk and
browsed plant:

Yij = μ + βi + eij

Where,

Yij = individual observation for each test

μ = the overall mean

β = the ith milk source effect (i=1, 2)

eij = the error term

3.7. Expected Outcome

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4. WORK PLAN

Table 4. Major activities and time duration

No. Activities to be performed Duration

1 Survey data collection February ,2021 to May 2021

2 Preparing of lab and equipment’s. April ,2021

4 Composition analysis and experimental work analysis April 2020 to September
2020

5 Organizing, summarizing and analyzing the data September 2021 to November

2021
6 Interpreting the results and research writing up December , 2021- April 2022

7 Final research submission M ay, 2022

8 Presentation of the result Based on requested by the
university
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5. BUDGET BREAKDOWN

Table 5.Training Cost

S.no Descriptions Number of Days of Cost/day/ Total cost

persons training person (birr) (birr)
1 data collector selection and 4 5 402 8040
Trainers fee (researcher)
2 training fee for data collector 6 5 363 10890
Sub-total 18930

Table 6.Per Diem Field work (Survey expense)

No. Type No. of person No. of days Rat Total

e
1 Researcher per diem 4 10 363 14520
respondent selection and
supervision
2 Per diem for data 6 15 363 32670
collectors
3 Researchers per diem for 4 10 363 14520
data collector supervision
4 Camel Milk and browsed 4 15 363 14520
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plant sample collection

5 Driver 1 20 363 7260
Sub-total 83490

Table 7.Transportation Cost

S. No. Item/personnel No of No trips Unit cost Total

persons (ETB)
1. Researchers to A.A 3 2 500 3000
2 Researchers to HU for Lab work 3 4 300 3600
Sub total 6600

Table 8. Experimental animal and chemical cost

S. No. Name of chemicals Quantity Estimated cost in ETB
1 Experimental animal 30 10000
3 Feed _ 5000
4 Laboratory fee for milk and plant 15000
composition analysis
Sub total 30000

Table 9. Laboratory work expense

No Type No. of No. of Rate Total
. person days

1 Researcher for laboratory work (for 20 days 4 20 724

feeding and treatment of experimental Rat) 57920
2 Researcher per diem for browsed plant sample 4 15 724 43440
extraction and composition analysis
3 Camel milk chemical composition analysis 4 10 724 28960
4
4 Lab technician 2 10 724 14480
Sub-total 144800
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Table 10.Budget Summary

S/No Type Total cost
1 Training cost 18930

2 Field work expenses 83490

3 Transportation Cost 6600

4 Experimental animal and chemical cost 30000

5 laboratory work expense 144800

Grand total 283820

6. REFERENCE

A.M. Al-Majali, Z. Bani Ismail, Y. and Al-Hami, A.Y. 2007. Nour Lactoferrin
concentration in milk from camel (Camelus dromedarius) with and without
subclinical mastitis Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 5, pp. 120-124
Abbas S, Ashraf H, Nazir A, and Sarfraz L. 2013. Chemical analysis and composition of
camel milk. Int Res. 2:85–98.
Abebe B, Zelalem Y, and Ajebu N. 2013 Handling, processing and utilization of milk and
milk products in Ezha district of the Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia. 5: 91-98.
Agrawal RP, Kochar DK, Sahani MS, Tuteja FC, and Ghrui SK. 2004. Hypoglycaemic
activity of camel milk in streptozotocin induced diabeticrats. Int J Diab Dev
Count. 24:47–49.
Alhaider, A. A., Abdel Gader, A. G. M., & Alyahya, A. M. 2016. Characterization of
inhibitory activity of camel urine on human platelet function.
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