Panjab University Chandigarh-160014 (INDIA)

(Estted. Under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. Of India

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
SYLLABI

FOR

M.Sc. STEM CELL TISSUE ENGINEERING & BIOMEDICAL

EXCELLENCE

(SEMESTER SYSTEM)

EXAMINATION 2017-2018

--:O:--

1
 SEMESTER-I
(STE-01) Human Anatomy and Physiology
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week
Relevance

For the basic understanding being a stem cell biologist and its potential in regenerative medicine
it is paramount for the students to understand the anatomical and physiological concepts of the
human body.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit
Unit-I

Introduction to human body & tissues, structure and functions of skin (layers and accessory
organs), Connective tissue & fascia (structure and function), Muscles (Classification, structure,
differences and function).
Unit-II

Skeletal system (Bones: Classification, structure and function; Joints-Types), Cardiovascular

(Blood-vessels-Structure, Blood-Composition, structure of cells, Haematopoiesis, function of
various components, deficiency disorders) and immune system.

Unit- III

Digestive, excretory and respiratory System (components, structural & functional correlation
with clinical implications), Nervous tissue (Classification, structure and function with applied
aspect).
Unit- IV

Reproductive system (Structure and function with Clinical correlation) & Endocrine System
(General Disposition with special emphasis on the functional basis of metabolic and endocrinal
disorders).

Laboratory Exercise
1. Representative mammalian tissue histology slides.
2. Total leukocyte count.
3. Differential leukocyte count.
4. Packed cell volume.

2
Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1. Gray, H. (2008). The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Churchill-Livingstone,

Elsevier.
2. Deborah, V.W. (2002). Learning System in Histology, Oxford University Press (OUP).
3. Mcminn, R.M.H. et al. (1998). Concise Handbook of Human Anatomy. Book Power.
4. Lauralee, S. (2008). Principles of Human Physiology. Ed.Brools/Cole Cengage Learning
(Thompsons).

(b) Further Reading

1. Patton, K. T. (2013). Anatomy and Physiology. Elsevier.

2. Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B. H. (2014). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley
Publishers.
3. Lokadolalu, C.P. (2016). Analysis of the Distribution of Mucins in Adult Human Gastric
Mucosa and Its Functional Significance, J Clin Diagn Res.10(2): AC01–AC04. Published
online 2016 Feb 1.
4. Fatemeh Piri et al. The Effects of Dietary Supplements of Calcium, Vitamin D and Estrogen
Hormone on Serum Levels of OPG and RANKL Cytokines and their Relationship with
Increased Bone Density, J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Sep; 10(9): AF01–AF04.
5. Schwartz, A.V., E Vittinghoff, DE Sellmeyer Diabetes-related complications, glycemic
control, and falls in older adults. … - Diabetes …, 2008 - Am Diabetes Assoc

(STE-02) Cell Culture & Cell Technologies

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

Cell culture and cell technologies forms the core subject in handling, maintaining and culturing
any type of cells including stem cells under in vitro conditions and readily demands thorough
understanding for setting up the establishment of stem cells and exploiting their usage in
regenerative medicine.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

3
 Unit-I

History and scope of animal cell culture. Cell culture media and growth factors: metabolic
requirements, equipments, aseptic technique, cryopreservation (type of methods), cytotoxic
assays, viability assays, physicochemical properties, balanced salt solution, complete media,
serum, selection of medium & serum, condition media and other supplements, determination of
cell growth and kinetics.
Unit- II

Biology of Cultured Cell: The cell culture laboratory, GLP in cell culture, cell culture
environment, adhesions, proliferation, differentiation & dedifferentiation, cell lines evolution &
origin. Cell lines validation.

Unit-III

Primary cell cultures and established cell lines: types, isolation procedures, tissue
disaggregation, establishment, characteristics, and enrichment of the primary cells, secondary
cell culture, commonly used cell lines, cell fusion, production of monoclonal antibodies by
hybridoma technology, scale up methods for propagation of anchorage dependent and
suspension cultures.
Unit- IV

Genetic modifications & applications in animal cells; in vitro & in vivo transformation along
with their applications, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technology, introduction to
Stem Cell Biology. Quality control of cell culture, transportation of cell line, quarantine and
initial cell handling, microbial quality control, authentication, regulatory aspects.

Laboratory Exercise

1) Practice handling new equipments and supplies for animal cell culture; inverted phase
microscopes, biological safety cabinets, incubators and ancillary equipments.
2) Aseptic preparation of Cell Culture Media in bio-safety hood.
3) Revival of preserved cells and their cryopreservation.
4) Cell passaging/sub-culturing of continuous cell line growing in adherent monolayer and
suspension cultures.
5) Cell counting using Hemocytometer and cell viability count by trypan blue dye exclusion
test.
6) Identification of contaminants and Microbial Quality Control in animal cell culture.
7) Construction and analysis of growth curve of a cell line.
8) Isolation of primary cell culture using virtual animal experimentation.
9) Handling of secondary animal cell culture.

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1. Freshney, R.I. (2010). Culture of Animal: A Manual of Basic Technique and Specialized
Applications. Wiley-Blakewell.
2. Davis, J. M. (2005). Basic Cell Culture. Oxford University Press (OUP).
3. Jenkins, N. (2005). Animal Cell Biotechnology; Methods & Protocols, Humana Press.
4. Spier, R.E., Griffths, J.B., & Raymond, E. S (2012). Animal Cell Biotechnology. Academic
Press.
4
5. Butler, M (2003). Animal Cell Culture and Technology. Garland Sci.

(b) Further Reading

1. Ravi, M. et al. (2016). Contributions of 3D Cell Cultures For Cancer Research. J Cell
Physiol. 2016 Oct 28. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25664.PubMed PMID: 27791270.
2. Aoki, S. et al. (2016). Progress in cell culture systems for pathological research. Pathol Int.
2016 Oct;66(10):554-562.
3. Riss, T.L. et al. (2013). Cell Viability Assays. 2013 May 1 [updated 2016 Jul 1]. Assay
Guidance Manual. Bethesda (MD): Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for
Advancing Translational Sciences.

(STE-03) Genomics & Proteomics-1

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25

Theory 4 hrs per week

Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance
This subject emphasizes the importance of understanding the comparative analyses of the
complete genomic sequences from different organisms and determination of global pattern of
gene expression and also enables the systematic study of modifications, interactions,
localization and functions of proteins at the tissue, cellular and sub-cellular levels.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I
Chromosome: Chromatin structure, nucleosome, karyotype and chromosome nomenclature,
structure, chromosomal aberrations, disorders, chromosomal mapping, gene mapping,
construction of genetic map.
Unit- II
Clinical cytogenetics: Chromosomal abnormalities, autosomal and sex chromosomal
abnormalities, chromosomal markers.
Unit-III
Inheritance of traits: Mendelian laws of Inheritance, allelic variance, cytoplasmic inheritance,
autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance, X-linked dominant
inheritance, X-linked recessive inheritance.
Unit- IV
Molecular defects affecting metabolic pathways: Overview of structure, function, metabolism
and related diseases of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats and lipids, nucleic acids with special
emphasis on inborn errors of metabolism & degenerative diseases.
5
Laboratory Exercise
1) Preparation of metaphase chromosome.
2) Karyotyping.
3) Banding Pattern (G-banding).
4) Quantization of cellular macromolecules (DNA, RNA and Protein)
5) Preparation of blood smears for study of sex chromatin.
6) Study of human sex chromatin.
7) Disease case studies.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
(a) Essential Reading
1) Gardener, B.S. and Snustad, D.P. (2009). Principles of Genetics., John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2) Goodenough, U. W. (1984). Genetics. Saunders (W.B.).
3) Strachen, T and Read, A. (2010). Human Molecular genetics. Garland Sci.
4) Miller O.J. & Therman, E. (2001). Human Chromosome. Springer.
5) Nussbaum, R.L., McInnes, R.R. & Willard H. F. (2007). Genetics in Medicine. Elsevier.
6) Swanson, O.P., Hertz T, and Young W. J. (1981). Cytogenetics-The chromosome in
division, inheritance and evolution. Prentice-Hall.
7) Winchester, A. (1977). Genetics- A Survey of the Principle of Heredity. Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt (HMH).

(b) Further Reading

1. Matalonga, L. et al. (2016). Small molecules as therapeutic agents for inborn errors of
metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2016 Dec 13.
2. Hirano, M. and Peters, G. J. (2016). Advances in purine and pyrimidine metabolism in health
and diseases. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2016 Dec;35(10-12):495-501.
3. Chiesa, R. et al. (2016). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in inborn errors of
metabolism. Curr Opin Hematol. 2016 Nov;23(6):530-535

(STE-04) Cell and Molecular Biology

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week
Relevance

Cell and molecular biology is a rich integrative science that brings together the fundamentals of
biochemistry, biophysics, genetics and allied fields to enable students for better understanding
the functioning of a cell and its associated molecules.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.

6
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each section.

Unit-I
Cell Biology: prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell and their organelles, cytoskeleton and cell
motility, cell interactions; extracellular matrix, adhesive proteins, cell-cell, cell matrix
interactions, and transport across membranes.
Unit-II
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle & check points, cell growth regulation & cell cycle progression,
programmed cell death.

Unit-III

Molecular Biology: central dogma, functional definition of gene, physicochemical properties of

nucleic acids, structure and types of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA).

Unit-IV
Molecular processes and their mechanisms (replication, transcription, translation), protein
sorting and transport, gene regulatory processes, mobile genetic elements, transposons & retro-
transposons, gene editing technologies.

Laboratory Exercise
1) To perform cell fractionation using rodent tissue.
2) Protein determination.
3) Cell organelle marker enzymes.
4) Isolation of plasmid.
5) Isolation of genomic DNA.
6) Determination of Tm of DNA.
7) To perform DNA fragmentation test for apoptosis.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

(a) Essential Reading

1) Lodish H, Berk A et al. (2013), Moleular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman

2) Alberts B., et al. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Taylor & Francis Group.
3) Lewin B. (2011). Gene X. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
4) Karp, G. (2013). Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons Inc
5) DeRobertis E.D.P. (2006). Cell & Molecular Biology. Lippincott.
6) Russell, P.J., Hertz, P.E., Starr, C., Wolfe, S. L. and McMillan B. (2009). Cell and
Molecular Biology. Cengage Learning.

(b) Further Reading

1. Sander JD, Joung JK (2014). CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes
.Nat Biotechnol 2014:32: 347-355.
2. Gaj T, Sirk SJ, Shui SL, Liu J (2016). Genome-Editing Technologies: Principles and
Applications.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016 Dec 1;8(12). pii: a023754. doi:
10.1101/cshperspect.a023754

7
(STE-05) Cell and Molecular Techniques
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

This subject enables students to perform the most complex experiments in the field by simplest
measures following understanding the principles and functioning of various cell and molecular
techniques.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I

Analytical Techniques: Spectrophotometery, spectrofluorometry, chemiluminescence,

chromatography and electrophoresis techniques, radio-isotopic techniques, cell fractionation
methods and centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifugation.

Unit- II

Techniques in Cell Biology: Microscopy: principle and applications of light phase contrast,
fluorescence, confocal, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

Unit-III

Techniques in Molecular Biology: DNA amplification- PCR, real time PCR, qPCR, RT-PCR,
restriction digestion, cloning, DNA sequencing, Northern, Southern & Western blotting, dot
blot, autoradiography, genomic and cDNA library construction, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP,
mutagenesis, whole genome sequencing.

Unit-IV

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, CHIP assay, RNAi technique, phage display, flow-
cytometry, immunohistochemistry and immunocytometry.

Laboratory Exercise
1. To perform the absorption spectra.
2. To study living matter under phase contrast microscope.
3. To study the parts of compound microscope and phase contrast microscope and its
maintenance.
4. Chromatographic techniques.
5. Radio isotopic counting techniques
8
6. Density gradient separation of human blood cells.
7. To perform native PAGE for proteins.
8. To perform SDS-PAGE for separation of protein.
9. DNA electrophoresis
10. Restriction digestion
11. PCR analysis.
12. Gene cloning & sub-cloning

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

(a) Essential Reading

1) Wilson, K. & Walker, J. (2010). Principle & Techniques of Practical Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. Cambridge University Press.
2) Friefielder, D. (1982). Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Freeman W. H.
3) Sambrook, J., and Green, M.R. (2012). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
4) Lanza, R. and Klimanskaya, I. (2009). Essential Stem Cells Methods. Academic Press.

(b) Further Reading

1) Gavara, N. (2016). A beginner's guide to atomic force microscopy probing for cell
mechanics. Microsc Res Tech. 2016 Sep 27. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22776.PubMed PMID:
27676584.
2) Ozkan, A.D. et al. (2016). Atomic force microscopy for the investigation of molecular and
cellular behavior. Micron. 2016 Oct;89:60-76.
3) Kuzmicheva, G.A., Belyavskaya, V.A. (2016). Peptide phage display in biotechnology and
biomedicine. Biomed Khim. 2016 Jul;62(5):481-495.
4) Aghebati-Maleki, L. et al. (2016). Phage display as a promising approach for vaccine
development. J Biomed Sci. 2016 Sep 29;23(1):66.

SEMESTER-II
(STE-6) Histology
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

Studying the histological concepts would help students getting familiar with various topics and
techniques for better understanding of the microscopic structure of different types of tissues.

9
Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each section.
Unit-I

Introduction to histology, the cell, cell organelles, nucleus, cell division.

Fixation of tissue, processing of tissue, dehydration, impregnation in the wax, manual and
automatic tissue processor, section cutting- microtome, instrument, principle, use in section
cutting, parts and working of commonly used microtome.

Unit- II

Different kinds of microtome-rotary, base sledge, sliding, low temperature microtome, cryostat,
microtome knives, homing and stropping knives, section cutting of paraffin blocks, section
preparation from frozen tissues, fixing of tissue to slide.

Unit- III

Staining techniques: natural dyes, synthetic dyes, basic and acidic dyes, haematoxylin-eosin
staining, pap, methanamine silver nitrate, Ziehl-Neelsen’s stain, propylene glycol, sudan
technique, papanicolaou, haematoxylin, acridine orange technique.

Unit-IV
Histology basics-epithelium, connective tissue, cartilage, blood, muscle, nervous,
cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory tract, endocrine gland, digestive tract, urinary tract,
reproductive tract, special senses.

Laboratory Exercise
1) Tissue processing
2) Fixation
3) Paraffin Embedding
4) Section cutting
5) Mounting techniques
6) Staining of tissue sections
7) Microscopic examination

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

(a) Essential Reading

1. Eroschenko, V.P. and di Fiore M.S.H (2009). Difiores Atlas of Histology. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
2. Junqueira, L. C. and Corneiro, J. (2005). Basic Histology. McGraw Hill.
3. Fawcett, D.W. and Jensen, R.P. (2002). Bloom’s Concise Histology. Oxford University
Press.
4. Singh, I. (2008). Text Book of Human Histology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd.

(b) Further Reading

10
1. Alturkistani, H.A. et al. (2016). Histological Stains: A Literature Review and Case Study.
Glob J Health Sci,Vol 8(3).
2. Titford M. (2009). Progress in the development of microscopical techniques for diagnostic
pathology. J Histotechnol. 32:9–19.
3. Srinivasan, M. et al. (2002). Effect of fixatives and tissue processing on the content and
integrity of nucleic acids. The American journal of pathology, 2002 – Elsevier.

(STE-7) Immunology & Immunogenetics

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

Immunology and immunogenetics forms an another core subject for the comprehensive
knowledge of the body’s defence mechanisms and its reactions towards exposure to various
foreign antigens i.e. bacterial, viral etc. and warrants complete information regarding the
subject.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each unit

Unit-I

Overview and generation of immune responses: history, innate and adaptive immunity,
Antigens: Immunogens, epitopes, haptens, adjuvants, antibodies: basic and fine structure,
antibody classes, their diversity and effector functions, antigen antibody interactions, major
histocompatibility complex: MHC molecules and genes, cellular distribution, genetic
organization and inheritance, MHC and disease susceptibility.

Unit-II

Cells and organs of immune system: haematopoiesis, haematopoietic stem cells, lymphoid cells:
B and T cells, NK cells, mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytic cells, dendritic cells, primary
lymphoid organs: thymus, bone marrow, lymphatic system and secondary lymphoid organs:
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, CALT.

Unit-III
Immune effector mechanisms: cytokines, properties, receptors, antagonists, diseases, therapies,
hypersensitivity: Type I, II, III, and IV, cell mediated responses: effector T cells, cytotoxic T
cells, NK cells, ADCC, complement system: functions, components, different pathways,
regulation and biological consequences.

11
 Unit-IV

Immune response in health and disease: tolerance, autoimmune diseases: organ specific and
systemic, animal models, transplantation, graft rejection, immune-suppressive therapy,
Cancer, tumour antigens, cancer immunotherapy, Engineering T cells against HIV and cancer,
Transgenic mice, humanised monoclonal antibodies, abzymes, vaccines.

Laboratory Exercise
1) Histology of lymphoid organs.
2) Blood film preparation and identification of WBC from normal and infected animals.
3) Blood group typing.
4) Demonstration of antigen-antibody interaction by oucterlony method.
5) Separation of WBC from blood by density gradient centrifugation.
6) Detection of live/dead WBC using Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide staining.
7) To perform indirect fluorescent antibody test.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

(a) Essential Reading

1) Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R. A. and Osborne, B.A. (2013). Kuby’s Immunology. W. H.

Freeman & Company.
2) Delves P., Martin S., Burton, D. and Roitt, I. (2006). Roitt's Essential Immunology. Wiley-
Blackwell.
3) Abbas, A.K., Lichtman A., and Pober J. S. (2000). Cellular and Molecular Immunology.
W.B. Saunders Company.
4) Janeway, C.A., Travers, Jr, Walport, P.M., and Shlomchik, M. J. (2001). Immunology.
Garland Science.

(b) Further Reading

1) Wynn T (2015). Type 2 cytokines: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2015
;15: 271-282
2) Burgess, A. W. (2015). Growth Factors and Cytokines. Rev Cell Biol Mol Med. 1:104–
126.
3) Li L, Petrovsky N (2016). Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine
immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15:313-29
4) Rosenblum MD, Remedios KA, Abbas AK (2015). Mechanisms of human autoimmunity.J
Clin Invest. 2015;125(6):2228–2233

(STE-08) Stem Cell Biology-I

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

12
Relevance

Stem cell biology would provide students towards building the basic knowledge of what are
stem cells, their types, respective functions, regulation and their role in revolutionizing the
concept of modern regenerative medicine.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I

Basic biology of stem cells; Types & sources of stem cell with characteristics: embryonic, adult,
haematopoietic, fetal, cord blood, placenta, bone marrow, primordial germ cells, cancer stem
cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, position specific stem cells.

Unit-II

Stem cell characterizations: isolation & characterizations, markers & their identification, growth
factor requirements and their maintenance in culture. Feeder and feeder free cultures.
Cell cycle regulators in stem cells.

Unit-III

Molecular basis of stem cell renewal and differentiation, Metaplasia and trans-differentiation.
Molecular basis of (pluripotent) and stem cell niche.

Unit-IV

Applications of stem cells: neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord injury, heart disease,
diabetes, burns and skin ulcers, muscular dystrophy, orthopaedic applications, eye diseases,
stem cells and gene therapy, stem cells as drug testing.

Laboratory Exercise
1) Preparation of feeder cell culture.
2) Isolation of bone marrow stem cells.
3) To establish stem cells in culture.
4) Characterization of mesenchymal stem cell line
5) Differentiation of stem cells.
6) Characterization of differentiated cells.

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) Warburton, D. (2015). Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

2) World Scientific.
3) Stewart S. (2013). Stem Cell Handbook. Humana Press.

13
4) Lanza, R., Weissman, I., Thomson, J., and Pedersen, R. (2012). Handbook of Stem Cells
Two-Volume, Volume 1-2: Volume 1-Embryonic Stem Cells; Volume 2-Adult & Fetal
Stem Cells. Academic Press.
5) Lanza, R., Gearhart, J. et al. (2009). Essential of Stem Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic
press.
6) Mao, J.J., Vunjak-Novakovic G. et al (2008). “Translational Approaches in Tissue
Engineering & Regenerative Medicine” Artech House, INC Publications.
7) Naggy, A., Habib, N., Levicar, M.Y., Jiao, L.G. and Fisk, N. (2007). Stem Cell Repair and
Regeneration. Imperial College Press.

(b) Further Reading

1. Evans, M.J. and Kaufman, M.H. (1981). Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells
from mouse embryos. Nature. 292, 154-156.
2. Martin, G.R. (1981). Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured
in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78,
7634-7638.
3. Thomson, J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S.S., Waknitz, M.A., Swiergiel, J.J., Marshall,
V.S., and Jones, J.M. (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.
Science. 282, 1145-11
4. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse
embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663-676.47.
5. Spangrude, G.J., Heimfeld, S., and Weissman, I.L. (1988). Purification and characterization
of mouse hematopoietic stem cells.Science. 241, 58-62.
6. Soria, B., Roche, E., Berná, G., Leon-Quinto, T., Reig, J.A., and Martin, F. (2000). Insulin-
secreting cells derived from embryonic stem cells normalize glycemia in
streptozotocininduced diabetic mice. Diabetes. 49, 157-162.

(STE–09) Genomics & Proteomics-II

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

This subject is an extension from the previous semester with advancement of newer concepts
and apprises the students with the advent of newer techniques in this field.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

14
 Unit-I

Essentials of genome analysis: nuclear architecture, eukaryotic genome domains, genome

expression analysis, repair and analysis of transcriptome.
Genomics and beyond: Introduction to structural, functional, comparative and quantitative
genetics, population and evolutionary genetics; genetic variations, Hardy-Weinberg law, non-
random mating, changes in allelic frequencies, molecular evolutions, genomic reprogramming,
applications of genomics

Unit-II

Advanced techniques in genome studies: PFGE, CHEF, microarray analysis, yeast two hybrid
assays, FISH, FRET and BRET assays, FACS analysis.

Unit- III

Introduction to stem cell bioinformatics & proteome analysis; introduction, structural and
functional proteomics (structural hierarchy, protein folding, protein functions & regulation of
protein function).
Unit-IV

Tools in proteomic analysis: fusion proteins, GST pull down assays, basic proteomic analysis:
two-dimensional PAGE, isoelectric focusing, mass spectrophotometry, peptide finger printing,
peptide sequencing, circular dichroism and stop flow.
Metabolomics and biochemical network analysis with respect to stem cells.

Laboratory exercise
1) Western blotting.
2) Pull down assays.
3) Mass spectroscopic data analysis.
4) FACS Analysis.
5) “In silico” tools for stem cells protein characterization

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) Primrose, S.M, & Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.
Blackwell Publishing.
2) Lodish, H., Berk A. et al (2013). Molecular Cell Biology. 7th Edition, W.H.Freeman and
company
3) Voet, D. Pratt, C.W. & Voet, J.G. (2012). Principles of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons.
4) Brown, T.A. (2008). Genomes John Wiley, & sons, INC, Publications.
5) Dale, J.W. and Von-Schantz, M.,(2011).From Genes to Genomes, Wiley Publishers

(b) Further Reading

1) Han, Y. et al. (2016). Review: imaging technologies for flow cytometry. Lab Chip. 2016
Nov 29;16(24):4639-4647.
2) Depince-Berger, A.E. et al. (2016). New tools in cytometry. Morphologie. 2016
Dec;100(331):199-209.
3) McFarlin, B.K. and Gary, M.A. (2016). Flow cytometry what you see matters: Enhanced
clinical detection using image-based flow cytometry. Methods. 2016 Sep 12. pii:S1046-
2023(16)30296-1.
15
(STE-10) Tissue Engineering-1: Biomaterials/Biopolymers
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

This paper would help students to know the applications and usage of stem cells in various
therapies and also would impart information regarding the development of various scaffolds and
concepts of tissue engineering for various stem cell based therapies.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

Unit-I

Introduction to biomaterials, characterization of materials; mechanical properties; thermal

properties, surface properties and adhesion, biological tolerance.

Unit-II

Metals, ceramics and polymers, properties and uses.

Unit-III

Biologically active scaffold based on tissue engineering, polysaccharide scaffold in tissue

engineering, materials, modification and properties of scaffolds, tissue engineering applications.

Unit-IV

Nanotechnology and nano-based scaffolds & their applications in tissue engineering, tissue
engineering approaches to stem cell-based therapies.

Laboratory Exercise
1) Isolation of collagen.
2) Use of collagen scaffold for stem cell growth.
3) Preparation of mixed scaffolds.
4) SEM of scaffold.
5) Preparation of synthetic scaffold
6) Biocompatibility of synthetic scaffold
7) Toxicity Testing Scaffold

16
Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) R, Lanza., Langer, R., Vacanti, J. (2014). Principles of Tissue Engineering. Academic Press.
2) Mao, J,J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. et al (2008). Translational Approaches in Tissue
Engineering & Regenerative Medicine”. Artech House, INC Publications.
3) Lanza, R. Gearhart, J. et al (2009). Essential of Stem Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic
Press.
4) Lanza, R. and Klimanskaya, I. (2009). Essential Stem Cells Methods. Academic Press.

(b) Further Reading

1) Aramwit, P. (2016). Introduction to biomaterials for wound healing. In book: Wound

Healing Biomaterials, pp.3-38DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-78242-456-7.00001-5
2) Das, S et al. (2016). Biomaterials and Nanotherapeutics for Enhancing Skin Wound
Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Oct 31;4:82.
3) Baino, F. (2015). Bioceramics and Scaffolds: A Winning Combination for Tissue
Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Dec 17;3:202.

SEMESTER-III
(STE-11) Developmental Biology
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

The developmental biology is a core subject for the students of Stem Cell Biology. It deals with
various aspects of development in different model organisms to provide an insight into the
human development programs.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I

Introduction to Development, an overview (Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis

elegans).
Development in Drosophila melanogaster: Control of body segments, role of maternal genes in
early embryogenesis, role of specific morphogenic gradients, genes and signal transducers for
17
anterior and posterior asymmetry, determining the cell fate, role of zygotic genes, role of
homeotic genes
Unit-II
Cell lineage of Caenorhabditis elegans and role of apoptotic gene.

Unit-III
Development of yeast: cell specifications in yeast, role of mating type transcription factors and
signal transducers.

Unit-IV

Development of vertebrates: gametogenesis, fertilization, blastocyst formation, implantation,

gastrulation, organogenesis in vertebrates, differentiation of muscle, Neural tube development.

Laboratory exercise
1) Determining the reproductive phases in mouse.
2) Yeast mating types
3) Histology slides of embryogenesis.

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) Gilbert, S.F., Kaufman, M. and Bard, J. (1999). Anatomical: Basis of Mouse development.
Academic Press.
2) Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M. et al. (2003). Manipulating the Mouse Embryo a Lab Manual.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3) Lodish, H., Berk, A. et al. (2012) Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and company.
4) Brown, T.A. (2008). Genomes. John Wiley & sons, INC, Publications.
5) Lewin, B. (2008) Genes X. CBS Publishers.

(b) Further Reading

1) Goldstein B, King N (2016).The Future of Cell Biology: Emerging Model Organisms.

Trends Cell Biol. 2016 ;26:818-824
2) Corsi AK, Wightman B, Chalfie M. A (2015). Transparent window into biology: A primer
on Caenorhabditis elegans. WormBook. 2015 ; 18:1-31
3) Klöditz K, Chen YZ, Xue D, Fadeel B (2016). Programmed cell clearance: From nematodes
to humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;291:32049-6.
4) Merlini L, Dudin O, Martin SG (2013). Mate and fuse: how yeast cells do it. Open Biol.
2013; 6:130008.

(STE –12) Stem Cell Signal Transduction and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Time allotted 3 hrs

Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
18
 Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance
Signal transduction process is important to various biological phenomena and would help in
understanding the conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular mechanism for a
specific cellular response. There are unique signalling mechanisms for stem cells which
maintain their pool as well as in their differentiation and proliferation process. How these
signals are orchestrated is dealt here in this subject.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

Unit-I

Introduction to cell signalling: Crosstalk of extracellular signal to the physiological response,

cell surface receptors, conserved components of signalling.

Unit-II

G-Protein signalling; Heterotrimeric and monomeric G-proteins, their types and G-protein
coupled receptors (GPCR) regulating activities of adenylate cyclase, phosphodiesterase, ion
channels, phospholipase and calcium homeostasis, receptor switching.

Unit-III
Genomic response through Signalling; GPCR, TGFβ, Cytokine signalling, Receptor tyrosine
kinase, RAS/RAF and MAP kinase pathway, Wnt signalling classical and non-classical,
phosphoinositide signalling.
Signalling based on protein cleavage pathways (Hedge hog, Notch signalling).
Role of signal transduction pathways in stem cell renewal and differentiation.

Unit-IV

Epigenetic mechanisms: Role in development and cell remembrance, histone modifications,

acetylation, methylation etc., factors affecting these modifications, reprogramming, cellular
response, DNA methylation and development, functional role of epigenetic in development.

Laboratory Exercise
1. Demonstration of calcium mediated signalling.
2. Signal mediated activation of transcription factors.
3. Demonstration of Wnt canonical pathway.
4. GSK-3-beta kinase pathway and stem cell differentiation.

Books Recommended

19
(a) Essential Reading
1) Marks, F. Klingmuller, U. Decker KM, (2009). Cellular Signal Processing-An Introduction
to the Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction. Garland Science, Taylor & Francis
Group.
2) Lodish, H. et a., (2012). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H.Freeman and company.
3) Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2008). Molecular
biology of cell. Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group.
4) Lanza, R. Gearhart, J., et al (2006). Essential of Stem Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic
press.

(b) Further Reading

1) Rajasekhar, Vinagolu K. (2009). Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells. Springer.

2) Ijsbrand M. Kramer. (2015). Signal Transduction. Academic Press (Elsevier).

(STE –13) Stem Cell Biology –II

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

This is an advance course on stem cells that would help students to comprehend state of art
technologies used in understanding various applications of stem cells, both for the basic as well
as translational studies.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I

Regulatory mechanisms in stem cells: Transgene expression and RNA interference in

embryonic stem cells giving examples of Cre-lox / Tet On-Off / CRISPR-Cas (TALEN &
ZFN), lentiviral vector mediated gene delivery in human embryonic stem cells, Induced Stem
cells mechanism and applications.
Unit-II

Organ Derived Stem cells: Heart, Lung, Kidney, liver, adipose tissue, dental pulp, neural,
mammary cell, skeletal muscle, spermatogonial cells.

Unit-III

Industrial approach to stem cell & tissue engineering: Introduction, Stem cells and Tissue
engineered products, bioreactors in stem cells and tissue engineering, cell delivery and

20
recirculation, delivery of molecular agents in tissue engineering, stem cells in toxicology studies
and as drug vehicles, case studies in tissue engineering, Bioprinting technology.

Unit-IV

Setting up stem cell culture and tissue engineering laboratory, hazards in stem cell storage &
transplantation Role of GLP and GMP facility in stem cell laboratory and stem cell banks,
storage and transportation of stem cells, (methods for analysis and prevention of
contamination).

Laboratory Exercise
1) Coating of cover slips with fibronectin.
2) Staining of differentiated adipocytes with Oil Red O.
3) Transfection in stem cells (Demonstration).
4) Differentiation to osteogenic lineage.

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1. Warburton, David. (2015). Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,
World Scientific.
2. Stewart, Sell. (2013). Stem Cell Handbook, Humana Press.
3. Lanza, R. Weissman, I. Thomson, J. and Pedersen, R. (2012). Handbook of Stem Cells, Two-
Volume, Volume 1-2: Volume 1-Embryonic Stem Cells;Volume 2-Adult & Fetal Stem Cells,
Academic Press.
4. Lanza, R. Gearhart, J. et al (2009). Essential of Stem Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic press.
5. Mao, J. J. Vunjak-Novakovic, G. et al (2008). Translational Approaches in Tissue
Engineering & Regenerative Medicine. Artech House, INC Publications.
6. Habib, N.A., Levicar, N., Gordon, M.Y., Jiao, L., and Fisk, N. (2007). Stem Cell Repair and
Regeneration. Imperial College Press.

(b) Further Reading

1. Mccampbell K. K. and Wingert , R.A. (2012)Renal stem cells: fact or science

fiction?Biochem.J.(2012)444,153–168(PrintedinGreatBritain)
2. Relaix, F. and Peter S. Zammit, P.S. (2012) Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle
regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage. Development 139, 2845-2856
doi:10.1242/dev.069088 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
3. Petersen, O. W. andPolyak, K. (2010) Stem Cells in the Human Breast. Cold Spring
HarbPerspectBiol 2010;2:a003160.
4. Oatley, J. M. and Ralph L. Brinster, R. L. (2012) The germline stem cell niche unit in
mammalian testes.Physiol Rev 92: 577–595, 2012 doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2011.
5. Plunketta, N. and O’Briena,, F. J. (2011) Bioreactors in tissue engineering. Technology
and Health Care 19 (2011) 55–69 55 DOI 10.3233/THC-2011-0605 IOS Press.

(STE-14) Stem Cell Translational &Ethics

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
21
 Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week
Relevance

Various topics discussed under this subject would allow the students to understand various
methodologies for generating different tissue engineered products and also enable to familiarize
the students about various translational and ethical issues associated with engineered scaffold,
biopolymers and tissues.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

Unit-I

Stem cell translation; use of embryonic, mesenchymal and adult stem cells, role of stem cells in
soft tissue grafts, orthopaedic tissue engineering, engineered skin, skeletal tissue, neuronal
tissue, intestine engineering etc.

Unit-II

Engineering embryonic stem cells with recombinase system, engineered tissues & regenerative
medicine, Functional tissue engineering, Monitoring of engineered tissues.

Unit- III

Regulations & Ethics: Ethics in use of stem cell, regulatory bodies for use of material for human
need, commercial developments and stem cell based products, bio-vigilance, Stem cell
regulatory aspects in Indian context, role of NAAC-ICSCRT.

Unit-IV

Patents and Law: Introduction to the patent laws origin and function of the patent system, the
nature of patents as property and legal instruments, comparisons with other forms of intellectual
property, subject matter eligible for patenting, conditions for patent-ability of an invention and
the disclosure requirements for a patent application, regulatory challenges in engineered tissue
and regenerative medicine.

Laboratory exercise
1. Preparation of synthetic scaffolds.
2. Use of scaffolds for stem cell differentiation.
3. Scaffolds for bone.
4. Tissue engineering using commercially available stem cell lines.
5. Gram staining

22
Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) Mao, J.J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. et al. (2008). Translational Approaches In Tissue

Engineering & Regenerative Medicine. Artech House, INC Publications.
2) Lanza, R., Gearhart, J. et al. (2006). Essential of Stem Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic
press.
3) Lanza, R. and Klimanskaya, I. (2009). Essential Stem Cells Methods. Academic Press.
4) Lanza, R., Langer, R., Vacanti, J. (2014). Principles of Tissue Engineering, Academic Press.
5) Atala, A., Lanza, R. (2014). Methods of Tissue Engineering. Elsevier.
6) Singh, K.K. (2014). Biotechnology & Intellectual Property Rights. Springer.

(b) Further Reading

1. Bitar KN, Zakhem E .Bioengineering the gut: future prospects of regenerative medicine. Nat
Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13 (9): 543-56
2. Wengerter B, et al .Three-dimensional Printing in the Intestine . Clin Gastrol Hepatol 2016;
14, 1081-1085
3. Belchior G, Sogayar M, Grikscheit T. Stem cells and biopharmaceuticals: Vital roles in the
growth of tissue-engineered small intestine. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 2014; 23: 141-149.
4. Gu X, Ding F, Williams DF. Neural tissue engineering options for peripheral nerve
regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 35 : 6143-56
5. J.M. van Rijn et al.Novel approaches: Tissue engineering and stem cells In vitro modelling of
the gut. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterology 2016; 281e293
6. Jonathan C. Bernhardl, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic. Should we use cells, biomaterials, or
tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration?. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2016 ;7:56
7. Veronesi F, Maglio M, Tschon M, Aldini NN, Fini M. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem
cells for cartilage tissue engineering: state-of-the-art in in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res A .
2014; 102 : 2448-66

(STE-15) Xenoantigens and Stem Cells

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 125
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Practical 25
Theory 4 hrs per week
Practical 3 hrs per week

Relevance

The behaviour and the development of stem cells is greatly influenced by the presence of
innocuous agents (xenoantigens) which might include the components of the various culture
systems including the presence of microbes their secreted peptides and other biomolecules
important in tissue growth and development. Thus it becomes important to study the stem cell
behaviour in relation to the various xenoantigens.

23
Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.
Unit-I

Xenoantigens and stem cell contaminations; Introduction, types and mechanisms, cross
contaminations.

Unit-II

Microbial taxonomy and nomenclature, microbial cell structure and function.

Unit-III
Normal flora of human body and its role in cell differentiation and development in buccal
cavity, skin, intestines, liver, lungs, and kidney.
Unit-IV
Quality control procedures in stem cells, Environmental contaminants and other pathogenic
organisms and their role in contamination during Stem cell culturing.

Laboratory exercise
1. Identification of mycoplasma.
2. PCR analysis for different xenoantigens to animal cells in culture.
3. Identification of different microbes.
4. Studying role of indigenous microbes in cell differentiation.

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1) Pelczar, M.J., Chan, Jr, E.C.S., Krieg, N.R. (1998). Microbiology. Tata-McGraw Hill
Education.
2) Willey, J.M., Sherwood, L. Woolverton, C.J. (2008). Prescott, Harley, and Klein's
Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
3) Cooper, D.K.C., Kemp, E., Platt, J., White, D.J.G. (2012). Xenotransplantation: The
Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Between Species. Springer Science & Business
Media.
4) Kosma, P., Müller-Loennies, S (2011). Anticarbohydrate Antibodies: From Molecular Basis
to Clinical Application. Springer Science & Business Media.
5) Widmann, F. (1991). Standards for blood banks and transfusion services. Bethesda,
Maryland: American Association of Blood Banks.
6) Jestice, H., Farrington, M., Hunt, C. et al (2003). Bacterial contamination of peripheral
blood progenitor cells for transplantation. Transfus Med; 6:103–10.
7) Nasser, R.M., Hajjar, I., Sandhaus, L.M., et al. (1998). Routine Cultures of Bone Marrow
and Peripheral Stem Cell Harvests: Clinical Impact, Cost Analysis, and Review From The
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.

(b) Further Reading

24
1) Naso, F. et al. (2012). Alpha-Gal detectors in xenotransplantation research: a word of
caution. Xenotransplantation. 2012 Jul-Aug;19(4):215-20.
2) Zeyland, J. et al. (2015). The current state of xenotransplantation. J Appl Genet. 2015
May;56(2):211-8.

SEMESTER –IV
(STE-16) Stem Cell Research Methodology
Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 100
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Theory 4 hrs per week

Relevance
This subject will introduce the students to the various aspects in lab management, designing
new experiments, model systems, experimental strategies and data interpretation in order to
achieve relevant findings and also help students to venture out into their respective research
activities in future. Since the student would be pursuing their research projects, hence emphasis
would be given to the quality designing of the research problem etc.
Pattern of Question Paper
In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each Unit.

Unit-I
Introduction to research methodology, types of research, key steps in research, tools of research.
Introduction to literature collection, its importance and sources, preparing a research report,
types of research reports, and their components.
Unit-II
Research designs and hypothesis, Taguchi Protocol, basic principles of research designs,
laboratory safety, animal handling.
Unit-III
Introduction to computer fundamentals in research, hardware, software.
Working with MS-DOS, LAN (Novell Netware) environment, windows operating system, MS-
Office: MS Word, Excel, power point and spreadsheet.
Unit-IV
Introduction to spread sheet applications, data entries, statistical and logical, graphical
applications and data analysis.

Books Recommended

25
(a) Essential Reading
1) Kothari, C.R. (2008). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, New Age
International.
2) Gurumani, N. (2009). Research Methodology for Biological Sciences, MJP Publishers.
3) Laake, P., Benestad, H.B. et al. (2014). Research Methodology in the Medical and
Biological Sciences. Academic Press.

(b) Further Reading

1) Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A step by step guide for beginners. SAGE
Publications. London.
2) Pandey, P. and Pandey M.M. (2015). Research Methodology: Tools and Techniques. Bridge
Center. Romania.

(STE-17) Biostatistics and Computational Approach

Time allotted 3 hrs
Total Marks 100
Annual Theory 80
Internal Assessment 20
Total Theory 100
Theory 4 hrs per week
Relevance
Various Biostatistical/Computational tools discussed herein would help the students to plan
their research in studying comparative functional genomics together with comprehensively
analysing the data acquired from different experiments.

Pattern of Question Paper

In all, nine questions are to be set, two questions each from four sections and Q No 1 or 9 is
compulsory covering the entire syllabus; out of which total five questions are to be attempted.
All questions carry equal marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one question
from each section.

Unit-I

Biostatistics: its meaning and objectives, measurement scales, Population and Samples.
Frequency tables and their graphs, Measures of location, variability (box and whisker plot),
Skewness and Kurtosis, (Use of SPSS package).
Intuitive concept of probability, conditional probability (Bayes’ theorem), Specificity,
Sensitivity and ROC Curve.
Unit-II

Random variables, probability mass function, probability density function, distribution function,
expectation and variance, Bernoulli’s trials, Binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Scatter
diagram, correlation and Spearman’s rank Correlation Coefficient, Regression and multiple
regressions (using SPSS only).

Unit-III

Sampling, distributions of sample mean, difference of means, sample proportion and difference
of proportions, the basic idea of significance tests, tests of hypothesis for the parameters of a

26
normal distribution (two sample problems also) including testing for population proportions,
paired ‘t’-test.
Unit-IV

Categorical data: (Tests of association, chi-square test,Yates’ correction) Analysis of variance

(ANOVA), one-way and two-way classification, Non-parametric: Sign-test, Wilcoxon Signed
rank test, Mann-Whitney U-Statistic (Using SPSS).

Books Recommended

(a) Essential Reading

1. Wayne, D.W. (2010). Bio-statistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences
Sciences. John Wiley.
2. Rosner, B. (2010). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Cengage Learning, Inc.
3. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K., and Dasgupta, B. (1999). Fundamental of Statistics Vol-1.
4. Agreti, A. (2002). Categorical Data Analysis. Wiley Interscience.
5. Smoller, S.W., (2003). Biostatistics and Epidemiology: A Primer for Health and Biomedical
Professionals. Springer.
6. Daniel, W.W. (2000). Applied Non-Parametric Statistics.

(b) Further Reading

1) Swetha, J.L. et al. (2014). Cognition, comprehension and application of biostatistics in

research by Indian postgraduate students in periodontics. J Indian Soc Periodontol.
18(1):65-8.
2) Dakhale, G.N. et al. (2012). Basic biostatistics for post-graduate students. Indian J
Pharmacol. 44(4):435-42.

(STE -18) One Journal Club 50 Marks

One Seminar 75 Marks

(STE-19) Thesis/Project reports 225 Marks

Viva voce Examination 75 Marks

27