WATER AND SOLUTION Water as a Basic Need of Life ‘The bubble ma Diagram 5.1 shows water as a basic need of all life. -THINK Diagram 5.1 Water as a basic need of al ite Water is a Compound 1. Water isa compound that consists of molecules containing the elements, hydrogen and oxygen which are chemically combined. 2. Water can be broken down into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen through the electrolysis process. 3. Diagram 5.2 shows the electrolysis of water. In electrolysis, (a) oxygen gas is produced at the anode (+) which is connected to the positive terminal of a source of electrical energy. (b) hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode (-) which is connected to the negative terminal of a source of electrical energy. (©) the ratio of volume of hydrogen gas to ‘oxygen gas is 2:1. 4, Based on the results of water electrolysis, each water molecule consists of two owt] Batorias hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom ‘w= Hygogen tome (©) which are chemically combined. Diagram 6.2 Water electrolysis Diagram 8.3 Structure 5. The chemical symbol of water is H,0. ‘of a water molecule a Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Zoe To determine the composition of water = Aim To determine the composition of elements in a water molecule Materials and apparatus Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid, wooden splinter, lighter, electrolysis cell, measuring cylinder, switch, connecting wire, crocodile clip, Procedure 1, The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 5.4, Distod water + afew crops of lute suche 2c carton eecrode such Diagram 54 Physical Properties of Water 1. The physical properties of water are as follows: (a) Water exists in solid (ic), liquid (water) and gaseous (water vapour) states. (b) Water isa liquid at room temperature with no colour (colourless), no smell and no taste. (©) Water has a capillary action. (@) Water has a high surface tension, (@) The freezing point of pure water is 0°C. (0). The boiling point of pure water is 100°C. (@) The density of pure water is 1 g.cm?, inside it, that is the stronger the capillary effect. The capillary action of water in capillary tubes is produced by the adhesive force between water molecules and molecules ‘on the surface inside the capillary tube. The smaller the diameter of the capillary tube, the higher the water will rise . The surface tension of water is produced by cohesive force between water molecules. Examples of the effects of the surface tension of water are shown in Diagram 5.6. Diagram 5 Capiliay action of water 2. A few drops of dilute sulphuric acid are added tp distilled water. Then, the switch is turned on. ‘When measuring cylinder B is half filled with gas, the switch is tumed off. The ratio of volume of gas in measuring cylinder B to volume of gas in measuring cylinder A is observed and recorded. The gases collected in measuring cylinders A and B are tested with a glowing wooden splinter and 4@ burning (lighted) wooden splinter. Observations 1. The ratio of volume of gas produced at the cathode and the anode is 2:1, that is, two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. The gas in measuring cylinder A reignites the slowing wooden splinter. The burning wooden splinter continues to bum in measuring cylinder A. The gas in measuring cylinder B produces a ‘pop’ sound when tested with a burning wooden splinter. The glowing wooden splinter is extinguished in measuring cylinder B in the end. Conclusion ‘Water isa compound that consists of two parts hydrogen ‘and one part oxygen which are chemically combined, OBS HHINK Practice 4 Construct an i-Tink map to show the physical properties of water (@) Spider on the surface of water (©) Water drops on leaf in spherical shaped. Diagram 5.6 Etfects of the surface tension of water Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution 4, The change in the state of matter of water is caused by the absorption or release of heat as shown in Diagram 5.7. Diagram 5.7 Change in the state of matter of water Gal Effects of Impurities on the Melting Point of Ice and Boiling Point of Water 1. Pure water boils at 100°C and freezes or melts at 0°C. 2. Impurities will affect the melting point, freezing point and boiling point of water. 3. The presence of impurities such as salt in water will (2) increase the boiling point of water, (b) decrease the freezing point of water or melting point of ice. To investigate the effects of impurities on the melting point o and boiling point of water Aim To investigate the effects of impurities on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Materials and apparatus Distilled water, ice, common salt, thick towel, beaker, thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, stopwatch, spatula, glass rod, glass tube, distillation flask, retort stand A. The effect of common salt on the melting point of ice Procedure 1, A beaker is wrapped with a thick towel as shown in Diagram 5.8, 2. The beaker is filled with ice. 3. A spatula of common salt is added into the beaker and the mixture of ice and common salt Is stirred using a glass rod. 4. The temperature of the ice and common salt mixture fs measured using @ thermometer and the reading {s recorded. Result The melting point of ice mixed with common salt fs less than 0°C. Conclusion The presence of common salt in ice reduces its melting point to less than O°C. 63 Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER'S. Water and Solution B. The effect of common salt on the boiling point of water Procedure 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 5.9. <— Distaton ask 100 mv cstitod water + commen salt Diagram 5.9 The salt water is heated until it boils. Result ‘The boiling point of water mixed with common salt is more than 100°C. Conclusion ‘The bouling point of salt water Is measured using a thermometer and the reading is recorded. The presence of common salt in dstiled water will increase its boiling point to more than 100°C. Evaporation of Water 1 Lvaporation of water is the change in the state of matter of water from liquid to gas at any temperature below the boiling point of water, that Js any temperature less than 100°C. {vaponsuon of water only happens on the exposed surface of water and happens slowly 8 Evaporation of water hoppens all the time at any temperature below 100°C 4. Based on the kinetic theory, evaporation of water occurs when water molecules on the exposed surface of water obtain sufficient energy to ‘overcome the forces of attraction between water molecules around ‘them and ore released into the alr 10 form water vapour as shown in Diagram $.10 w Daagren $10 Enero c wate ecordg fo the kina Weory Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Table 5.1 Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water with explanations according to the kinetic theory Surrounding IF the surrounding temperature increases, ‘The higher the surrounding temperature the water molecules on the surface of water | temperature, the higher the absorb more heat energy to overcome the _| rate of evaporation of water. forces of attraction between neighbouring ‘water molecules and escape into the air in the form of water vapour. ‘Movement of air | Moving air sweeps water vapour away from | The higher the speed of air the surface of water, Hence, the number of | movement, the higher the rate water molecules above the surface of water is_| of evaporation of water. reduced. This will facilitate and speed up the escape of water molecules from the surface of water into the air in the form of water vapour. Humidity Dry air contains less water vapour with less | The higher the humidity of air water molecules above the surface of water. | of air, the lower the rate of This will facilitate and speed up the escape —_| evaporation of water. ‘of water molecules from the surface of water into the air in the form of water vapour. Exposed surface | The larger the exposed surface area of water, | The larger the exposed surface area of water the larger the number of water molecules that | area of water, the higher the Gil escape from the water into the air. tate of evaporation of water. Experiment [5.1] To investigate the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water A. Surrounding temperature Problem statement How does sunounding temperature affect the rate of evaporation of water? Hypothesis ‘The higher the surrounding temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation of water. ‘Variables (@ Manipuiated: Surrounding temperature @) Responding : Rate of evaporation of water (© Constant: Volume of water, movement of it, humidity of ait, exposed surface area of water Materials and apparatus Weter, synnge, wotch glass Procedure 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 6.11 2. The surrounding ternperature of the two locations of the watch glass ore measured and compared. 3. The water in the watch glass which dries up fastor is observed ‘nd recorded. Observations 1. The surrounding temperature of the location exposed to sunlight is higher compared to the surrounding temperature in the lab. 2. Wator in the watch glass exposed to sunlight dries up faster. Conclusion The higher the surrounding temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation of water, 65 Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution B. Movement of air Problem statement How does movement of atr affect the rate of evaporation of water? Hypothesis ‘The higher the speed of air movement, the higher the rate of evaporation of water. ‘Variables (@) Manipulated: Movement of ait (b) Responding : Rate of evaporation of water (©) Constant ~. Volume of water, surrounding temperature, humidity of ait, exposed surface area of water Procedure fan. 1, The apparatus i set up as shown in Diagram 6.12. as 2. The speed of ait movement above the water surface of ' ‘both wattch glasses is observed and compared. ‘ 3. The water in the watch glass which dies up faster is Watch gass with observed and recorded. 1.0 me water Observations 1 The movement of air ahove the water surface in the ‘watch glass placed under the spinning fon is faster than the movement of air above the water surface in ‘the watch glass placed in calm at 2. Water in the wartch glass exposed to faster ai movement nes up faster ‘Conclusion ‘The higher the speed of air movement, the higher the rate of evaporation of waster. aim air {cera sining Diagram 5.12 C. Humidity of air Problem statement How does the humidity of ait affect the rate of evaporation of water? Hypothesis The lower the humidity of ai, the higher the rate of evaporation of water. Variables (@) Marsppalcted: Humidity of oir (©) Responding - Rate of evaporation of water Boll jar A (©) Constant Volume of water, surounding temperature, movement of ai, exposed surface crea of water Materials and apparatus Watch glass Water, synnge, watch glass, anhydrous calcium chloride, bell jar, Beaker panto eather Water — Procedure 1, The apparatus is set up os shown in Diagram 6.13, . 2. The humidity of the ax trapped in bell jars A and B is compared. eal 3, The water m the watch glass which dries up faster is observed Saicrous cand recorded eerie Beaker. Observations Waten ass 1. The humidity of the aar tapped in bell jar B 1s lower than the State humidity of the ay topped in bell jar A. The water vapour in the atk ttapped in bell jar B absorbed by anhydrous calcium chionde Diagram 5.13 2. The water in the watch glass placed in bell jar B dies up faster, ‘Conclusion ‘The lower the humidity of a, the higher the rate of evaporation of water Powered by CamScanner(CHAPTER'S. Water and Solution D. Exposed surface area of water Problem statement How does the exposed surlace area of water atlect the rate of evaporation of water? Hypothesis The lager the exposed surface area of water, the higher the rate of evaporation of water. Variables (@) Manipulated: Exposed surface area of water (b) Responding : Rate of evaporation of water (© Constant : Volume of water, surrounding temperature, movernent of air, humidity of air Materials and apparatus Water, measuring cylinder, beaker, Petri dish Procedure 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 5.14. 25 mt of water 2. The three apparatus set up in Diagram 5,14 are placed at the same place in the laboratory. 3. The exposed surface area of watter in each apparatus set up is observed and compared. 4, The volume of water in each apparatus set up is measured and recorded after one day. Observations 1. The exposed surface area of water in the Petri dish is the ‘biggest whereas the exposed surface area of water inthe ‘Measuring ae ei 6 measuring cylinder is the smallest. ovine 2, The volume of water lft in the Petri dish isthe least whereas Diagram 5.14 the volume of water left in the measuring cylinder is the ost. The water in the Pott dish evaporated the most. Conclusion The larger the exposed surface area of water, the higher the rate of evaporation of water. Relationship between the Evaporation Process and Daily Life Activities Evaporation of Sweat 1. The faster the fan spins, the faster the air moves. 2. Thus, sweat evaporates faster from the body in moving air such as being in front of a spinning fan. — 3. When heat is absorbed by the sweat which evaporates from the jeer body, the body feels cold. am Diagram 8.15 Drying of Clothes 1. Wet clothes are usually dried by unfolding or hanging them on clothes lines. 2. The large exposed surface areas of the clothes to the air and the high surrounding temperature caused by the heat from the Sun will ‘quicken the rate of evaporation of water and the drying process of clothes. Diagram 5.16 or Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER § Vises an Shain Extraction of Soa Salt 1. Evaporation vill remove water from wea water which is exposed to heat from sunlight, sea breeze and Sang breeze 2. Thus, the high surrounding temperature and fast moving alr vill quicken the rate of evaporation of watey Diagram 6.17 | Evaporation of Water in Agriculture 1. Table 52 shows ways to reduce the evaporation of water in agriculture and application of factors to reduce the rate of evaporation of water Table 6.2 Ways to roduco water evaporation in agrculture and application of actors to reduce tho rato of evaporation of wator + Covering the surface of soil with | + Increasing the humidity of air on the surface of soil plastic sheets + Slowing down the movement of air on the surface of soil + Planting vegetables in plastic tents | » Decreasing the surrounding temperature by blocking sunlight from reaching the soil 2. During the evaporation of water, only water molecules with alot of energy will escape into the air whereas the water molecules with less energy remain behind. Thus the temperature of water drops. This explains the cooling effect of evaporation, Aas 1. Determine whether the following statements are ‘True ot False, Write your answer in the space provider (a) Wester vapour is » misture that consists of hydrogen and oxygen, (b) The boiling point of supar water is 100°C, {(c) Strong wind will quicken water evaporation on the surface of the seu (4) Fivaporation produces « cooling effect. 2 Why is water » base need of al ile? 3() Name the process that is wsed in the production of sen salt, (0) Why docs the rate of sea sll prstction increase during summer anny 4 State the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water, a © Powered by CamScanner(CHAPTER 5. Water and Solution Solute, Solvent and Solution 1. Solution is the clear mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. Solvent + Solute ——» Solution / » Example: Water + Salt —» Salt solution 2, Solvent is a liquid that can dissolve a solute. Example: Water isa solvent because water can dissolve a solute such as salt. 3. Solute is a substance that can dissolve in a solvent. Example: Salt isa solute because salt can dissolve in a solvent such as water. 6 | Suspension Suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from undissolved suspended substance in a solvent. Example: Suspension is formed when a suspended substance such as chalk powder is added which does not dissolve ina solvent such as water. Ifa suspension is left too long, the undissolved substance will sink to the bottom or float on the surface of the liquid. Dilute Solution, Concentrated Solution and Saturated Solution 1. Concentration of a solution depends on the amount of solute in the solution. 2. Solutions are divided into three types of solutions according to the concentration of the solution. -THINK ait rye Solution that contains ‘Solution that contains @ larger amount of solute. Diagram 5.18 Types of solutions 0 Powered by (3 CamScanner(CHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Solubility 1. Solubility is defined as the maximum quantity of solute (gram) that can dissolve in 100 me of solvent ¢ a certain temperature to form a saturated solution. ‘Mass of solvent (g) Solubility = 00 mé of solvent » | Example: The solubility of calcium chloride salt is 120 g per 100 cm? at a temperature of 40°C. This means that 120 g of calcium chloride salt dissolves in 100 cm? of water at 400°C to form a saturated calcium chloride solution, 2. The unit for solubilty is gram per 100 mé of solvent. 3. Table 53 shows the factors that affect solubility. Table 5.3 Factors that afectsolubity Natural Solubility of a solute indifferent characteristics of | solvents is normally different. Some solutes solutes do not dissolve in certain solvents. Natural Solubility of diferent solutes in a characteristics of | solvent is normally diferent. Some solvents solvents cannot dissolve certain solutes. lodine does Todine eissanves ot dissolve in carbon ‘Temperature of | The higher the temperature of a tn water a solvents solvent, the more solute will dissolve. Diagram 5.19 Solubility of solute in different solvents 4, Table 54 shows the factors that affect the rate of solubility. Table 6.4 Factors that affect the rate of solubility ‘The higher the temperature of a solvents solvent, the faster the solute will ‘Ameera wishes to brew coffe for teatime. dissolve, A hot solvent supplies more In her kitchen, there are two types of Suga energy to the particles of solute. fine sugar and sugar cubes, Which type of sugar should Ameera uso to make the Rate of stiring | Solutes dissolve faster in solvents when stirred, The action of stirring separates the solute particles causing them to move faster into the spaces between solvent particles. ‘Size of solute | Solute in the form of powder dissolves faster than the ones of larger size. . J Powered by CamScanner(CHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Experim 5.2 To investigate the factors affecting the rate of solubility A. Temperature of solvent Problem statement How does the temperature of solvent atfect the rate of solubility? Hypothesis ‘he higher the temperature of a solvent, the higher the rate of solubility Variables (@ Manipulated: Temperature of solvent (©) Responding : Rate of solubility (© Constant ~ : Mass of solute, size of solute, rate of string Materials and apparatus Dstlled water, fine salt (common salt), beaker, bbolance, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner Procedure 1, The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 5.20. Diagram 6.20 2. Sg of fine sait is added into two beakers fled with 100 mi of distilled water labelled P and Q. 3. The mixture of distiled water and fine salt in ‘beaker @ is heated using a Bunsen burner. 4. The rate of salt solubility in beakers P and Q is chserved and recorded. Observation ‘The fine sait in beaker @ dissolves faster in the heated, solvent compared to the fine salt in beaker P. ‘Conclusion ‘The higher the temperature of a solvent, the higher the rate of solubility. B. Rate of stirring Problem statement How does the rate of string affect the rate of solubity? Hypothesis ‘The faster the rate of sting, the higher the rato of solubility, ‘Variables (@) Manipulated: Rate of stirring (b) Responding : Rate of solubility | (© Constant “ : Mass of solute, size of solute, temperature of solvent Materials and apparatus Datiled water, fine salt (Common salty, becker, balance, glass tod | Procedure 1, The apparatus s sot up as shown in Diagram 5:21. Sine slowty ‘Sted ast Glass rod som ‘stiled water Fre sat Diagram 6.21 2. 5 gol fne sat s added into two beakers fled with 100 me distilled water labelled R and | 3. The mixture in beaker R is stined slowly using a | demote wherena tfc teas Seed 4. The te of ety of te sat in beckors R ond Sis observed and recorded. Observation ‘Tho fine salt in booker which is sted fast dissolves fastor than the fine salt in beaker R which is stired | sowy. | conetuson |The faster the rote of stiring, the higher the rate of | solubity. C. Size of solute | Problem statement How does the size of the solute affect the rate of | solubility? Hypothesis ‘Tho smaller the sizo ofthe solute, the higher the rate | of solubility | Varlables | (@ Mempictoa sno se | @) Responding : Roto of solubsity (© Constant: Mass of solute, temperature of | solvent, rato of siming Materials and apparatus Dstllod water, coarse salt and fine salt common sald, | eater, glass tod, balance n Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER S Water and Solution 2. Sot coanse salt and 5 g of fe salt ecdod in Procedure 7 ‘beakers filed with 100 me 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 5 22. Leste ese of sled wets 3. The mixture in beakers T and U is sted usng g glass tod at the same rate of sting. 4, The rate of solubility of salt in beakers T and Ug observed and recorded ‘Observation | The fine salt in beaker U dissolves foster than the coarse salt in beaker T. Conclusion Fe sat 7 a ‘The fine salt in beaker U dissolves faster than the perry ‘cose salt in beaker T. Giss rod |— r00m stile water |_— coarse sat Colloid in Daily Life 1. A colloid is a mixture in the following conditions. (a) A material chat consists of insoluble tiny particles spread evenly in another material. (b) The tiny particles in a colloid remain suspended and not settled even though gravitational force acts on them 2. The tree map in Diagram 5.23 shows some types of colloids. (ETHINK Misr of wo or more liquids | Mintue of one liquid and with the ty pares of ‘one gas or solid withthe tiny Insotble uid spread evenly paricles of insoluble liquid oF in the ober liu, sold spread evenly in the ga. ‘Bubbles in carbonated rinks “Tiny insoluble guid particles spread in a gas “Tiny insoluble sot particles spread Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER §. Water and Solution Water as a Universal Solvent and Its Uses in Daily Life 1, Water is a universal solvent because it can dissolve almost all solutes in solid, liquid and gaseous states. 2. Diagram 5.24 shows examples of uses of water as a universal solvent in daily life Water dissolves ‘oxygen and carbon dioxide gases to Water is used In scientific and 5 for cooking, ‘medical laboratories, 0 washing and bathing, Ofganisms, ni cedto ope Drinks such as coffee ; 7 dissolve various Yer 9 enandfnitjlers eer saris ae are prepared using water. iG ; Digested food is Water dissolves dissolved in water various types of before being minerals to enable b the roots of plants zi absorbed into the {In the industrial sector, water is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of food, drinks, medicine, soap, detergents and dyes. Diagram 6.24 Uses of water as @ universal solvent in dally ite Nonaqueous Solvents and Their Uses in Daily Life 1. Non-aqueous solvents or organic solvents such alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether can dissolve organic materials. 2. Non-aqueous solvents can dissolve substances that cannot be disolved in water. Turpentine is used to: + dilute paint. + remove pain stains Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Skill Practice 5.2 | 1 Tick ( 7 ) the correct statement and cross ( X ) the incorrect statement about solutions. | (a) Distilled water is an (b) Dusty ai ample of a solution, is an example of a suspension. (©) Colloid is a type of suspension, (@) Styrofoam is an example of foam. | 2. State whether a mixture of water and flour is a solution or suspension, Explain your answer, | 3 Underline the correct answer about the factors affecting the rate of solubility. (a) The solute in powder form dissolves faster than the solute of a (bigger/smaller) size. (b) The solute dissolves faster in a solvent stirred (slowly/fast). (©) The (higher/lower) the temperature of solvent, the faster the solute dissolves. 4 State whether a shower sponge is an example of an emulsion or foam. Explain your answer. Water Purification Method | 1. Water from natural resources need to be purified to produce water for drinking or domestic use because the water contains harmful impurities. i 2. The bubble map in Diagram 526 shows sources of natural water. Diagram 6.26 Natural resources of water 4 Powered by CamScanner3. Harmful impurities found in the natural resources of water are microorganisms, suspended substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and silt. 4, Water can be purified using the following methods. (a) Boiling (b) Filtration (©) Chlorination (4) Distillation Water purifi yn and water supply CHAPTER'S Water and Solution Materials and apparatus Muddy water, chlorine water, beaker, glass rod, filter paper, filter funnel, microscope, measuring cylinder, ‘matches, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, dropper, Liebig condenser, thermometer, filtration flask, retort stand and clamp, slide, cover slip A. Filtration Procedure 1. $0 mt of muddy water is poured into a beaker and stired using a glass red 2. The stirred muddy water i filtered using filter paper and a filter funnel with the help of a glass rod as shown in Diagram 5.27 3. Asample lide ofthe filtrate ls prepared and observed under a microscope to identify the presence of impurities. |. All observations are recorded. The contents of muddy water before and after filtration are compared and recorded. Results 1. Suspended substances, silt and rubbish are removed from the muddy water using filtration, 2. The filtered muddy water still contains microorganisms and dissolved substances. 3. The filtered muddy water is clear while unfiltered muddy water looks murky. Conclusion Filtration removes suspended substances, rubbish and sit from muddy water but cannot remove microorganisms and dissolved substances from ruddy wate, B. Boiling Procedure 1. 100 mt of muddy water is heated until it bolls for 5 minutes as shown Jn Diagram 5.28. 2. A sample slide of the boiled result is prepared and observed under a ‘lcroscope to identify the presence of impurities. 3. All observations are recorded. 4. The contents of muddy water before and after bolling are compared ‘and recorded. Results 1. All microorganisms in the muddy water are removed through bolling 2 Theboied muddy woter stil contans suspended substances, disolved substances, rubbish and lt. Conclusion Bolling removes microorganisms but it cannot remove suspended Substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and silt from muddy water 8 Fer Peper Fiat Diagram 527 Muddy water Wire gauze ipod stand Bunsen burner Diagram 5.28 Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5, Water and Solution . Chlorination Procedure ved nto a bea 50 mt of muddy water is poured into a beaker. 2 Ave drops of enone were are dropped into the Beaker using a dropper 3. A sample slide of chlorination is prepared and observed under a microscope to Identify the presence o Impurities. 4. All observations are recorded 5. The contents of muddy water before and after chlorination are compared and recorded. } ‘Chlornn water | Macy water Diagram 6.29 Results 1. All microorganisms in the mucldy water are removed through chlorination. 2. The muddy water mixed with chlorine water sill contains suspended substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and sit Conclusion Chilorination removes microorganisms but cannot remove suspended substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and silt from muddy water. D. lation Procedure 1 The opparatus 1s set up as shown in Diagram $30. ‘The tap 1s tumed on so that water flows unto the Liebig condenser. 3 100 mi of muddy water is heated until it bo 4 The distillate ts collected in a beaker. 5. A sample slide of the distillate ts prepared ond observed under a microscope to identity the presence of impurities. 6 All observations are recorded. 7. The contents of muddy water before and atter distillation ore compared and recorded. Results Diagram 5.30 1. Distillation removes microorganisms, suspended substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and sit, Distilled muddy water contains only distilled ‘water or pure water 2, Distilled muddy water Is clear while undistilled muddy water Is cloudy. Conclusion Distillation removes microorganisms, suspended substances, dissolved substances, rubbish and silt but cannet ‘separote aqueous solvents from muddy water. Water Supply for Dally Use Other than the natural rsoures of water, alternative ways such as recycling of water, fog harvesting and purification of seawoter thiough reverse oxmoals are used to provide water supply for dally use. Recycling of Water 1. Waste water is recycled to produce clean water for drinking, domestic and industrial use. 2 The process of recycling of water involves three levels and certaln processes as shown In Diagram 5.31 6 } Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water ad Solution Physical process I process ( Chemical process ters outall solid | Microorganisms feed | Disinfectants such as ‘waste from water ‘on organic substances ff chlorine are added to and reduce suspended || water to kill solids in water. i Diagram 6.31 Process of recycling water from waste water Fog Harvesting 1. Water is collected from the tiny water droplets suspended in air or fog using a fog trap. 2. The fog trap shown in Diagram 532 is a large network made of polypropylene hung between two poles to trap fog. 3, Clean water is collected from the fog and then channelled to water storage tanks. 4, This clean water can be used as drinking water and for other daily uses. Diagram 522 Fog taps and water storage tank Purification of Seawater through Reverse Osmosis, 1. The reverse osmosis process is used to treat seawater to get fresh water especially in archipelago areas or areas near the sea. 2. In the reverse osmosis process, a desalination membrane (semipermeable membrane) is used to remove salt and other dissolved substances from seawater to produce clean water as shown in Diagram 5.33. In the process of reverse osmosis, water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of ‘solutes such as seawater (with a low concentration In the process of osmosis, water molecules from 2 Solution with a low concentration of solutes such as fresh water (with a high concentration of |water molecules) flow to another solution with a high concentration of solutes such as seawater (with a lower concentration of water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane. a low concentration of solutes such as fresh water (with a higher concentration of water molecules) Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution Water Supply System 1. The water supply system consists of three main components. (a) Reservoir ~ to collect water supply (b) Water treatment plant ~ to purify water (©) Water supply pipe networks ~ to distribute clean water to consumers 2, Diagram 5.34 shows the processes in the water supply system. Diagram 5.34 Water supply system Table 5.5 Processes in water supply system and their function Collects water in reservoir Removes insoluble substances such as rocks, branches, leaves and coarse solids Oxygen is dissolved in water to get rid of unpleasant smell (2) Alum is added to coagulate small suspended particles to form a big coagulate (b) Slaked lime is added to reduce the acidity of water caused by alum Denser coagulates of impurities sink to the bottom of the tank and are removed Water is flowed through layers of sand to remove suspended substances and algae Chlorine i added to clear water to kill microorganisms ate. Sodium fluoride is added to prevent tooth decay ‘Water is stored temporarily before itis channelled to consumers through water ‘supply pipe networks Powered by CamScannerWater Sustainability as a Key to Healthy Life 1, The main source of water supply in Malaysia originates from rivers. (CHAPTER 5 Water and Solution 2. Thus, itis our responsibility to preserve rivers and other natural sources of water supply from being polluted. 3, Diagram 5.35 shows the main water pollutants and their effects on the environment. THINK Siltation of rivers Encessive pesticides and chemical fertiisers used in agricuiture 01 spilled from oi! tanker ships eee ‘Rubbish from domestic waste Radioactive waste from Industral plants Diagram 5.35 Pollutants and their effects River becomes shallow | a (Promotes grown of eno \s marine if destroys beaches. (cases ie ch {cies ‘Causes foetal detects, cancer and death 4. Diagram 5.36 shows methods to control water pollution in rivers and other natural sources of water supply. -THINK Educate the society about the importance of controlling water pollution in rivers and other natural sources of water supply Upgrade sewage systems across the country Educate farmers to use biodegradable fertilisers and pesticides Diagram 5.36 Methods to contro! water pollution 5. Roles of individuals to ensure the preservation of water include: (@) take showers instead of long baths (b) tur off the tap when brushing teeth (©) turn off the tap when soaping the body (avoid running water) (4) wash plates, bowls and other kitchen appliances using water in a sink (©) wash cars using water in buckets (8) use washing machines with a full load (@) collect rainwater to water plants (h) repair leakages in water pipes immediately » Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER S Water and Solution 1. Name the main natural source of water supply in Malaysia. 2. Various water purification methods are used to supply clean water to consumers. Match the following water purification methets with the correct separated impurities (a) Boiling, > (b) Filtration > 3 Why most river water be purified before itis supplied to consumers for domestic use? 4 In his science class, Yusof learnt about the water supply system. © nisms es” ain (2) Using the words given, complete the flow chart below to show the sequence of water purification in a water vweatment plant (b) State the purpose of adding alum and slaked lime in the process of coagulation. “ 1 Powered by (3 CamScanner(CHAPTER 5 Water and Solution FORMATIVE) PRACTICE Objective Questions 1 Diagram Lshowstheclectrolysis | 2 What is the ratio of volume of | Which property of water is of water. | ‘oxygen gas to hydrogen gas in shown in Diagram 2? AL2 B Capillary action Surface tension D Density cae 2 1b 2: | the electrolysis of water? | A. State of matter 5S Which of the following 3. What is the density of water? statements are true about the A lgem* | factors that affect the rate of | B 10 gem? | evaporation of water? Diagram © 100 g em | L-The higher the surrounding ' | 6 1000 gem? | temperature, the higher the Which statement is true about rate of evaporation. the element produced at the ieee ‘a spider on | Ht. The higher the speed of air anode and cathode? ere eel movement, the lower the 1 Hydrogen gas is produced * rate of evaporation of water, at the anode IM The higher the humidity of Il Hydrogen gas is produced the higher the rate of atte cathode | poration of water =a Il Oxygen gas is produced at | IW The larger the exposed the anode surface area of water, the cathode 4 evaporation of water. | Diagram 2 Aland B Mlandiv | C Wand Ml =D Tandiv Subjective Questions 1 (@) Diagram 1 shows the structure of a water molecule. P: Diagram 4 Label P and Q using the words given below. (©) Match the form of water with its correct state of matter, Water vapour |* =} Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5. Water and Solution 2 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the apparatus set up to investigate the effect of impurity on the melting point of ice, ()_ State the melting point of ice. Tt mark Gi) How does the presence of impurity in water affect the boiling point of water and melting point of ice? U1 mark] (b) Diagram 2.2 shows a glass of water placed under sunlight for 3 hours. | ~ =| Diagram 22 )_ Name the process involved in the above activity, {1 mark} Gi) State two factors that affect the above process. (2 marks] (Gl) Give two examples of daily applications that use the process in 2(b)i). aes ee en tee ee ee ee a ——— Tp mats Powered by CamScannerCHAPTER 5 Water and Solution (©) Diagram 2.3 shows a method to reduce water evaporation in agriculture, In your opinion, how can this method reduce the rate of evaporation of water? Explain. iDnee 13 marks} 3 (@) Certain countries which face water supply problems can obtain their water supply using the purification of seawater, (Name the process used to obtain freshwater from seawater. 1 mark] Gi) Why isthe purification of seawater suitable for Malaysia to obtain its water supply? Deters {1 mark} (ii) Give two reasons why the purification of seawater to obtain water supply is not practised in Malaysia. ieee (&) Diagram 3 shows a water supply system. Powered by CamScannerCHAPTERS. Water and Solution (What is the function of staked lime in the coagulation tank? [mary ii) Why is chlorination used to kill microorganisms in the water treatment plant? (2 marks} ii) As a consumer, how can you ensure the preservation of water. CD 4m U1 mark (©) Read the statement below. River is the main source of drinking water in Malaysia ever since before independence. However lately, analysis by the authorities found that almost 22 rivers that are used as sources of drinking water are ‘contaminated, a drastic increase in a period of 10 years. Among the reasons for this deterioration in quality | is the low content of dissolved oxygen. This can be caused by chemical substances or organisms using the oxygen. ‘Assume you are the environmental officer. How can pollution of river water be controlled so thatthe quality of river water can be safeguarded and safe for use by the public? (me [2 marks} Powered by CamScanner