1242 IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 10, NO.
6, JUNE 2021
Novel Efficient Multiwavelet-Based Modulation for Downlink NOMA Systems
Qian Wang , Suwen Xu , Xiao Yan , Member, IEEE,
Hsiao-Chun Wu , Fellow, IEEE, and Yiyan Wu , Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—A new modulation scheme using multiwavelets for
downlink non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) transceivers
is presented in this work. Multiwavelets leading to remark-
able spectral diversity are exploited to modulate/demodulate the
superimposed multi-user signals in downlink NOMA systems,
where the discrete multiwavelet transform and the inverse dis-
crete multiwavelet transform are invoked in the new demodulator
of the user equipment and the new modulator of the base station,
respectively. The performance evaluation and the computational-
complexity analysis of our proposed new NOMA scheme are also
conducted. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed new
scheme can significantly increase the system capacity while dra-
matically suppressing the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR)
compared to the conventional OFDM-based NOMA approach.
Meanwhile, our new scheme can achieve the same system capac-
ity as the scalar-wavelet-based NOMA approach but with a lower
PAPR at little extra cost of computational-complexity. All of these
three aforementioned NOMA schemes can result in the identical
bit-error-rate under the same signal-to-noise ratio condition.
Index Terms—Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA), multi-
wavelets, inverse discrete multiwavelet transform (IDMWT), dis-
crete multiwavelet transform (DMWT), peak-to-average-power
ratio (PAPR), bit-error-rate (BER), system capacity.
I. I NTRODUCTION
INCE the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) tech-
S nology can simultaneously serve multiple users over the
same transmission resources (in time, spectrum, and space,
etc.), it can provide a superior spectral efficiency to that of the
conventional orthogonal multiple-access (OMA) technology.
NOMA has been widely recognized as a promising solu-
tion to future radio-access networks (5G and beyond) [1]–[3].
NOMA can assign different transmitting powers to super-
impose multiuser signals at the base station (BS) so as to
transmit them in the same frequency-band and time-slot,
while each user equipment (UE) can retrieve its corresponding
information from the received superimposed signal by apply-
ing successive interference cancellation (SIC). Therefore,
Manuscript received December 21, 2020; accepted February 23, 2021. Date
of publication March 2, 2021; date of current version June 9, 2021. This
work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant 61801093. The associate editor coordinating the review of this
article and approving it for publication was J. Choi. (Corresponding author:
Xiao Yan.)
Qian Wang, Suwen Xu, and Xiao Yan are with the School of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, Chengdu 611731, China (e-mail: job_wangqian@uestc.edu.cn;
xusuwen@std.uestc.edu.cn; yanxiao@uestc.edu.cn).
Hsiao-Chun Wu is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA (e-mail:
wu@ece.lsu.edu).
Yiyan Wu is with Communications System, Communications Research
Centre, Ottawa, ON K2H 8S2, Canada (e-mail: yiyan.wu@sympatico.ca).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LWC.2021.3063122
2162-2345 
c 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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NOMA can avoid the congestion of data traffic, increase the
system capacity, and improve the spectral efficiency simulta-
neously [4].
Conventional NOMA systems usually adopt orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to modulate and
demodulate the aggregated multiuser signal by use of inverse
fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and fast Fourier transform
(FFT) in the BS and UEs [5]. However, defects of such
OFDM-based NOMA (OFDM-NOMA) systems can be found
in [6], [7]. A major disadvantage of OFDM-NOMA is its
high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) and low spectral effi-
ciency due to the indispensable cyclic prefix (CP), which is
inserted into each OFDM symbol to eliminate the intersymbol
interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). In addi-
tion, the rectangular window used to segment the OFDM block
(symbol) may inevitably generate high side-lobes, causing
serious interference to adjacent frequency bands and making
the system more sensitive to frequency and time offsets.
To combat the above-stated drawbacks, scalar wavelets
have been exploited to facilitate multi-carrier modulation for
NOMA systems to mitigate interference and enhance spectral
efficiency. Such scalar-wavelet-based NOMA (SW-NOMA)
schemes can outperform OFDM-NOMA counterparts in terms
of PAPR and spectral efficiency and give rise to better
resilience to channel noise [8], [9]. However, the SW-NOMA
performance is limited by the solitary property of scalar
wavelets. On the other hand, multiwavelets, which can produce
multiple features, have desirable properties of short support,
orthogonality, symmetry, and vanishing moments. Moreover,
multiwavelet modulation which usually involves two or more
scaling and wavelet functions can provide multiple times
the number of subcarriers for a given bandwidth compared
to the scalar-wavelet modulation [10]; therefore the former
scheme leads to significant improvement in spectral efficiency.
Multiwavelets were proposed very recently to construct new
pulse-shaping filters so as to improve the NOMA system
capacity and the bit error rate (BER) performance [11].
In this letter, a novel multiwavelet-based modulation tech-
nique for downlink NOMA systems is presented to further
improve the NOMA performance. Multiwavelets are proposed
here to modulate/demodulate the superimposed multiuser sig-
nals in NOMA systems by use of inverse discrete multiwavelet
transform/discrete multiwavelet transform (IDMWT/DMWT).
Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate the superiority of
our proposed new multiwavelet-based modulation technique to
the existing modulation techniques of the OFDM-NOMA and
SW-NOMA systems.
The rest of this letter is organized as follows. The downlink
NOMA system model using our proposed new multiwavelet-
based modulation is introduced in Section II. The details
 WANG et al.: NOVEL EFFICIENT MULTIWAVELET-BASED MODULATION FOR DOWNLINK NOMA SYSTEMS 1243

Fig. 1. The system diagram of our proposed new MW-NOMA downlink system serving for N users.

of our proposed multiwavelet-based modulation scheme is perfect channel estimation and equalization, the sequentially
manifested in Section III. Monte Carlo simulation results reconstructed signal for the i th user can thus be given by
and the corresponding computational-complexity analysis to ⎛ ⎞
N
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed new approach are 1 ⎝ ȳi (t) 
ši = √ − Pj šj (t)⎠, i = 1, . . . , N . (3)
presented in Section IV. Conclusion will be drawn ultimately Pi hi
j =i+1
in Section V.
Nomenclature: A denotes a vector, ã denotes a matrix, and
Z represents the set of all integers. III. N OVEL M ULTIWAVELET-BASED M ODULATION
A. Multiwavelet Construction
II. S YSTEM M ODEL : P ROPOSED N EW A multiwavelet with multiplicity r (r > 1) usually con-
M ULTIWAVELET-BASED NOMA sists of r multiscaling functions {φi (t)} and r multiwavelet
Our proposed new downlink multiwavelet-based NOMA functions {ψi (t)}, which can be expressed in vector form by
(MW-NOMA) system is illustrated by Figure 1, a BS transmits

Φ(t) = [φ1 (t), φ2 (t), . . . , φr (t)]T ,
def
(4)
the aggregated signal which is modulated by multiwavelet to N
users, and the total transmitting power of BS is denoted by Pt . 
Ψ(t) = [ψ1 (t), ψ2 (t), . . . , ψr (t)]T .
def
(5)
For the j th user, j = 1, 2, . . . , N , the transmitting power of its
signal sj (t) and the corresponding power-allocation coefficient 
According to [12], similar to scalar-wavelet (r = 1), Φ(t)
are expressed by Pj and αj , respectively, where Pj = αj Pt 
and Ψ(t) must satisfy the dilation and wavelet equations as
N
and j =1 αj = 1. The transmitted signals to all N users follows:
are first superimposed in the power domain with respect to √ 

Φ(t) = 2 
H̃k Φ(2t − k ), (6)
their assigned power-allocation coefficients so that the ultimate
k
aggregated signal s(t) can be written as √ 

Ψ(t) = 2 
G̃k Φ(2t − k ), (7)
N 

def k
s(t) = Pj sj (t). (1)
j =1 where H̃k and G̃k specify r × r filter-coefficient matrices.

Note that Φ(t) 
and Ψ(t) contain orthogonal multiscaling and
Then, the aggregated signal s(t) is modulated by IDMWT, and
the modulated signal ŝ(t) propagates through the additive white multiwavelet functions. Based on the multi-resolution analysis
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Consequently, the received (MRA), one can build the multiwavelet packets by the iterative
signal by the i th user is given by decomposition using Eqs. (6) and (7) such that
√ 
yi (t) = hi ŝ(t) + ni (t), i = 1, 2, . . . , N , (2) W +1,2m (t) def
= 2  ,m (2t − k ),
H̃k W (8)
k
where ni (t) denotes the corresponding AWGN sample with √ 
zero mean and variance of N0 , and hi represents the corre-  +1,2m+1 (t) def
W = 2  ,m (2t − k ),
G̃k W (9)
sponding channel-attenuation gain. k
At the i th receiver (user), the received signal yi (t) is
where W  0,0 (t) def 
= Φ(t) and W  0,1 (t) def 
= Ψ(t);  and m
first demodulated by the corresponding DMWT such that the
demodulated signal is denoted by ȳi (t). The SIC is subse- specify the indices of the multiwavelet decomposition lev-
quently carried out to recover the original information signal els and the subspaces at the th level, respectively, for
by removing all higher-priority users’ signals from ȳi (t).  = 0, 1, . . . , L, m = 0, 1, . . . , 2 − 1; L represents the
Assume that the channel-attenuation gains follow |h1 |2 > number of decomposition levels. Thus, the multiwavelet-
|h2 |2 > · · · > |hN |2 , where the demodulation-priority packet basis-functions for the orthogonal multiscaling func-
increases with the user index i (i = 1, 2, . . . , N ). Given the tion W 0,0 (t) = Φ(t) is expressed by W  ,m (t) def
=

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 1244 IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2021

1 (t), W 2 (t), . . . , W r (t)]T . According to orthogo- TABLE I

[W,m ,m ,m S IMULATION PARAMETERS
nality, the elements in W  ,m (t) satisfy
γ γ
W,m (t − p), W,m (t − q) = δ(q − p), p, q ∈ Z, (10)

where γ = 1, 2, . . . , r , “” specifies the inner-product opera-

tor, and δ(p) is the Kronecker-delta function.

B. Multiwavelet-Based Modulation for Downlink NOMA

Once W  ,m (t),  = 0, 1, . . . , L, m = 0, 1, . . . , 2 − 1
are constructed, they are directly exploited to modulate the
γ
low data-rate information signals s,m (t) (implemented by
IDMWT followed by digital-to-analog converter in prac-
γ
tice), where s,m (t) is generated by passing the aggregated
multiuser signal s(t) through a serial-to-parallel (S/P) port.
Consequently, the transmitted signal ŝ(t) from BS is given by
L 2 r
−1  
 γ γ
ŝ(t) = s,m (ε)W,m (t − εT ), (11)
ε∈Z =0 m=0 γ=1

where T denotes the symbol duration at level , and ŝ(t) is

emitted by the BS antennae.

C. Multiwavelet-Based Demodulation for Downlink NOMA

According to Figure 1, for the i th user, the received signal
yi (t) is first converted into multiple low data-rate signals by
a S/P port and then demodulated by the same multiwavelet-
packet W  ,m (t) (getting through an analog-to-digital converter
followed by DMWT). The corresponding output signal of
DMWT is given by
L 2
−1 
r 
 γ γ
ȳi (t) = yi,,m (ε)W,m (t − εT ),
ε∈Z =0 m=0 γ=1
i = 1, 2, . . . , N , (12)
γ
where yi,,m (t), for  = 0, 1, . . . , L, m = 0, 1, . . . , 2 −1,
and
γ = 1, 2, . . . , r are the low data-rate signals converted from
the received signal yi (t). Finally, SIC is further carried out
to separate the multiplexed information data corresponding to
individual users, and the original information data intended to Fig. 2. BERs of the NOMA systems using different modulation schemes in
the AWGN channel.
be transmitted to the i th user can be retrieved.

IV. S IMULATION power is Pt = 1, and the rest of simulation parameters are

The performance of our proposed new multiwavelet-based
modulation technique for downlink NOMA systems is evalu-
ated by simulations, in terms of the BER versus bit-energy
to noise-spectral-density ratio Eb /N0 , the complementary
cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR, and the
system capacity versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Then,
our proposed new MW-NOMA system is further compared
with the existing OFDM-NOMA and SW-NOMA systems [7].
Finally, the computational-complexities of the three aforemen-
tioned NOMA systems are theoretically studied and com-
pared. Now consider a downlink NOMA system involving
three users, and the channel-attenuation gains are set to
|h1 |2 = 0 dB, |h2 |2 = −1 dB and |h3 |2 = −3 dB, respec-
tively. Obviously, UE1 is located at the near end of the BS
while UE3 is located at the far end. The total transmitting
listed in Table I.
A. BER Performance
The BER curves of the three users with respect to the trans-
mitting Eb /N0 for the three aforementioned NOMA systems
in the presence of AWGN are delineated in Fig. 2. Here,
Eb /N0 denotes the energy per bit to noise power-spectral-
density ratio [13] and has the relationship with SNR as
follows:
B
Eb /N0 = SNR × , (13)
Fs [log2 (ς)]
where B and Fs denote the channel bandwidth (in Hz) and
the baud rate (in symbols/second), respectively; ς denotes
the modulation order. According to Fig. 2, it is conspicuous

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 WANG et al.: NOVEL EFFICIENT MULTIWAVELET-BASED MODULATION FOR DOWNLINK NOMA SYSTEMS
Fig. 3. The ergodic capacities of the NOMA systems involving three users
for three different modulation schemes subject to the power-allocation ratio
0.03:0.17:0.8.
Fig. 4. PAPR-CCDF of the NOMA systems using three different modulation
schemes.
that no matter what power-allocation ratios are assigned to
users, the downlink NOMA system using our proposed new
multiwavelet-based modulation scheme (denoted by “MW-
NOMA” in the figures) can achieve almost the same BERs
as those of the existing NOMA systems using OFDM-based
modulation and scalar-wavelet-based modulation schemes
(denoted by “OFDM-NOMA” and “SW-NOMA” in the figures,
respectively).
B. System Capacity
The capacity of our proposed MW-NOMA system is also
assessed by simulation and compared with the conventional
OFDM-NOMA and SW-NOMA systems according to [14].
Without loss of generality, the BS is located at the center
of a cell, UE1 is closest to the BS, whereas UE3 is far-
thest from the BS. The power-allocation ratio 0.03:0.17:0.8 is
adopted here. The channel bandwidth is normalized to 1 Hz,
and the transmitting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) varies from 0
to 35 dB. Other simulation conditions remain the same as in
Section IV-A. The ergodic capacities of the NOMA systems
involving three users for three different modulation schemes
subject to the power-allocation ratio 0.03:0.17:0.8 are depicted
in Fig. 3. According to Fig. 3, the capacity of the MW-NOMA
system is almost the same as that of the SW-NOMA system
as both systems can achieve close to the Shannon capacity
upper-bound (denoted by “Shannon” in the figure). The capac-
ity of the OFDM-NOMA system is the worst among the three.
Our proposed MW-NOMA system can lead to greater system
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1245
capacity than the conventional OFDM-NOMA system. Since
the cyclic prefix which is inevitably used in OFDM-NOMA
systems to combat inter-symbol and inter-carrier interferences
can be avoided in our proposed MW-NOMA system, at least
25% improvement in the bandwidth utilization can be expected
by our proposed MW-NOMA system thereby.
C. PAPR
PAPR can cause nonlinear signal distortion and serious
system performance degradation. Therefore, it must be eval-
uated carefully. According to [8], the instantaneous PAPR of
the transmitted signal from the BS can be calculated as
def
max |ŝ(t)|2
PAPR = , (14)
E |ŝ(t)|2
where E{} denotes the statistical expectation. The CCDF, or
the probability that the PAPR in a certain modulation frame
(block) exceeds a given threshold value η, is adopted to
evaluate the PAPR performance. It is given by
def
CCDF(η) = Pr (PAPR > η). (15)
The PAPR performances of the NOMA systems using three
different modulation schemes are depicted in Fig. 4. According
to Fig. 4, the PAPR performance of our proposed new MW-
NOMA system is always superior to those of the conventional
counterparts (OFDM-NOMA and SW-NOMA systems) as
η ≥5 dB. The MW-NOMA system can achieve a 4 dB gain and
a 1.7 dB gain in η over the OFDM-NOMA and SW-NOMA
systems, respectively, subject to CCDF = 10−4 . Furthermore,
numerous PAPR-reduction methods have been reported in the
literature [15], [16]. In our simulation, the selective mapping
(SLM) approach in [17] is also employed to enhance the PAPR
performance of the OFDM-NOMA system, and the resulted
performance is compared with that of the proposed MW-
NOMA system. The basic idea of SLM is to generate a set
of rather different OFDM symbols by multiplying the original
data block by M different phase sequences prior to performing
the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) and then transmit
the one with the smallest PAPR. Here, M is set to be 4, 8, and
16, and the other simulation parameters remain unchanged as
before. The PAPR performances of the NOMA systems using
OFDM, SLM-enhanced OFDM, and our proposed new modu-
lation schemes are depicted in Fig. 5. It is obvious from Fig. 5
that our proposed method (MW-NOMA) can lead to the best
PAPR performance compared to that resulted from the SLM-
enhanced OFDM modulation and the conventional OFDM
modulation (denoted by “SLM” and “Original” in the fig-
ure, respectively). As M increases, the PAPR performance of
the NOMA system using SLM-enhanced OFDM modulation
scheme is significantly improved. When M = 16, the PAPR
performance resulting from the SLM-enhanced OFDM modu-
lation can almost reach up to that resulting from our proposed
MW-NOMA scheme. Unfortunately, to improve the PAPR
performance, the extra computational complexity incurred
by the SLM-enhanced OFDM modulation is not tolerable,
especially when M is large.
 1246
Fig. 5. PAPR-CCDF of the NOMA systems using OFDM, SLM-enhanced
OFDM, and our proposed new modulation schemes.
TABLE II
T HE C OMPUTATIONAL C OMPLEXITIES FOR FFT, DWT, AND DMWT
D. Computational-Complexity Analysis
The computational-complexities of the OFDM-NOMA,
SW-NOMA, and MW-NOMA schemes are theoretically ana-
lyzed here. The only implementation difference among these
three schemes is in the three different transforms, namely FFT
(fast Fourier transform), DWT (discrete wavelet transform),
and DMWT (see [18]). Assume that the number of signal
samples involved in FFT, DWT, and DMWT is set to N  , and
the “CL4 multiwavelet” in [19] and the “Db4 scalar-wavelet”
in [20] are invoked to form the DMWT and DWT, respectively.
Then, the numbers of real-valued multiplications and real-
valued additions employed in FFT, DMWT and DWT, denoted
by CM and CS , are analyzed. The complexities for implement-
ing FFT, DWT, and DMWT subject to different window sizes
N  are listed in Table II for comparison. According to Table II,
the DWT employed in SW-NOMA can lead to the small-
est computational complexity among the three transforms.
Compared to the FFT used in OFDM-NOMA, the DMWT
adopted by our proposed new method always requires fewer
additions, while the number of required real multiplications
is slightly larger than that of FFT when N  ≤ 256. However,
due to the remarkable performance improvement (especially
in PAPR) produced by our proposed new method, such a
slight increase in computational-complexity (over the OFDM-
NOMA scheme) would not be a serious issue in practice.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this letter, an innovative multiwavelet-based modula-
tion technique for downlink NOMA systems is introduced.
Multiwavelets are invoked to build a new multicarrier modem
by use of IDMWT and DMWT. System performance met-
rics including bit-error-rate, PAPR, and capacity are eval-
uated to demonstrate the superiority of our proposed new
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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2021
NOMA system. Meanwhile, the theoretical computational-
complexities of implementing our proposed MW-NOMA
scheme and the two other existing NOMA schemes are also
carried out. Our proposed new MW-NOMA scheme can
achieve a significantly better PAPR performance than the
other existing schemes while maintaining the top performances
among the three on other aspects.
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