Note

Gerund dan infinitif

Gerund dan infinitif digunakan untuk membicarakan ide yang kompleks. Gerund dibentuk
dengan -ing. Infinitif dibentuk dengan to + kata kerja. Anda dapat menggunakan infinitif dan
gerund setelah kata kerja tertentu.
Gerund (verb + -ing):
Oscar enjoys cooking dinner for Frank. Oscar enjoys cooking dinner for Frank.

Infinitive (to + verb):

Frank plans to eat out. Frank plans to eat out.

Some verbs can only have gerunds after them, whereas some can only have infinitives. Some
verbs can have either gerunds or infinitives. Beberapa kata kerja hanya dapat memiliki
gerund setelahnya, sedangkan beberapa lainnya hanya dapat memiliki infinitif. Beberapa kata
kerja dapat memiliki gerund atau infinitif.

Plan. We're planning to go to the soccer game.

Want. We want to see the play in the park this week
Need. I need to get some money for the concert.

These verbs can only have a gerund after them:

Enjoy. I enjoy listening to music
Keep. Martin kept playing his guitar until midnight.
think about. We're thinking about going to a concert.

These verbs can have a gerund or an infinitive after them:

Like
I like going to musicals
I like to go to musicals

love
Joan loves eating in restaurants
Joan loves to eat in restaurants

Begin
It began to snow
It began snowing
Group the verbs according to whether they can be followed by an infinitive (to + verb), a
gerund (verb + -ing), or both.

Move the words to the correct verb collocation.

(Kelompokkan kata kerja menurut apakah bisa diikuti oleh infinitif (ke + kata kerja), gerund
(kata kerja + -ing), atau keduanya. Pindahkan kata ke kolokasi kata kerja yang benar.)
Infinitive only Gerund only infinitive and gerund
Want Enjoy Like
Need Keep begin

Asking about and describing options

Use questions like these to ask what people want to do and what activities are available:
What do you want to do?
What are we going to do tonight?
What's going on?
Use the phrases there is and there are with and to list events.
There's a new movie at the theater and a lecture at the university.
There are some great movies and plays going on this week.

Use can and could to introduce possible activities, and or to present choices.
We can go to the lecture or the movie.
You could go swimming or you could go hiking.
Use a question with what else to ask for more choices.
What else is there to do?
What else is going on?

Expressing ability

Use the word can with a verb to describe abilities.

John can drive.
Can has two negative forms – can't and cannot. They mean the same thing.
I can't speak Spanish
I cannot speak Spanish.
Can is usually not stressed in a sentence. Can't is stressed. Listen to the pronunciation of the
two words in the sentences. Notice that can is said quickly.
I can play tennis.
I can't play tennis.
Add do not or don't to make it negative.

know how to drive.

I don't know how to swim.

You can also use the phrases good at and bad at to describe degrees of ability. These phrases are often
used with adverbs like really, very and pretty.
Carol is really good at chess.
James is pretty bad at computer games

You can use the phrase terrible at to describe extremely low ability.
I'm terrible at driving.

Language note: The word pretty has two meanings. It can mean that someone is physically attractive;
if used as an adverb, it strengthens the adjective after it.

Asking about and describing options

Use questions like these to ask what people want to do and what activities are available:
What do you want to do?
What are we going to do tonight?
What's going on?

Use the phrases there is and there are with and to list events.
There's a new movie at the theater and a lecture at the university.
There are some great movies and plays going on this week

Prepositions of time and place

Three prepositions of time and place are in, on and at.

Use in for large areas or periods of time, like countries or years.

Beijing is in China.
They came here in 2005.

Use on for smaller areas, like streets, and for days and dates.
I live on Main Street.
The lecture is on Monday.
My birthday is on April 17th.

Use at for addresses, businesses and buildings; and for precise periods of time.
His house is at 465 Pine Street.
The concert is at 5 p.m.
The lecture is at the auditorium.

Use in with morning, afternoon and evening. Use at with night, midnight and noon.
In the morning, I'm very tired.
At night, I like to read.

Asking for help

Use the following questions with Could you to ask for help.
Could you do me a favor?

Could you help me?

You can use these expressions to agree to someone's request for help.

Sure
No Problem OK

If you can't help the person, you can apologize with I'm sorry, but and then give a
reason.
I'm sorry, but I'm really busy right now.
I'm really sorry, but I can't help you

Reading about events

When you are reading descriptions of events, try to scan through the information
quickly and find key words. Don't spend a lot of time on words that you don't
understand. Concentrate on the words you do understand.

Here are some categories of key words.

Event names:
concert, picnic, lecture, play, musical

Event places:
auditorium, theater, aquarium, concert hall

Times and dates:

on February 6, in the evening, at 5 o'clock

Places:
at Martina's restaurant, in Central Park, on 5th Street

Here are some other possible key words.

admission admission
perform perform
start start
ticket ticket
available available

Proper nouns

We use proper nouns to name things – people,

businesses or places, for example. Proper nouns
always begin with a capital letter, which makes them
easy to spot. Do not let these nouns confuse you.
Look in their names for words you understand. For
example, in Central Park, you see the word park,
which you know. In the following proper nouns, the
key words for kinds of places are in bold. Use these
words to help you understand the phrase.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium

The Empire State Building
Harry's Bar and Grill

Many adjectives you can use to describe events end in -ing. They come from
verbs. For example, the adjective relaxing comes from the verb relax.
interesting
boring
relaxing
exciting
surprising

Here are some other adjectives that describe events.

fun
incredible
loud
quiet
wonderful
Terrible

One way to remember adjectives is to learn their opposites at the same time.
interesting - boring
relaxing - exciting
loud - quiet
wonderful - terrible
'Why' and 'because'

Use the question word why to ask for a reason. Use the word because to give a reason.
A: Why did you go to Paris?
B: I went to Paris because it's beautiful!

The word because introduces a clause with a reason – because it's beautiful, for example.
It is used with another clause, the main clause, that gives the topic of the sentence – I went to
Here are some more examples.

Main clause Reason clause

I go to that restaurant because it's cheap, and the food is delicious

I love surfing because it's exciting.
I go to concerts because I enjoy classical

In spoken English, it's common to answer a question using only the clause with because.
The main clause (I went to Paris) is understood.

A: Why did you go to Paris?

B: Because it's beautiful

Suggesting activities

There are several ways to make suggestions for activities.

'Let's' + base form of verb
Let's go to the dance performance.

'How about' or 'what about' + verb + '-ing'

What about meeting some friends?

'Could' + base form of verb

We could go out for a drink at Harry's Bar.

'Why don't we' + base form of verb

Why don't we try a new restaurant?

You can sometimes use the simple present when talking about the future. This is most
common when referring to events that are part of a schedule, timetable or event calendar.
Verbs that mark the beginning or end of an event – begin and close, for example – often
appear in the simple present future.

Simple present for the beginning of an event:

Begin
Start
Open

The dance performance begins at 8 o'clock tonight.

Harold's Department Store opens at 9 a.m. tomorrow

Simple present for the end of an event:

close
end
be over
finish

The movie is over at 9:15 p.m.

She closes her shop at 6 o'clock
Language note: Remember that after he, she and it, verbs in the simple present
have an s. Example:
The movie ends at midnight.