JBLD, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010, pp.

26-47
©ARDHI UNIVERSITY, DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

The Revitalisation of Planning Education in Africa: A Review of

Planning Education at the Catholic University in Beira,
Mozambique.

S. KUSANGAYA*

ABSTRACT

Planning education at the Catholic University of Mozambique consists of undergraduate and post
graduate programmes. These programmes aim to provide an overall understanding of the human-
environment nexus by addressing physical, economic and human development needs as well as
proposing appropriate and effective planning for different regions. The programmes are also part of
the institution‟s way of complementing government efforts of decentralization by building the
requisite manpower targeted for policy implementation. Of the post-graduate studies, the MSc in
Regional Development Planning was introduced in February 2008 while the MSc in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) began in March 2009. In March 2010, the University will introduce a BSc
Honours in Regional, District and Town Planning programme. The need to focus education towards
development and planning was necessitated by the government‟s emphasis on decentralisation in
planning and management of districts and noted uneven regional development between the north and
south of the country. This noted uneven development then entailed the need for capacity building in
the planning profession. This paper gives an overview of planning programmes at the Catholic
University of Mozambique, Beira. It outlines economic, socio-political and physical environment
within which programmes are offered in Mozambique as well as Beira City. Major challenges faced in
delivering these programmes are highlighted. It concludes by outlining how regional development and
planning programmes in the 21st Century are designed to equip graduates for employment in
development oriented research, planning, education and management in both public and private
sectors where they can contribute meaningfully to sustainable regional development.

BACKGROUND which constitute 38.2% of the country‟s

Mozambique is a Portuguese speaking country
in Southern African which lies on the south-
east coast and shares its boarders with
Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Swaziland and South Africa (Figure 1). The
major urban areas in the country include
Maputo (the capital city), Beira, Nampula,
Quelimane and Nacala. Mozambique‟s total
population is around 18 million people
comprising of roughly 52% female and 48%
male (INE, 2007). Administratively, the
country is divided into 10 provinces, the most
populated of which are Nampula and Zambézi,
population.
Mozambique has an agricultural based
economy although it has considerable mineral
resources. Industrial development has been
slow partly as a result of civil war which
destroyed most of the country‟s infrastructure
between 1975 -1992 and hence disrupted
investment and limited the exploitation of its
mineral resources, and also as a result of lack
of capacity due to low literacy levels. Despite
legacy of colonisation and civil war that left
the country as one of the poorest in the world,

* Mr. S. Kusangaya; Department of Regional Planning and

Geographic Information Systems, Universidate Catolica de
Mozambique. E-mail: skusangaya@ucm.ac.mz/kusangayas@yahoo.com

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 26

Figure 1: Location of Mozambique in Africa and provincial population distribution
Mozambique is currently experiencing
unprecedented economic growth (Economic
Report on Africa, 2003). Its economy, for
example, grew at pace of 7.3% in first half of
2005 while exports have grown at an average
rate of 10% per year over the past few years
(Mbendi, 2008). Despite this economic growth
rate however, 50% of the population still lives
in absolute poverty (UNHDR, 2006) such that
the United Nations Human Development
Report in 2005 ranked Mozambique 168th out
of 177 countries.
Although there has been a rapid increase in
urbanisation in Mozambique during the past
15 years, approximately 68% of the country‟s
population still lives in the rural areas (INE,
2007) where they depend on agriculture for
survival. Like the urbanisation process in other
countries of southern Africa, the growth of
urban areas in Mozambique is largely a
product of rural-urban migration which has
successively been fuelled by a combination of
poverty, drought and conflict. Conflict was
instrumental in increasing urban population as
rural migrants flocked to urban areas to escape
civil war, between the years 1984 and 1992.
According to Chenje (2000) about 4.5 million
Mozambicans were displaced to urban areas
between 1984 and 1992 as people fled to
THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA
escape violence and fighting in rural areas thus
contributing to rural-urban migration and the
growth of urban centres. The consequence of
this rapid population increase, combined with
the unprecedented economic growth of the last
few years have all put a lot of pressure on the
country and institutions to effectively plan for
both urban and rural areas. This paper
therefore outlines planning education at the
Catholic University of Mozambique and how
this may contribute to planning profession and
regional and national development in
Mozambique.
PLANNING CHALLENGES, URBANISATION
AND LAND RIGHTS IN MOZAMBIQUE
Mozambique has been characterised by rapid
urbanisation in the past decade (Figure 2).
This urbanisation has precipitated several
challenges, chief among them being that of
informal settlements. Almost all the urban
„settlements‟ lack basic facilities and services
such as running water, electricity and proper
road networks. However, since all land in
Mozambique is state property, there is no legal
definition of informal settlements. As such
absence of „proper‟ planning is indicative of
the problem of “squatter settlements” where
people occupy land uncontrollably. Centre for
27
S. KUSANGAYA
Habitat Studies and Development (CEDH,
2006) reported that on average 50-60% of the
urban population lives in informal settlements
and marginal areas, in houses made of light,
unstable materials. Furthermore, Roman
(2009) in the UNHABITAT report states that
slum dwellers represent more than 80 percent
of the Mozambique‟s total urban population.
The government policy on “informal
settlements” has been that of upgrading these
settlements. This is necessitated by the nature
of the land ownership laws in Mozambique,
whereby all land was nationalised at
independence in 1975. Laws governing land
rights recognise rights acquired through
inheritance or occupation such that any person
who can „prove‟ occupation of land in good
faith for 5 or more years can be duly declared
the rightful occupier of the land. At
independence in 1975, many families started
occupying peripheral neighbourhoods of urban
areas having arrived from rural areas, attracted
by possibility of getting jobs and improving
their lives, health and economic conditions.
This resulted in mushrooming of „informal
settlements” on the urban fringe of most cities.
The policy of upgrading “informal
settlements” has been severely hampered by
inadequate funding. For example, informal
settlements upgrading was carried out through
activities of the National Urban and Housing
Development Program (PNDUH) initiated in
1993 and ended in 1998 (CEDH, 2006). After
that the Housing Development Fund (FFH)
was established to promote housing upgrading
for mostly the underprivileged (CEDH, 2006).
Generally programmes for “informal
settlements” upgrading are being undertaken
in partnership with various donors and United
Nations organisations such as UNHABITAT
and the World Bank. Because of the nature of
funding from the donors, to date all these
28 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
programmes have been limited in scope and
thus have not covered many urban areas.
Institutional barriers have also presented
challenges to planning in Mozambique. It was
only during late 1990s that town councils were
established in most cities and started to
establish “proper” planning for services and
social amenities. The councils however, relied
heavily on a guided participatory system for
installation of commercial and artisan
activities in peripheral urban areas. Town
councils were transformed into „Executive
Councils‟ with their respective „City
Assemblies‟ in early 2000. At community
level, management of urban life was handed
over to “Grupos Dinamizadores” now called
“Secretario de Barrio”. However, this
arrangement has not been very effective in
combating rural urban influx and associated
challenges of providing services and facilities.
Kitchin (2009) noted that although there is no
legislated framework for community
participation, several municipalities developed
effective methods of involving their residents
in planning and implementation. In some
municipalities (e.g. Manica and Chimoio),
community radio stations have been used for
civic education and to publicise municipal
activities. Others like Maputo City are
currently undertaking annual Citizen Report
Card conducted by independent researchers
and have launched participatory budgeting
programs. Overall, however, capacity at local
level is still limited by inadequate finances,
low revenue bases, low skills and lack of
qualified personnel. The actual planning is in
most cases contracted to consultants, but
cannot be implemented due to lack of
resources and appropriate skills.
Urban and urban related land and land uses are
defined by the Mozambique Land Regulation
of December 26, 2006, Chapter 1, Article 1 as
given in Box 1 below:
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Box 1: Definitions for urban and urban related land and land uses

1. Urban soil – every area comprehended within the perimeter of legally established municipalities,
villages and settlements.
2. Urbanized area – consolidated occupancy area whereby urban buildings occupy exclusively their
respective parcels or fields without competition with other buildings owned by third parties that are
integrated into a land use plan.
4. Urbanisable area – an area where one or more urban or rustic buildings can be totally or partially
built.
5. Rustic building – delimitated parcel of land and constructions contained therein that have no
economic autonomy, and whose income depend mainly on the land itself, whereas constructions
have an activity as a function in support to land exploitation.
6. Urban building – building incorporated into land, with parcels that operate as public spaces, as well
as a parcel or plot delimitated and integrated into an urbanized area.
7. Plot – last indivisible portion of land, defined in detailed plan.
8. Urbanization – transformation of the soil by providing it with infrastructures, equipment and
constructions that ensure the physical settlement of populations in conditions to benefit from
increasing level and quality services in the spheres of health, education, road traffic, sewage systems,
commerce, and leisure, among others.

According to these regulations, urbanisation supply is ensured through a home-delivery

can be categorised into three phases namely:
(a) basic, (b) intermediate and (c) complete
urbanisation. The urbanisation process in
Mozambique as defined by Mozambique Land
Regulation of December 26, 2006 is as
follows:
Basic urbanisation is established when the
following conditions are conjugated in the area
on a cumulative basis: (1) The parcels or fields
aimed at different uses are physically
delimitated; (2) The map of the area is part of
a network of accesses that integrate the traffic
of automobiles with access for pedestrians; (3)
Water is supplied at great amounts and in
several springs, with quality compatible with
their uses, and they are called public fountains,
wells or springs; and (4) The streets are sided
by trees.
Intermediate urbanisation is established
when at least the following conditions are
conjugated in the area on a cumulative basis:
(1) The parcels or fields aimed at the many
uses are physically delimitated, (2) The streets
are finished with good-quality soil,
mechanically levelled, (3) There is an open
system for rainwater drainage, (4) The water
distribution system, (5) The electric power
supply is ensured through a home-delivery
distribution system (6) The streets and green
areas are totally planted with trees.
Complete urbanisation is achieved when at
least the following conditions can be found
altogether in the area: (1) All parcels or fields
aimed at the many uses are physically
demarcated; (2) The streets are finished with
asphalt or bitumen and bordered by curbing;
(3) The drainage of rainwater is duly made by
an appropriate network system; (4) The water
supply is ensured by a home-delivery
distribution network; (5) The electric power
supply is ensured through a home-delivery
distribution network; (6) The streets and green
areas are completely planted with trees; (7)
The sidewalks are covered; and (8) The
telecommunication system is ensured through
appropriate networks.
LAND TENURE AND THE CITY
A city or town in Mozambique can be defined
by population size. Any settlement having a
population size of 5 000 or more people and fit
the above definition is categorised as urban
(Figure 2).

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 29
S. KUSANGAYA
Figure 2: Urban centres and respective population for the years 1997 and 2007
Although the land tenure system in
Mozambique is largely a result of the colonial
legacy the regime of land rights in
Mozambique has undergone radical changes.
These include the new land policy of 1995; a
new land law passed in 1997; regulations for
dealing with rural land parcels promulgated in
1998 and a technical annex to these
regulations passed at the end of 1999. All
these developments were aimed at controlling
land ownership and use rights within rural and
urban areas. However, central to all
amendments is state ownership of land and
very limited private land ownership though
private players can now easily access land for
developments.
Compounding to problems in urban areas of
Mozambique is absence of a comprehensive
framework to design, implement and enforce
building standards. This is primarily as a result
30 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
of colonial legacy. At independence
authorities were unable or unwilling to apply
building standards to more marginal urban
areas. Consequently, rural urban influx
resulted in more people being accommodated
in areas with very poor to nonexistent facilities
and services. This led to numerous challenges
ranging from services provision (roads, power,
drainage, and waste disposal.) health problems
like infectious diseases (cholera, diarrhoea,
malaria etc.) to environmental problems
(deforestation and erosion.) due to
encroaching urban areas (CEDH, 2006). To
date, the majority (>70%) of urban residents
still rely on pit latrines or have no sanitation
facilities (CEDH, 2006). Haphazard dumping
and low (20-30%) collection levels of solid
waste compound these problems. The general
characteristics of peri-urban settlements are
best summarised by UN Habitat report of 2005
(Box 2):
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Box 2: Characteristics of the peri-urban settlements in Mozambique

[CEDH (2006). Mozambique, Cities Without Slums, Analysis of the Situation & Proposal of
Intervention Strategies. Promoter: National directorate of Planning and Territorial
Development (DINAPOT) & Ministry for the Coordination of the Environmental Action
(MICOA)]

The peri urban areas are characterised by unplanned growth of the precarious and peri-urban
areas, aggravated by the absence of land use planning instruments and their execution and
control. As result, most of the urban population was living in areas without adequate access to
basic infrastructure and social amenities and was living in sub-standard housing, without secure
land tenure rights. These areas represented 50% of the total urban area in 1980, and the
population living there comprised 50% of the total urban population. According to the 1980
census data, 24.4% of the urban population had piped water system within the house, 44.2%
with piped water system outside the house (in the back yard), and 25.7% were supplied water
from the wells. Those remaining used water from small lakes or rivers. The urban population
that had access to electricity was 23.2%. In 1980, about 37.8% of the urban population lived in
permanent houses and 62.2% lived in of non-permanent houses. However, when compared to
data from the 1970 census the number of permanent houses had increased by 100%. Building
materials used in urban housing were as follows: 37.2% built of the houses were built cement
or brick, 8% of wood and corrugated iron, 7.8% of the houses were constructed of mud bricks,
18.4% of woven cane structures (hurdles) and 25.42% of woven sticks with mud plaster (wattle
and daub)

SPATIAL PLANNING IN MOZAMBIQUE Locais (Decentralization and Autonomy of

According to Jenkins (2000), local
governments were mandated to plan for urban
areas ever since the early colonial period,
when the actual areas of urban land register
were established. However, he also pointed
out that by 1965, in the city of Lourenço
Marques (later Maputo), 88% of land was in
private hands, 75% of which was controlled by
only 11 large-scale landowners (Ferreira, 1968
in Jenkins, 2000) which consequently,
adversely affected the beginnings of town
planning, such as the 1952 and 1972 city
master plans. Nevertheless, there was no clear
legal basis created for urban planning, and
development control was reliant on city by
laws which were passed in 1973 (Jenkins,
2000). By 1975, at attaining political
independence, the government nationalized all
land as well as rented and abandoned housing.
Recent developments (1990s) in accordance
with the introduction of a new constitution, the
government embarked on a programme of
local government reform known as
Descentralização e Autonomia dos Orgãos
Local Authorities). Decentralisation is aimed
at promoting financial and administrative
decentralization and greater autonomy of
action for local government (cities and
districts), the powers and capacities of local
authorities being strengthened so that they
could respond more adequately to local needs
and demands.
As a result, Mozambique has a multi-tier
system of local government comprising of
province, district, administrative and local
government. At all the levels, there are
mechanisms for spatial planning. However,
autonomy of such sub-national structures was
constrained by excessive centralisation of
decision-making until amendment of the 1990
Constitution (by Law No. 9/96) which
established „Local Power„ (o poder local)
decentralising decision making. Several other
pieces of legislation were put in place in line
with both decentralisation and urban planning.
As such spatial planning was effectively
introduced in Mozambique in the 1990s by the
enactment of the relevant legislation and

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 31
S. KUSANGAYA
setting up of institutional framework
governing planning.
Legislative framework governing planning
in Mozambique
In Mozambique, at national level, land is
government property and cannot be sold or, in
any other way, acquired by the user,
mortgaged or used as lien (Art: 3). Use of land
at national level is responsibility of Minister
for Public Works and Housing, responsible for
housing policy, human settlements, planning,
training, and institution building. The National
Director of housing is responsible for regional
and urban planning, housing, and social
amenities as well as training programmes for
basic and mid-level rural and urban planning
technicians. However, by law, use of land as
governed by the constitution states that: “The
Right of Land Use and Exploitation “Direito
de Uso e Aproveitamento” (DUAT) can be
transmitted by inheritance, with no gender
distinction (Nº 1, Art: 16).” According to
DUAT: “constitution, modification,
transmission and extermination” of the right of
land use and exploitation are liable to
registration. DUAT also outlines that absence
of registration does not affect right of land use
and exploitation acquired by occupation.
On the other hand, at local level, the following
legislative pieces govern planning. Law No.
2/97, of 18 February 1997, known as the
Municipalities Law (“Lei das Autarquias”),
makes provision of establishment of general
legal framework governing municipalities,
their competences, functions and all aspects of
their structural organization. Through this law,
municipalities in Maputo Province and ten
provincial capital cities were established.
These municipalities were given substantial
powers over local services and economic
development. Law No. 10/97, of 31 May 1997
made provision for establishment of
municipalities in the remaining 22 cities and
ten towns (one for each of the ten provinces).
Furthermore, Law No. 11/97, of 31 May 1997
defined financial framework for municipalities
and gives powers to municipalities to raise
their own revenues and conduct finances in an
accountable and transparent manner. These
constituted a comprehensive national legal
32 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
framework giving municipalities‟ extensive
administrative and financial autonomy. The
first municipal elections were held on June 30,
1998 in 33 urban centres: 10 regional capitals
(cidades capitais), 13 cities (cidades), and 10
towns (vilas) thus establishing the institutional
framework for planning in Mozambique.
Institutional framework governing
planning in Mozambique
Mozambique is in the process of undergoing
an asymmetrical process of decentralization,
(gradualism) which involves the allocation of
municipal status on a case by case basis.
Municipal mandates are increasing from
providers of local services to more complex
social services like education and health. To
date there are two types of decentralised local
authorities namely; (a) municipalities in cities
and towns, and (b) villages (povoações) in
areas covering head quarters of district
administrations. Moreover, the administrative
organisation is divided into (a) decentralised
administrative units and (2) local
governments. The former are namely
provincial governments (10), district
administrations (128), administrative posts
(394), and localities (1042). Of local
governments, there are 33 urban
municipalities, 23 cities and 10 towns.
Decentralised local authorities are local state
bodies with functions of representing central
government at local level for administration
and development of respective territory
(province, district, administrative post and
municipalities).
Since 1985, the National Institute for Physical
Planning (INPF) has prepared physical,
structure and/or priority action plans for most
cities or supported „City Executive Councils‟
(CECs) in their preparation, spelling out
planning norms and principles, as well as
monitoring and controlling implementation.
According to the Land Law, the CECs are
supposed to submit structure plans for
approval by the „City Assemblies‟. The
structure plan is the most general physical plan
for urban areas and covers the city‟s physical
development for a period of 10 years. Based
on an analysis of city‟s problems and its
expected socio-economic evolution, the

structure plan is intended to direct the city‟s
future development through definition of
broad land-use zoning, location of
infrastructure and social facilities, urban
development standards and ecological zoning.
In principle, structure plans are subject to
revision every five years. However, instituting
such revisions has not always been practical as
local government has no technical capacity to
do so because of staff shortages as well as the
absence of guidelines as to how to revise the
plans.
Planning challenges in Mozambique
The municipalities created in 1998 inherited
an extremely weak organizational structure
and infrastructure, a very limited municipal tax
base and generally no culture of tax payment.
There continues to be a service delivery
backlog and increasing demand for services,
despite many improvements in delivery.
“Urban” and “municipal” are not synonymous
in Mozambique, and municipal boundaries
often include a mix of dense urban areas, peri-
urban areas and rural space. In cases where
municipalities are not effective, alternative
urban land allocation procedures mostly based
upon practices and policies put in place either
during the colonial period or immediately after
independence emerged. The role of traditional
authorities in determining land use and settling
land disputes seems to have been increasing in
many peri-urban areas of major towns and
cities (Swede survey, 1999; Jenkins, 2001).
This directly reflects the inability of state
agencies and officials to effectively fulfil their
legal responsibilities in areas of land
demarcation, titling and administration.
By and large, municipalities experience
difficulties in providing services and are
forced to operate in response to where there is
urgency or political pressure. Municipal staff
lack motivation because of low salaries.
Furthermore, poor spatial planning
performance and uncontrolled urban
population growth has generated conflicts over
occupation of urban land, made more acute by
absence of an efficient land registration
system. Indeed, outside Maputo, only Beira,
Nampula, Quelimane, Matola and Nacala
municipalities have developed some planning
THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA
and regulatory interventions. Overall, shortage
of skilled personnel has been a contributing
factor in establishing planning related training
at the Catholic University of Mozambique so
as to try and foster sustainable development
within cities and surrounding areas.
Complications are also arising due to
overlapping of responsibilities and actions
between a range of public entities, including
the cadastral services (DINAGECA),
municipal directorates of urbanisation and
construction and line ministries, who are all
seeking to retain their rights to allocate land
rights and concessions. The main central
government agencies with interests in this
process are the Ministry of Public Works and
Habitation (MOPH), the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development
(MADER), to which DINAGECA is a
subordinate directorate, the Ministry of
Justice, which controls the Registo Predial, the
Ministry of Planning and Finance (INPF) and
the Ministry of State Administration.
Previously, INPF was responsible for urban
and rural planning, with emphasis on urban
areas though. In this role the INPF coordinated
formulation of physical plans for all provincial
capitals. By 2000, the INPF was integrated
into Ministry for the Coordination of the
Environmental Action (MICOA) as the
National Directorate for Territorial Planning
(DNOT). As such, currently, municipalities
have to work more closely with MICOA
regarding urban planning.
BEIRA CITY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Beira is the second largest city in Mozambique
located in the central region in Sofala
Province, at the mouths of the Púngwè and
Búzi Rivers. It was founded in 1891 as
headquarters of Mozambique Company
(“Companhia de Moçambique”) on site of an
old Muslim settlement (Kyle, 1999; Silva,
2003). The city‟s administration passed from
trading company to Portuguese government in
1942 and then to independent Mozambique in
1975 (Kyle, 1999). The port developed as a
trade and transportation outlet for products of
Central Africa and as a transhipment point for
coastal cargo. It serves as an ocean terminus
for railways from South Africa, Zimbabwe,
33
S. KUSANGAYA
Zambia, Congo, and Malaŵi, and is the main
port for Zimbabwe and Malaŵi (Mbendi,
2008).
Principal exports passing through Beira are
metal ores, tobacco, food products, cotton,
hides and skins. Main imports are liquid fuels,
fertilizers, wheat, heavy equipment, textiles,
and beverages (Mbendi, 2008). A fishing
harbour, which includes canneries, processing
plants and refrigerated stores, was constructed
in Beira in early 1980s (Kyle, 1999). All this
together provides close to 80 percent of
employment in Beira City. However, repeated
bombings of the Mutare-to-Beira railway line,
first by Zimbabwe liberation fighters prior to
Zimbabwe‟s independence in 1980 and then
later in early 1980s by Mozambique National
Resistance Movement (MNRM), resulted in
frequent interruptions of rail service and
subsequently a decline in business in Beira
City.
POPULATION DYNAMICS FOR THE CITY
OF BEIRA
Beira city had a population of 412 588 people
in 1997 and an estimated 439 264 in 2008
(INE, 2008). During the 1980s much of
population increase was attributed to people
moving away from „unsafe‟ war ravaged rural
areas to „safe‟ cities. This also resulted in
many unplanned settlements which are still
visible within the city to date (Figure 3 and 4).
In 1970 the population of Beira was estimated
at 113 770 people, 1980 (230 744), 1997 (412
588), 2007 (436 240) and by 2008 it is
estimated to reach 439 264 people (INE,
2008). However, such phenomenal population
increase has not been without consequences:
unemployment, informal settlements, poor
service delivery and environmental
degradation are common features.
During and after the civil war (1984-1992),
heavy migration from rural areas into Beira
resulted in on average a 90.8% increase in the
city‟s population and metropolitan area of
34 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
Dondo. Most immigrants found safe haven in
unplanned settlements within and on the urban
fringe (Figure 2). As a result, more than 60%
of the city‟s current urban households are
„illegal settlers‟ without access to basic
infrastructure such as portable water,
sanitation and waste management (McCusker,
2000). Figure 2 below shows the extent of
unplanned settlements in Beira City.
Two challenges lie at the core of Beira's
current problems: one is its physical location
and the other is its colonial legacy. Built at the
confluence of Pungwe and Buzi rivers, the city
lies in a swampy floodplain with poor natural
drainage and inadequate developable land. On
the other hand, the city colonial authorities
constructed a network system of underground
and open canals to facilitate drainage. The
system worked as long as development
controls were in place and there was no
pressure to accommodate the African
population as part of the urban built
environment. Unfortunately, post-
independence Mozambican cities like their
counterparts elsewhere in developing countries
suffer from the absence of any systematic,
enforced planning.
With the return of peace and stability returned
to Mozambique, Beira City found itself faced
with multiple problems including the need to
expand employment opportunities for a
growing population, address challenges of
insufficient drainage and sewerage systems,
water shortages, power outages, deficient road
infrastructure and inadequate housing.
Unfortunately, the municipality neither knows
the extension, nor the exact number of
inhabitants in informal settlements. Informal
settlements are also referred to as spontaneous,
unauthorized, slums, “illegal” or unplanned
settlements. In Beira, such settlements are
characterised by lack of basic urban facilities
such as roads, drainage or piped water.
Buildings are generally constructed using
traditional materials like pole and mud.
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Figure 3: Extent of unplanned settlements in Beira

(Backdrop: Ikonos Image of Beira taken in 2006; Map Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator; Sothern
Hemisphere, Zone 36)

More than 80% of inhabitants in unplanned
settlements use pit latrines. When ground
water level rises (most of Beira is below sea
level), these pit latrines over flow causing
water borne diseases such as cholera and
dysentery. This is further worsened by the fact
that Beira does not have any sewage treatment
plant, and all raw sewage is discharged
directly into the sea through a network of
canals around the city. McCusker (2000)
noted that only 43% of the city‟s residents
have access to piped water and of this number
only 60% have access to water that meets the
World Health Organization minimum
standards for safe drinking. Nationally, access
to safe water is enjoyed by only 50% of
population while access to sanitation is
estimated at 39% (McCusker, 2000). The
increased pollution of water supplies
associated with a deficient sewerage system or
insufficient drainage and overbuilding in flood
prone areas where residents use latrines has
made both formal and informal residents
vulnerable to water-borne diseases. In 1997,
for example 11,000 people were treated for
diarrhoea, while an equally significant number
were exposed to cholera resulting in 600
fatalities (Human Development Report, 2006).

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 35
S. KUSANGAYA

Figure 4: Unplanned settlements in Beira City (detailed View)

(Ikonos Image of Beira taken in 2006; Map Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator;
Sothern Hemisphere, Zone 36)3.2 Challenges of „informal‟ settlements in Beira

Underlying the above challenges, however, is increasing number of students in Mozambique

need to develop reliable and useable spatial
databases for urban maintenance, management
and planning (McCusker, 2000). This
underpinned need to address these challenges
by developing programmes with relevant
curriculum. The Catholic University, to date is
at the fore front of addressing such challenges
through the BSc and MSc planning related
programmes.
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MOZAMBIQUE
The “Universidade Católica de Moçambique”
(UCM) otherwise known as the Catholic
University of Mozambique was founded in
1995 with its headquarters in Beira,
Mozambique‟s second largest city, located in
the central province of Sofala. Overall, UCM
is still in a phase of expansion, responding to
the demands of a growing population and
(Chilundo, 2003) in response to the needs of
the growing economy (Bolnick, 2004). Next to
this expansion, there is also a move towards
diversification of degree programmes on offer
with special emphasis on new innovative
courses in line with government‟s
decentralisation policy.
UCM is one of the first private universities in
Mozambique, and the first university to have
its headquarters outside Maputo. In 1996
UCM was inaugurated with two faculties:
Faculty of Law and Faculty of Economics &
Management in Nampula and Beira
respectively. To date, UCM has faculties in
provinces of Manica, Nampula and Niassa,
Sofala, Cabo del Gado and will be establishing
other faculties in Tete and Zambezia provinces
in 2008 and 2009 respectively (Figure 5).

36 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Figure 5: UCM Centres in different provinces of Mozambique

The Centre for Geographic Information PLANNING EDUCATION AT THE CATHOLIC

Systems “Centro de Informacao Geográfica
(CIG)” in Beira was established in 1998 as a
research and service centre focusing on
applied GIS and remote sensing research.
Spatial data availability, access and processing
capacities continue to be a challenge in
Mozambique (Saugene and Macome, 2007;
Urbano and Jansen, 2007). CIG‟s mission
therefore is to spearhead research in, and
improve access to, and availability of,
geographic data for Mozambique and enhance
regional capacities for planning, data
processing, analysis and decision-making.
UNIVERSITY OF MOZAMBIQUE
In order to consolidate achievements of CIG
and to ensure its long-term sustainability, there
was need to diversify activities of CIG by
marrying research activities with academic and
professional education. This was achieved by
introducing the MSc Programme in Regional
Development Planning in 2008, MSc in GIS in
2009 and BSc in Regional District and Town
Planning in 2010. The BSc Honours
programme in Regional, District and Town
Planning is designed to offer a wide
educational experience focusing on built

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 37
S. KUSANGAYA
(cities/towns) and natural (rural) environment
and impacts of economic, social, political and
cultural change.
The planning programmes at UCM mainly
drew their inspiration from the other regional
programmes especially those for the
Association of African Planning Schools.
Additionally, the MSc in Regional
Development planning as well as the BSc in
Regional District and Town Planning were
also influenced by the planning programmes
from Netherlands, International institute for
Geo-information and Earth Sciences which
give special emphasis on applied GIS and
Remote Sensing to planning. On the other
hand the MSc in GIS is derived from a similar
MSc in GIS being offered by the New
University of Lisbon, Portugal. Overall, the
programmes being offered are a fusion of the
planning practices in Southern Africa,
Netherlands and Portugal taking into account
the planning training needs of Mozambique.
The training philosophy is based on the notion
that all training must be practical, relevant and
up-to-date, using high calibre lecturers who
present interesting, stimulating and thought-
provoking subjects in innovative ways. As
much learning as possible is portrayed through
hands-on practical work in conjunction with
classroom-based theory. In practice therefore,
the GIS aspects of the programmes provides
theoretical and analytical (spatial) skills to
understand both the nature of change and its
impact. The planning courses translate this
understanding into action to ensure a better
quality environment for present and future
generations.
VISION, GOALS AND STRATEGY FOR THE
PLANNING PROGRAMMES
The MSc and BSc curriculum is based on the
philosophy that planners must develop
integrated theoretical knowledge and
analytical skills to analyse social, economic
and environmental problems and develop as
well as evaluate public policies. These skills
form part of the course curriculum and enable
our students to operate in the 21st century
proactively.
38 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
It is the vision of the planning programmes at
UCM to contribute to the progress and
application of geo-information science in
regional, district and town planning, by
delivering superior spatial oriented
information products, strategies and tools that
build insights and enable advancement in
planning research and development.
The overall goal of our programmes are in
providing innovative courses that address
existing developmental needs of the society
and support government policies in
Mozambique. The institutional goal of the
programmes is the generation of knowledge
and contribution to the development of the
planning profession. Generally, each
individual programme is aimed at ensuring
that students have knowledge and skills to
conduct interdisciplinary research in a
professional capacity as well as to guide
change process appropriate to different
planning and development context.
Planning is spatial in nature. The strategy is to
impart knowledge and skills for collecting,
analysing, presenting, and managing spatial
information for planning and management in
the context of sustainable development. For
this, the environment is taken in its broad and
integrated perspective inclusive of built and
natural environment.
RATIONALE FOR THE PLANNING
PROGRAMMES
In broadest terms, regional and town planning
is the process by which humans attempt to
control and/or design change and subsequent
development of their surrounding environment
in both rural and urban areas (Hall, 2002).
Planning education has a practical focus in
terms of providing the skills needed to manage
change, as well as providing a conceptual
framework that enables individuals to engage
with the underlying complexity of the
decision-making environment (Healey, 2007).
The heart of planning studies is concerned
with regulation and development of land, land
use and its implications on ways in which
people live. As such planning education brings
together skills from architecture and design,

economics, geography, environmental science
as well as other disciplines. The developments
in Mozambique, from the colonial era, civil
war era and the current stability associated
with rapid economic development and
population increase has necessitated the need
for holistic planning approaches in order to
achieve sustainable development. It was
within this framework that courses for
planning programmes at the Catholic
University of Mozambique were framed.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PLANNING COURSES
GIS and remote sensing are now key
technologies in a range of fields including:
rural and urban planning, regional
development, environmental planning, water
resources evaluation and management among
other disciplines. These technologies are
rapidly expanding with multiple applications
in planning (Campbell, 2002). Given the
above scenario, the geo-information courses
were regarded as the cornerstones of both the
MSc and BSc programmes.
The programmes central strategy is to adopt
principally but not limited to use of spatial
The BSc programme structure
The programme will be undertaken in 4 years
of study as outlined in the following sections.
All the courses of the BSc programme have an
equal weighting except for the third year
project and dissertation.
THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA
planning techniques. 'Spatial planning goes
beyond traditional land use planning to bring
together and integrate policies for the
development and use of land with other
policies and programmes which influence the
nature of places and how they function‟ and
includes methods used to influence the
distribution of people and activities at various
scales such as urban planning, regional
planning, environmental planning and national
spatial planning.
Undergraduate studies
The Bachelor of Science in Regional, District
and Town Planning provides students with a
critical understanding of theoretical and
technical knowledge that is required to
identify problems, values and attitudes of
planning and skills to formulate, evaluate and
implement planning policies at national,
regional, urban, rural and local scales. Figure 6
below shows the conceptual framework, and
Tables 4-7 show how these courses are
delivered respectively.
In the first year, students will be exposed to
the fundamental principles and concepts that
apply to the discipline of regional and town
planning as well as essential development
oriented courses (Table 1). Thus students
develop an understanding of the essential
principles and concepts by exploring theory
and practice of planning and root needs of
planning in third world countries.
39
S. KUSANGAYA

Figure 6: Conceptual framework for the BSc Honours Degree in Regional, District and Town
Planning

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT & PLANNING

1. Introduction to Planning and Planning Theory
2. Introduction to Development Planning
3. Principles and Practice of Planning Law
4. Regional Development Planning in Mozambique
5. Contemporary Population Issues in Development
6. Third World Development
7. Professional Planning Practice
8. Project Planning and Management

Techniques in Planning Spatial Techniques for Planning

1. Fundamentals of Information Technology
2. Economics for Planners
3. Mathematics for Planners
4. Principles of Architecture
5. Physical Planning and Site Design
6. Regional Planning Methods and Techniques
1. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems
2. Fundamentals of Environmental Remote Sensing
3. Principles and Concepts of Spatial Planning
4. Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis
5. Applied GIS in Planning
6. Applied Remote Sensing in Planning

District & Town Planning Environmental Planning

1. Rural Planning, Society and Ecology 1. Introduction to Environmental Policy and Planning
2. Agriculture Development Planning 2. Fundamentals of Environmental Economics
3. Rural Planning, the State and the Economy 3. Strategic Environmental Assessment
4. Rural Infrastructure Planning and Management 4. Applied Environmental Economics
5. Community Development Planning 5. Coastal Zone Processes & Management
6. Catchment Processes & Management
6. Urban Environments and Land use planning
7. Principles of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
8. Transport Planning and Management
9. Waste Management
10. Housing Policy and Planning

RESEARCH
1. Industrial Attachment Project
2. Dissertation

40 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Table 1: First year courses the BSc Programme

Semester Course Description
Introduction to Planning and Planning Theory
Introduction to Development Planning
Semester 1 Introduction to Land use Planning
Introduction to Environmental Policy and Planning
Economics for Planners
English For Communication Skills
Rural Planning, Society and Ecology
Rural Planning, the State and the Economy
Semester 2

Regional Development Planning in Mozambique

Principles and Practice of Planning Law
Contemporary Population Issues in Development
Third World Development

The second year is mainly dedicated to the
study of tools for use in planning. During this
year students will develop skills in data
gathering, processing, interpretation and
analysis using computer applications. This will
equip students to go out into practice in local
planning authority or planning consultancy in
third year. The courses expected to be covered
in the second year are as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Second year courses the BSc Programme

Semester Course Description

Mathematics for Planners
Fundamentals of Information Technology
Semester 1

Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems

Fundamentals of Environmental Remote Sensing
Principles and Concepts of Spatial Planning
Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis
Fundamentals of Environmental Economics
Principles of Studio Design and Architecture
Physical Planning and Site Design
Semester 2

Urban Environments & Land Use Planning

Principles of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Transport Planning and Management
Waste Management

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 41
S. KUSANGAYA
During the third year, students undertake 5
courses (Table 3) in the first semester and then
go for attachment in the second semester. The
second semester attachment will be undertaken
within a planning or development oriented
practice with a public or private organisation.
Table 3: Third year courses the BSc Programme
Semester
Semester 1
Semester 2
The aim of the fourth year is to develop key
professional planning ability to utilise
knowledge of planning ideas, theories and
skills and to apply them to practical planning
issues and problems within a clear framework
of values. Thus students are expected to
Table 4: Forth year courses for the BSc Programme
Semester
Semester 1
Semester 2
42
Students are evaluated by both the department
and the organisation within which the student
will be placed. The student is also expected to
produce a short report of his / her activities
during the course of the semester of placement
for evaluation.
Course Description
Housing Policy and Planning
Regional Planning Theory and Practice
Professional Planning Practice
Project Planning and Management
Rural Infrastructure Planning and Management
Community Development Planning
Agriculture Development Planning
Industrial Attachment Project
specialise in either urban or rural planning and
to complete their research dissertation in any
area of their chosen specialisation (Table 4).
Thus the 4th year of study generally covers
several thematic areas of planning within rural,
urban and environmental planning.
Course Description
Regional Planning Methods and Techniques
Applied GIS in Planning
Applied Remote Sensing in Planning
Applied Environmental Economics
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Coastal Zone Processes & Management
Catchment Processes & Management
Dissertation
THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
 PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA

Post graduate studies use planning etc.) the MSc in GIS only
focuses GIS applications in the area of
students‟ expertise as practitioners. Table 3
The MSc in Regional Development Planning
shows how the courses are delivered for the
(RDP) is aimed at training students in use of
MSc programmes.
geo-information techniques (GIS, Remote
Sensing, Global Positioning System (GPS))
The MSc in RDP is composed of 14 modules
for regional development and planning with
(Table 5) undertaken over 2 years in four
special emphasis on the district as a region as
semesters of learning of which the forth
well as the centre of development in
semester is entirely dedicated to thesis
Mozambique. On the other hand the MSc in
research work. On the other hand the MSc in
GIS is aimed at equipping practicing
GIS is composed of 10 modules undertaken
practitioners with geo-information tools to use
over 2 years in 4 semesters of learning of
in their day to day work. So whilst the MSc in
which the last year (2 semesters) is largely
RDP trains people in specific regional
dedicated to thesis research work (see Table 5)
development & planning modules (e.g.
regional development in Mozambique, land

Table 5: Courses for the MSc in Regional Development Planning & MSc in Geographic
Information Systems

MSc Geographic Information

MSc Regional Development Planning Systems
RDP0500 English for communication skills
RDP0501 Planning & Regional Planning GIS0501 Geographic Information
Theory Systems and Science
Semester I

RDP0502 Land Use Planning GIS0502 Geo-Spatial Data Models

RDP0503 Regional Development in
Mozambique GIS0503 Geographic Databases
RDP0504 Principles of Geographic Information
Year 1

Systems (GIS) GIS0504 GIS Applications

RDP0505 Principles of Remote Sensing GIS0505 Remote Sensing

RDP0507 Natural Resource Evaluation and
Semester II

Management GIS0506 GIS and Modelling

RDP0506 Theory and practice of regional
economic development GIS0507 Geo-Spatial Data Mining
RDP0508 Principles of Database Management
Systems GIS0508 Community GIS
RDP0509 Environmental Impact Assessment GIS0509 Research Methods
Semester III

RDP0510 Environmental Modelling

RDP0511 Project Planning and Management
Year 2

RDP0512 Applied GIS and Remote Sensing

RDP0513 Research Methods in Planning
Semester IV

GIS0570 Thesis

RDP5070 Dissertation / Thesis

THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010 43
S. KUSANGAYA
TEACHING, ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
Different teaching and assessment methods are
used for the BSc and MSc programmes. These
include lectures, essays, group and individual
work, formal examinations as well as research
work culminating in a dissertation. Group
work, minor research papers, presentations and
discussions are also used for assessments. The
predominant teaching methodology is the
“traditional method” of lecturers using black
boards as well as PowerPoint presentations.
Plans are now at an advanced stage to offer the
MSc programmes through e-learning.
Assessment is aimed at providing information
about the student's level of assimilation of
content and progress. It is this information that
determines whether a student should or should
not proceed to the following year. For each
course, continuous assessment comprises of a
minimum of 2 assignments, group or
individual class presentations and a final
written examination. Most importantly,
assessment provides students with some kind
of instrument to help them see how well they
are faring and how much more effort they
need to ensure that they reach required
standards to pass from one year to another and
eventually graduate.
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
In order to be admitted to a BSc in Regional
District and Town Planning, prospective
students need to have passed an equivalent of
three subjects at “GCE advanced level”
(senior high school grade 12), normally
including geography and a pass in
mathematics at grade 11 „GCE ordinary level‟
with a C (10/20 points) or better.
For admission to the MSc programmes, a good
(an average of 12/20 points or equivalent)
Honours Degree in geography, environmental
science, economics or any degree approved by
the Departmental Board is required.
Applicants with relevant practical experience
are also considered. Eligible candidates may
be interviewed.
44 THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
DETERMINATION OF EXAMINATION RESULTS
For the BSc programme a student is expected
to accumulate at least 8 course units every
year. However, the entire core courses have to
be done and passed in order to graduate with a
BSc Honours degree in Regional, District and
Town Planning. On the other hand, for MSc
graduation, a student must pass each of the
two parts of the programme (taught and
research components) to be awarded a Masters
Degree.
ACCREDITATION OF PLANNING
EDUCATION PROGRAMMES AND
PLANNERS
Institutions of higher learning are accredited
with the ministry of the Ministry of Higher
Education, Science and Technology
(MESCT). However, supervision is lax and
sometimes nonexistent due to various
constrains, principally lack of capacity
(finance and human resources). Nevertheless,
details (curriculum) for every new course have
to be lodged with the MESCT. This system
has evolved over the years. The 1993 Law of
Higher Education (Law no.1/93) created the
National Council for Higher Education
(CNES) which had an advisory role and was
made up of the rectors of both public and
private higher education institutions. Until
1999 this council, which was chaired by the
Minister of Education, managed higher
education in Mozambique. The Ministry of
Higher Education, Science and Technology
(MESCT) was established in January 2000
with a mandate to supervise the whole system
of higher education in the country. However,
despite the creation of the MESCT, higher
education institutions have continued to enjoy
autonomy since the enactment of the Higher
Education Law 1/93 (Bloom et al., 2006).
To date, the training of planners has been very
limited to the Faculty of Architecture and
Physical Planning of Eduardo Mondlane
University. Unfortunately there does not seem
to be any active planners‟ body/ association in
Mozambique with some professional planners
seeking accreditation from South Africa and
Portugal.

CONSTRAINS AND OUTLOOK
Mozambique is a Portuguese speaking
country. Although the country recently joined
the Commonwealth and English is now being
taught from secondary school level,
knowledge of the language is at best
elementary. This poses a major challenge both
in training personnel and carrying out research
given that most of the literature in regional
development, planning and geo-information
science is in English. It is however hoped that
the level of reading, writing and
comprehension of English language will
improve with time and most people will be
able to access additional literature.
Currently, planning programmes depend on
hiring staff mostly from Zimbabwe. However,
if the socio-economic and political situation in
Zimbabwe improves, the Department might
have difficulties in delivering its programmes.
At the same time it is hoped that, through the
MSc programme, there will be enough
personnel (Mozambicans) trained to later on
teach at BSc and MSc levels.
The other major challenge is availability of up
to date books especially in the fields of
regional development and planning. The
University library is not well stocked with
current literature. We hope that some of our
proposals for funds to acquire these books will
sail through. Furthermore we are in the
process of setting up a physical as well as a
computer laboratory. Equipment for both
laboratories still has to be sourced and fees
from students alone are inadequate to furnish
these laboratories. With the expansion of the
programme, we will also need to acquire more
computers for students use. Compounding this
challenge is the absence of a centralised
library system. At the Catholic University,
each faculty handles its own procurements. At
the moment we are trying to pool our
resources together to establish a centralised
library system which will enable students from
different disciplines to work together.
In the short term we intend to develop and
hold short courses on urban planning, urban
management, urban policy analysis and
THE JOURNAL OF BUILDING AND LAND DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL ISSUE, JUNE 2010
PLANNING EDUCATION AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY IN BEIRA
implementation, housing provision (especially
housing delivery issues). This is intended to
increase people‟s awareness or our planning
programmes in general. Challenges to this
include shortage of skilled personnel in the
necessary fields hence the need to engage
more expensive expatriates. For the medium
term there may be need to have a continuous
review of the existing courses having in mind
events and research trends in rural & urban
development and management. In the long
term we will be offering new degree
programmes (like our BSC in Regional,
District and Town planning for 2010) in line
with the needs of the society and country at
large. More programmes are also likely to be
introduced in future at different academic
levels starting from Diploma to MSc / MA
level.
CONCLUSION
The planning programmes at UCM are
designed to equip graduates for employment in
development oriented research, planning,
education, management and consultation in
both the public and private sectors where they
can contribute meaningfully to sustainable
regional development at different levels, from
district, provincial to national and international
levels. To survive in the 21st century, the
programmes at UCM use geo-information
science as a basis for effective planning. Geo-
information science symbolises convergence
of innovation in geographical analysis and
computer technology. Since the late 1970s,
geo-information science has transformed itself
from just an academic research tool to a useful
and cost-effective planning and analysis tool
deployable in any spatial development
initiative ranging from environment to
infrastructure planning, development,
operations and management. As such, and as
outlined above all our programmes are centred
on spatial planning, hence the use of GIS, RS
and GPS in planning and development. This
is what makes our planning programmes
relevant in the 21st Century given the planning
challenges faced by Mozambique in particular
and the world at large. However, we still face
big challenges in terms of adequacy of books,
computers and qualified staff.
45
S. KUSANGAYA
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