A

Seminar Report
On
"132kV GSS, RVPN Mahaveer Nagar, Kota"

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UD, RTU, KOTA RAJASTHAN

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. D.K. Sambariya Naziya Kosar
Associate Proffesor 20EUCEE056
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering
RTU Kota

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Certificate

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great pleasure for me to present this presentation on 132kV GSS Mahaveer Nagar
Kota on the basis of knowledge gained through Mr. Raghunandan Gocher (Assistant Engineer) in
GSS Kota by guiding and persistent me throughout the training period.
I would like to thank Dr. DK Sambariya Sir our seminar supervisors, whose experience, simulating
suggestions and encouragement helped us all the time for writing this work. Their sustained
supervision, endowment, patience and valuable advice helped us to attain the desired goals. This
dissertation work would not have been possible without their guidance, support, encouragement and
valuable time.
I would also thank all my colleagues and friends for motivating me throughout the completion of my
report.
Finally, but yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents, who
supported me in all the circumstances, who exhibited a high degree of patience and kept my moral
values always high, without which successful completion of this work would not have been possible.

Naziya Kosar
20/228
Electrical engineering

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 ABSTRACT
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several
substations at different voltage levels.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages
and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substation instead of using their own ns may be owned and operated by an electrical utility or may
be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended,
relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
The sizing of equipment is done so that the rating of equipment used in the substation can be selected.
For different rating like 132kv, 11kv, the sizing of equipment like Lightning arrester, Wave trap,
CVT, Current transformer, Isolator, Circuit breaker, Transformer etc. have been calculated.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central
generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations,
receiving their energy supply from a larger plant generators.The first substations were connected to
only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that
powerstation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 7

2. Power Transformer 11

3. Current Transformer 15

4. Potential Transformer 17

5. Lightning Arrestor 19

6. Insulator 22

7. Bus Bar 25

8. Circuit Breaker 27

9. Conductors 31

10. Relay 33

11. Wave Trap 35

12. Electric Control Panel 36

13. Battery Room 38

14. Safety Measurement 40

15. Conclusion 41

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 Figure List

S. No. Title Page No.

1. 132kV GSS Mahaveer Nagar 8

2. Single line diagram 10

3. Power transformer 11

4. Main parts of power transformer 12

5. Conservator tank 13

6. breather 14

7. Current transformer 16

8. Line diagram of potential transformer 17

9. Lightning arrester 19

10. Pin insulator 22

11. Suspension insulator 23

12. Shackel insulator 23

13. Strain insulator 24

14. Circuit breaker 27

15. conductor 31

16. Insulated conductor 32

17. Relay 34

18. Wave trap 35

19. Control room 37

20. Battery charger 38

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 Chapter -1

 OVERVIEW OF RVPN:
Rajasthan electricity board (RSEB) is divided into five main parts:
I. Electricity production authority - RRVUNL
II. Electricity transmission authority - RRVPNL
III. Distribution authority of Jaipur - JVVNL
IV. Distribution authority of Jodhpur - JDVVNL
V. Distribution authority of Ajmer - AVVNL

The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity all over the Rajasthan in most economical way.
Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran Nigam LImited (RVPN) a company under the companies act,
1956 and registered with registrar of companies as “RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHYUT
PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED’ vide no. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its registered Office at
VIDHYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 july, 2000 by
government of Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reforms Act, 1999 as
the successor company of RSEB.

SUBSTATION:
A substation is a part of electrical generation, transmission and distribution. A substation is an
assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to
another say from one voltage level to another voltage level. It is an intermediate link between
GENCOS and consumer.
For economic operation of system and minimize the losses the voltage level for transmission
should be high and for the distribution purpose the voltage needs to be stepped down. For this
purpose substations are installed.

Power obtained from these stations is treansmitted all over the Rajasthan with help of grid
stations. Depending upon the purpose , subsations are classified as:
1. Step up substation
2. Primary grid substation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
5. Bulk supply and industrial substation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
8. Cinematograph substation

Depending upon the constructional features substation are classified as:

1. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

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DESIGN OF SUB STATION :
The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design attempts to
strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without excessive cost. The
design should also allow easy expansion of the station, if required. Selection of the location of a
substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment
with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as
transformers.

Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall.
The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions.
Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic
effects. Grounding (earthing) and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by
during a short-circuit in the transmission system. And of course, the substation site must be
reasonably central to the distribution area to be served.

132 KV GRID SUBSTATION MAHAVEER NAGAR KOTA:

The 132 KV GSS MAHAVEER NAGR is established in on 13 march, 1994. total capacity of
the GSS is around 100 MVA. In this 132 KV GSS the incoming 132 KV supply from the
SAKATPURA 220KV GSS is stepped down to 33KV with the help of step down transformer which
is further supplied to different subsations according to load and stepped down to 11KV.
The incoming feeders are connected to bus bar through circuit breaker, isolators, lightning
arrestors, current transformer etc. The bus-bars are to have an arrangement of auxiliary bus so that
when some repairing work is to be done an main bus the whole load can be transferred to the
auxiliary bus through bus-coupler.

Fig.1 : 132 Kv Grid Substation Mahaveer Nagar Kota

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INCOMING FEEDERS:
 SAKATPURA 220 KV GSS

33KV OUTGOING FEEDERS:

 Talwandi
 Basant Vihar
 Dadabari
 RIMDC
 Ranpur
 PHED.
 Indira Vihar
 R.K. Puram

11KV OUTGOING FEEDERS:

 Rangbari
 Medical College
 M.N. EXTN.
 M.N. III
 M.N. II
 Balaji Nagar
 M.N. I

EQUIPMENTS USED IN GSS:

 Lightning arrester
 Capacitive voltage transformer
 Wave trap
 Isolator
 Circuit breaker
 Bus bar
 Potential transformer
 Current transformer
 Power transformer
 Control panel
 Battery bank
 Capacitor bank
 Station transformer
 Bus coupler
 Power line carrier communication

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Fig.2 : Single Line Diagram

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 Chapter - 2

INTRODUCTION:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in transformer’s core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. This varying magentic field induces a varying electromotive force or voltage in the
secondary winding, this effect is called mutual induction.
A transformer makes use of faraday’s law and ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to efficiently
raise or lower AC voltages.
If a load is connected to the secondary winding, an electrical current flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transfered from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating
current voltage to be “stepped up” by making Ns greater then Np, or “stepped down” by making Ns
less than Np.

Fig.3 : Power Transformer

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POWER TRANSFORMER INSTALLED AT GSS:

S.NO. MAKE CAPACITY VOLTAGE VECTOR MFG-YR

RATING GROUP
1 ABB 40/50MVA 132/33KV YNyn0 2010
2 T&R 40/50MVA 132/33KV YNyn0 2005
3 MARSON 5.0MVA 33/11KV DYn-11 1995
4 MARSON 5.0MVA 33/11KV DYn-11 1994
5 NUCON 5.0MVA 33/11KV DYn-11 2000

MAIN PARTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER:

Fig.4 : Main parts of power transformer

1. WINDING:
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales and burrs. Winding shall be made
in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power frequency
voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections

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by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall
be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All
windings of the transformer having voltage less than 66KV shall be fully insulated. Tappings shall be
so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio. All leads from
the winding to the terminal board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from
vibration short circuit stresses.

2. TANK AND FITTING:

Tank shall be of welded construction and fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of
adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye penetration
testing. At least two adequetly sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be
provided for easy access to bushing and earth connections. The main tank body including tap
changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum.

3. TEMPRATURE INDICATOR:
Most of the transformer are provided with indicators that displace oil temperature and winding
temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing
bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding temperature
measurement is indirect.

4. CONSERVATOR TANK:
With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To account
for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a connecting pipe to
the main tank. In smaller transformer this vessel is open to atmosphere through dehydrating breathers
(to keep the sir dry). in larger transformers, an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with the
inside of bad open to atmosphere through the breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact
with the oil surface.

Fig.5 : Conservator Tank

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5. COOLING EQUIPMENTS:
Cooling equipment shall fulfil the following requirements:
a. Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom
lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain and
sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and outlet.
b. Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue
vibration. There shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan shall be
suitably protected by galvanized wire guard.

6. SILICA GEL BREATHER:

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more hygroscopic
than the mineral oil. The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in conservator, thus will find
its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction insulation strength of transformer. To
minimize this, conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel column, which absorb the
moisture I air before it enters the conservator air surface.

Fig.6 : Breather

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 Chapter -3

Current transformer is used for monitoring the current for the purpose of measuring and
protection. before commissioning of the current transformer the earthing of the power terminal and
base is essential, otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the power terminals which lead to
heavy spark. The secondary terminal of the core should be short circuited and earthed which are not
in use otherwise excessive high voltage will be developed across the secondary of current
transformer. The3 current transformer should always be in vertical position so that gas forming at the
top does not enter the insulated part. The current transformer actually step down the current so that it
can be measured by standard measuring instrument. There are three current transformer in each
feeder. The current transformers are inserted into energy incoming and outgoing feeder from 220KV
system for measurement.
The current transformer is used with its primary connected in series with the line carrying the
current to be measured and therefore the primary current is not determined by the load on the
secondary of the current transformer. The primary is consist of very few turns and there is no
appreciable voltage across it. The secondary consist of very large number of turns. The ammeter or
watt-meter coil is connected directly across the secondary terminals thus a current transformer
operates its secondary under short circuit conditions. The secondary circuit is connected to ground in
many cases.
They perform two important functions : they serve to extend the range of measuring instrument,
much as the shunt or the multiplier extends the range of the dc ammeter. They also serve to isolate
the measuring instrument from high voltage power line.

BASIC FEATURES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

 it is a device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary current passing through
the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 400A to the
secondary output of 1A to 5A.
 Current transformers can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the
electrical inputs for the operation of protective relay associated with the transmission and
distribution circuit or for power transformer. These current transformers have the primary
winding connected in series with the current carrying conductor. The secondary thus
insulated from the high voltages and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.
 Now a day mostly separate current transformers units are used instead of bushing mounting
CT’s on leveled structure. They should be for oil level indication and the base should be
earthed properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain on the terminal.

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Fig.7 : Current Transformer

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 Chapter - 4

A potential transformer is used to transform high voltage of power line to a lower value, which
is in range of an AC voltmeter or the potential coil of AC voltmeter.
Potential Transformer is designed for monitoring single-phase and three-phase power line
voltages in power metering applications. The primary terminals can be connected either in
line-to-fine or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer models are designated by a suffix
of "F" for one fine or FF" for two fuses. A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that
allows meters to take readings from electrical service connections with higher voltage than the meter
is normally capable of handling without at potential transformer.

The potential transformer is of two types:

1. Capacitive Voltage Transformer
2. Electromagnetic type

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

Capacitive voltage transformer are special kind of transformer using capacitors to step down the
voltage.
The capacitive voltage transformer comprises of a capacitor divider with it associated
electromagnetic unit. The divider provides an accurate proportioned voltage, while the magnetic unit
transform the voltage, in both magnitude and phase to convenient levels suitable for measuring,
metering, protection etc. All WSI capacitor units have metallic bellows to compensatory the
volumetric expansion of oil inside. The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potential points are
electrically tied and suitably shielded to overcome the effect of corona, RIV etc. Capacitive voltage
transformers are available for system voltages of 33KV to 420kV.

 Capacitive voltage transformers can be effectively used as potential source of measuring,

metering, protection, carrier communication and other vital functions of an electrical network.
 CVT are constructed in single or multi unit porcelain housing with their associated magnetic unit.
For EHV system cuts are always supplied in multi unit construction.

LINE DIAGRAM:

Fig. 8 : line diagram of potential transformer

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ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
The electromagnetic type potential transformer are used for the system voltages upto or below
132 kV , due to the economic aspect.
The basic principle of these transformer is same as power transformer. The high alternating
voltages are reduced in a fixed proportion for the measurement purpose. These are extremely
accurate ratio step down transformer. The windings are low power rating windings. Primary winding
consist of large number of turns and the secondary has less number of turns, usually rated for 110V,
irrespective of the primary voltage. The potential transformer uses larger core and conductor size
compared to conventional power transformer.

APPLICATION:
1. Voltage Measuring: They accurately transform transmission voltages down to useable levels
for revenue metering, protection and control purposes.
2. Insulation: They guarantee the insulation between HV network and LV circuits ensuring
safety condition to control room operators.
3. HF Transmissions: They can be used for Power Line Carrier (PLC) coupling.
4. Transient Recovery Voltage: When installed in close proximity to HV/EHV Circuit Breakers,
CVT's own High Capacitance Enhance C/B short fine fault / TRV performance.

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 Chapter - 5
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
INTORDUCTION:
Lightning arrester is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
viz, transformer from overhead voltages and Lightning. An electric discharge between cloud and
earth, between cloud and the charge centers of the same cloud is known as lightning arrester is
connected between line and earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and
substation to be protected. It is a safety valve which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching
over voltages at the substations, over headlines and HV equipment and provides a low resistance
path for the surge current to flow to the ground. The practice is also to install lightning arresters at
the incoming terminals of the line.
The lightning arrester or the lightning conductor is a commonly used device which is used to
protection a substation is essential:
1. Protection for transmission line from direct stroke.
2. Protection of Power station and sub-station from direct stroke.
3. Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves.
4. Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lightning from
striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities over insulated structure.

Fig.9 : Lightning Arrester

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PRINCIPLE:
Lightning arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
viz., transformer from overhead voltages and lighting. When electrostatic induction then the negative
charge is however presented right under the cloud and portion of the line away from the cloud
becomes positively right under the charge on the line does not flow.
The positive charge on the far and flows to the earth through insulators, thus leaving the negative
charge on the line directly under the cloud. Now assume due to the direct discharge occurring
between this clouds and passing by negative charge cloud the charge in the cloud becomes
neutralized, then the charge on the line is no more bound charge and is free to travel on both
direction in the form of waves. These travelling waves will be of light magnitude and have steep
wave form, which can damage the unprotected equipment connected to the line.These waves are
passed to the earth through the lightning arrestors.
It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward and
short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased to zero. The
lightning arrestor protects the structure from damage by intercepting flashes of lightning and
transmitting their current to the ground. Since lightning strikes tend to strike the highest object in the
vicinity, the rad is placed at the apex of a tall structure. It is connected to the ground by
low-resistance cables. In the case of a building, the soil is used as the ground, and in a ship, water is
ad. A lighting rod provides a cone of protection, which has a ground radius approximately, equal to
its height above the ground. Surges due to lightning are mostly injected into the power you through
long co-country transmission lines. Substation apparatus is always well shielded against direct
lightning strikes. The protection of transmission fines against direct strokes requires a shield to
prevent lightning from sinking the electrical conductors Terminal equipment at the substation is
protected again by surge diverters, also called as lightning arrester or surges arrester.

TYPES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

1. ROD SPHERE TYPE : It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the
stack of Insulation to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed of the system.
2. EXPULSION TYPE: It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber tube capable of
producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the are through the bottom
electrode.
3. VALVE TYPE: It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non- linear resistor. The
divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each of two electrodes across which are
connected high resistor.

THYRITE TYPE :
Ground wire run over the tower provides an adequate protection against lightning and reduce the
induced electrostatic or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect any
traveling wave, which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipment, and such wave can cause the
following damage.
1. The high peak of the surge may cause a flashover in the internal wiring thus it may spoil the
insulation of the winding.
2. The steep wave font may cause internal flash over between their turns of transformer. The stop
wave front resulting into resonance and high voltage may cause internal or external flashover causing
building up the oscillator is the electrical operation.

Lightening arrestor are provided between the line and earth provided the protection against
traveling wave surge the thyrite lightening arrestor are provided at GSS. This type of LA has a basic

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cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with carborendum. Thirties has a
particular property of being insulator one voltage.
This type of LA has a basic cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with
carberendum. Thirties has a particular property of being insulator one voltage At high voltage it will
behave like a conducting material the electrical resistance of thyrite depends upon the voltage each
time the voltage is Made twice the resistance decrease in such a manner as to allow an increased
current of 12.5 times the change in current is independent of rate of application voltage and its
instantaneous value. One upon each other and they are further placed in to a porcelain container with
a suitable arrangement of gap between them. These gaps serve as the purpose of preventing any
current flow during normal operating voltage in case of nay transients the gap.

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 Chapter - 6
INSULATOR

INTRODUCTION :
These are porcelain or fibreglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus bar swatches and other
support structures and to prevents leakage current from flowing through the structure or to ground.
These insulators are similar in function to other insulators used in substations and transmission poles
and towers. These insulators are generally made of glued porcelain or toughened glass. Poly come
type insulator [solid core) are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if available indigenously.
The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any part of the
insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact
with a hard metal screw thread.

TYPES OF INSULATOR :
1. PIN TYPE
As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a
groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through
this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin type
insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and
hence uneconomical.

Fig. 10 : Pin type insulator

2. SUSPENSION TYPE
For high voltages (33 kV), is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure
14.1. Consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a
string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage, say 11 kV. The
number of disc in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage. For instance, if the
working voltage is 66 KV, then six discs in series will be provided on the string.
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 Fig.11 : Suspension type insulator

3. STRAIN TYPE
When there is a dead end of the line or there is comer or sharp curve, the line is subjected to
greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used. For low
voltage lines ( 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for high voltage
transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators. The discs of
strain insulators are used in the vertical plane. When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long
river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Fig.12 : strain type insulator

23
4. SHACKLE TYPE
In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now days, they are frequently
used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or
in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

Fig.13 : Shackel Insulator

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 Chapter - 7
BUS BAR

INTRODUCTION:
A bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electrical energy
from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeder. In other words, it is a type of
electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical currents meets.
A bus bar is a metallic strip or bar that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Bus bars are used to carry substantial
electric current over a relatively short distance. Their greater surface area reduces losses due to
corona discharge. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical substation.

A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it.
Bus bars may be connected to each other and to other electrical apparatus by bolted, clamped or
welded connection. The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under full load
condition damaging the bus bar itself.

If the bus bars are of rigid type (aluminium type) the structure heights are low and minimum
clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bar suitable ACSR conductors are tensioned
strain by tension insulator discs according system voltage.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension in achieved. Loose bus bars would
affect the clearance when it swings while over tensioning mat damage insulators, clamps or even
effect the supporting structure in low temperature condition.
The bus bar is provided with lightning protection to safeguard the equipment against direct stroke by
providing aerial earth wire giving a protection at 30° i.e. height and earth wire such that all the
equipment and bus bar should be covered with in this 30°.

BUS BAR ARRANEMENT :

The bus bar arrangement depends upon -
1. Interruption tolerable in the supply scheme.
2. Alternative supply arrangements in case of failure of equipments.

TYPE OF BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

1. Single Bus Bar Arrangement : This arrangement is simplest and cheapest, it suffers,
however, from major defects-
a. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
b. Extension of substation without a shutdown is not possible.
The equipment connections are very simple and hence the system is very convenient to operate. This
scheme is not very popular for 33kV and above, except where the relative importance of substation
is less or the position of the substation does not justify elaborate schemes. The indoor 11kV
switch-yards have quite often single bus bar arrangements.

2. Double Bus Bar Arrangement : This scheme have two bus bars so that-
a. each load may be fed from either bus.
b. The load circuits may be divided in two separate groups if needed from operational
consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately.
c. Either bus bar my be taken out from maintenance and clearing of insulators.

25
This arrangement has been quite frequently adopted where the loads and continuity of supply is
necessary. In such a scheme a bus coupler breaker is mostly provided as it enables on load change
over from one bus to other.
The normal bus selection isolators can not be used for breaking load currents. It provide facility for
carrying out breaker maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any breaker the circuit is
changed over to transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler breaker.

26
 Chapter - 8
CIRCUIT BREAKER

INTRODUCTION:
Breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically a circuit breaker comprise a
set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be separates by means of an operating arc. The
arc is extinguished by a suitable medium such as dielectric oil vacuum or some dielctric gas. The
circuit breaker plays an important role in the design and performance of a power system, in that these
are the key pieces of apartus protecting the system and thus ensure continuity of supply from
consideration of cost, the circuit breakers represent a major items, and are the nest only to the
generator and transformer, since thier quantity is greater than that of generators or transformers in
power system owing to the services required for control of transmission lines, bus bars etc. in
addition to control of transformers and generators.

Fig.14 : Circuit Breaker

27
CIRCUIT BREAKER WORKING :
At a high level, a circuit breaker operates as follows:
 Detection Of Fault: The circuit breaker detects a fault condition, such as an overload or a short
circuit in the electrical system.
 Activation Of Mechanism: Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker activates a mechanism
that triggers the release of stored potential energy.
 Separation Of Contacts: This energy then separates the two main contacts of the circuit breaker:
a fixed contact and a moving contact.
 Arc Formation: The separation of contacts creates a highly conductive and ionized plasma
known as an arc.
 Arc Quenching: The circuit breaker uses various methods to extinguish or quench the arc, such
as cooling, compressing, or replacing the ionized medium with fresh gas.
 Current Interruption: This process interrupts the flow of current, stopping any damage from
the fault condition.
 Resetting: Once the fault is cleared, the circuit breaker can be manually or automatically reset,
allowing the current to flow again.
 Re-Establishment Of Contacts: Resetting the breaker brings the fixed and moving contacts
back together, re-establishing the flow of current through the circuit.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN SUBSTATIONS:

A circuit breaker in a 132 kV GSS is a device that is used to interrupt the flow of electric current
in the circuit in case of a fault or overload.
A circuit breaker is different from an isolator, which is used to isolate or disconnect a part of the
circuit when there is no current flowing. Classification of Circuit Breakers: The most common
method of classification of circuit breakers is on the basis of medium used for arc extinction.
Accordingly they are classified as:
1. Oil circuit-breaker.
2. Air-blast circuit breaker.
3. Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers.
4. Vacuum circuit breakers.

1. Oil Circuit Breaker :

In this type of breakers the interrupt chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing is
confined to a small volume of oil. The lower chamber contains the operating mechanism and the
upper chamber contains the moving and fixed contacts together with the control device. Both
chambers are made of an insulating material such as porcelain. The oil in both chambers is
completely separated from each other. By this arrangement the amount of oil needed for arc
interruption and the clearance to earth are roused. However, conditioning or changing the oil in the
interrupter chamber is more frequent than I the bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and
slugging from arcs interrupted chamber is equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to
permit a small gas cushion on the top of the oil. Single break minimum oil breakers arc available in
the voltage range from 13.8kV to 34.5kV.
Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil. With frequent
breaking and making heavy currents the oil will deteriote and may lead to circuit breaker failure.
This has led to the design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same principle of arc
control as those used in bulk oil breakers.

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2. Air Blast Circuit Breaker :
The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breaker is to direct a blast of air, at high
pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the ionized hot gases
within the arc zone and the arc legth is considerably increases. Consequently the arc may be
interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of breaker, the contacts are surrounded by
compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in forced blast through
the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in process.

3. SF6 Circuit Breaker :

An SF6 circuit breaker uses sulphur hexafluoride gas as the arc quenching medium. The SF6 gas
has high dielectric strength and excellent arc extinguishing properties. The contacts are housed in a
sealed chamber filled with SF6 gas at low pressure. When the contacts open, the gas flows through a
nozzle and strikes the arc. The gas absorbs the free electrons in the arc andforms negative ions.
This reduces the conductivity of the arc and increases its resistance. The gas also cools down the
contacts and prevents restriking. SF6 circuit breakers are suitable for medium and high-voltage
applications,such as power plants and switchyards. They have low maintenance requirements and
long service life. However, they also have some disadvantages, such as:
 High cost of gas
 Environmental impact of gas leakage
 Difficulty in the disposal of gas
 Special handling and safety precaution's
 Used for high voltage applications.

4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

A vacuum circuit breaker uses a vacuum as the arc quenching medium. The vacuum has very high
dielectric strength and very low arc resistance. The contacts are enclosed in a ceramic or metal
chamber that is evacuated to very low pressure. When the contacts open, the arc is initiated in the
vacuum and quickly extinguished. The vacuum has very low arc resistance and high dielectric
strength, which makes the interruption process very fast and efficient. Vacuum circuit breakers are
suitable for low and medium-voltage applications, such as industrial and commercial circuits. They
have low arc energy and noise level, and high reliability and durability. However, they also have
some disadvantages, such as:
 High cost of manufacturing and testing.
 The limited current rating and breaking capacity.
 Difficulty in detecting vacuum loss.
 Special care and handling of ceramic or metal chambers.
 Used for low voltages. Vacuum offers highest insulating strength.

 Comparison Between SF6 and Vacuum Circuit Breaker :

S.N Vacuum Circuit Breaker SF6 Circuit Breaker

o.
1. Arc quenching takes place in vacuum Uses pressurized SF6 gas to
medium. extinguish arc.
2. Used for low voltages. Used for high voltage applications.
3. Low cost. Comparatively expensive

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30
 Chapter - 9
CONDUCTOR
All the conductors found in the site can be divided into two categories.

1. BUNDLED CONDUCTORS (OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION):

All the overhead conductors are bundled i.e. there are two standard conductors per phase
clamped by aluminium strip.
All these conductors are bare i.e. no outer insulation.
Type:
ACSR(Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
ACAR (Aluminium Conductor Alloy Reinforced)
AACR (All Aluminium Conductor Reinforced) Conductor Layer – 4
Highest System Voltage – 420Kv

Fig:15 : Conductors

Operation:
The overhead transmission lines are standard and bundled to prevent Corona loss,
when surface potential gradient of a conductor exceeds dielectric strength of the surrounding air.
This cause ionization of the local air near the conductor. By adding more wires instead of solid one,
the surface area increases which decreases surface potential gradient. Thus, Corona loss prevent.

2. INSULATED CONDUCTOR:
These conductors are mainly utilized in AC power distribution network and control cable
network.
Rating:
Highest System Voltage – 110V

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Type – AYFY (Aluminium PVC insulated Flat Steel Strip Armour and PVC Outer Seath Cable).

Fig.16 : Insulated Conductors

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 Chapter - 10
PROTECTING RELAYS
A relay is a device that is used to protect the electrical equipment and the system from faults and
abnormal conditions.
A relay detects the fault by measuring the electrical quantities such as current, voltage,frequency,
power, etc.
The relay constantly measures the electrical quantities which are different under normal and
fault condition. Having detected the fault the relay operates to close the trip circuit of the breaker.
The trip circuit is operated by a direct voltage. A relay must be highly selective to the normal and
fault conditions to avoid unwanted tripping. It must operate with suitable speed so that fault is
eliminated before it can cause any damage. A relay must also be sensitive to work with low values of
currents.

Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays
2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic.
6. Programmed switches.
7. Voltage restraint over current relay.

Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.
9. Reverse power relays.
10. Loss of excitation.
11. Negative phase sequence relays etc.

Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.

Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Primary relay.
2. Backup relay.

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In a 132 kV GSS, Two types of relay are used:
1. Electromagnetic relay
2. Digital relay

Fig.17 : Relay

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 Chapter - 11
WAVE TRAP

A wave trap or line trap is a device that is used to block communication signals from passing
through it and only allows power signals to pass through it. The wave trap acts as a filtering cum
protective device that filters the high frequency signals to low-frequency signal and give protection
against surge voltage.

Fig.18 : Wave trap

 MAIN COIL:
An inductor that is connected directly to the high voltage power line carries power frequency.

 TUNING DEVICE:
It may be a capacitor or a combination of capacitor, inductor and resistor, connected across the main
coil in order to tune the line trap to the desired blocking frequency.

 PROTECTIVE DEVICE:
It is usually a gap type surge arrester used to protect the line trap from damage due to transient
over-voltages.

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 Chapter - 12
ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANELS
An electrical control panel is a combination of electrical devices which use electrical power to
control the various mechanical functions of industrial equipment of machinery.
An electrical control panel includes two main categories panel and electrical components.

PANEL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANELS:

The structure of an electrical control panel is a combination of an enclosure and aback panel,
similar to a breaker box in a home or office.

ENCLOSURES:
The enclosure in a metal box which varies in size and is typically made of
aluminum or stainless steel. The number of doors (usually one or two) needed on the enclosure
determines its size in most industrial applications. The enclosure will come with a UI, safety rating
(508 A is typical) an IP rating and/or NEMA classification. These listings help users determine
properties such as:
 Indoor/outdoor use
 Waterproof/water resistance
 Dust/solid contaminants
 Proofing Hazardous conditions
 Rating Explosion proof rating
This various classification should be printed on a metal plate and attached to the enclosure for easy
identification and reference.

BACK PANELS :
A back is a metal sheet mounted inside the enclosure that provides structural support for DIN
rail mounted and writing and wiring ducts. DIN metal rails feature standardized dimensions and
provide a mounting structure for electrical devices. wiring ducts provide for the routing and
organization of wires while also assisting in the control of control of electrical noise between devices
inside the box.

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU) :

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor controlled electronic device that interfaces
objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA (supervisory control and data
acquisition) system by transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by using messages from
the master supervisory system to control connected objects. Other terms that may be used for RTU
are remote telemetry unit and remote telecontrol unit.

FUNCTIONS :
Collecting and processing the digital status inputs, analog inputs, accumulated values and
transmitting to at least three master station.
Receiving and processing digital and analog control commands from at least three master station.
Accepting polling messages from at least three master station simultaneously
using separate logical databases for each master.

CONTROL ROOM:
Control room is a place from where we control all the actions on all equipment in the yard.

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Fig.19 : Control Room

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 Chapter - 13
BATTERY ROOM
A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power system. The
room are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide direct current (DC) electricity,
which may be used directly by same type of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating
current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for
minutes, hours or days depending upon each systems design, although they are most commonly
activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds.
Battery room are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is required
for the operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the station. Often
batteries for large switchgear line ups are 125 V or 250V nominal systems, and feature redundant
battery charges with independent power sources. Separate battery rooms may be provided to protect
against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For station that are capable of black start,
power from the battery system may be required for any purposes including switchgear operations.
In GSS, Separate dc supply is maintained for backup or uninterruptible power system.
In battery room 55 battery of each 2V is connected in series to provide 110V.

Fig.20 : Battery charger

FLOAT CHARGER:
Floating charger is used to maintain the battery voltage. It charges the battery as similar rate of
battery discharge. Example now battery is draining two ampere means the charger supplies 2
amperes of current. Like that floating charger works at that same time float voltage is the voltage at
which a battery is maintained after fully charged to maintain that capacity by compensating for
self-discharging of the battery.

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AC - DC ROOM :
In a substation or power station, DC supply is used for Operating and Closing of circuit breakers,
to operate protective relays, to operate isolators, indication lamps, alarm circuits, PLCC (Power Line
Carrier Communication) Panels, Emergency Lights in Control Rooms, etc.
The main reason for using DC supply in substation or power stations is to provide a continuous
power supply to the control circuit. DC is a reliable source of power supply because it can obtain
from batteries. Only a battery can give continuous power supply until it fully discharges. The battery
has electrical energy storing capability that’s why it can be used for backup power supply.
The control circuit for the switchgear system in a substation consists of many Circuit Breakers,
isolators, relays which are must be continuous ON condition.
If we use AC supply which cannot be obtained from the battery then we cannot provide the power
supply to the control circuit during the power failure. If a power failure occurs, all devices will stop
working then we cannot check the fault status of the circuit breaker and relay.

So, during power failure also, we have to provide the continuous power supply to the control circuit.
As we can provide continuous power supply only using battery can provide only DC supply, so all
control circuit devices are designed for DC supply.
Using of DC supply instead of AC supply in substation also gives some extra facilities such as,
When protective devices are operating with DC supply, they take very less reaction time than when
they are operating with AC supply.

Static Devices or which need DC supply can be directly connected with batteries. But when AC
supply is used, the rectifier circuit is needed.
Control Circuits are consisting of many digital devices also such as Digital Display, Sensors, LEDs,
etc. these devices always need DC.

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 Chapter - 14

Safety is one of the fundamental needs of all living beings. Accident is an unwanted event and held
due to carelessness. So necessary precautions should be taken to avoid such accidents. In order to get
the best out of an 'individual", his physical safety is essential. The following are two main reasons,
which include the accidents:

UNWANTED CONDITIONS:
In an accident occurred by the unwanted acts, the workers are directly responsible. These types of
accidents are held by improper acts, carelessness, shortcuts for completing work early by keeping
awareness, patience in doing work. The main reasons which motivate the accidents in the form of
unwanted acts are as follows:-
1. Use of machine or equipments without permission.
2. Filling and loading the materials improperly.
3. Keeping high speed of machine.
4. Maintaining, oiling and greasing the machine in running Conditions.
5. Standing in unsafe conditions.
6. Use of unsafe tool and safety equipments.
7. Lifting and keeping the material unsafe.

SAFETY RULES:
There are many safety rules for safety but main golden rules are as follows:
1. Comply with all safety rules and regulations
2. Correct or report unsafe conditions immediately to supervisor.
3. Wear rotating safety equipments only when authority is given.
4. Use right tool for the right job and use it safely.
5. Keep the work place clean.

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 CONCLUSION
Electricity plants and important role in our life. At the end of the training I came to know about the
various parts of substations and how they are operated also I learn about how transmission is done in
various parts of the region through GSS.
The 132 KV grid substation situated in Kota, Rajasthan plays a pivotal role in managing and
distributing power in the region.
It is essential to ensure the efficient operation and maintenance of the substation to guarantee a
reliable power supply to the consumers.
In conclusion to all the mentioned design aspects of the 132/33KV sub-station there are several other
factors that are needed to be considered.
This includes socio-economic factor of the surrounding locality, political
developments, union of workers and contractors.
Economic factors become chief aspect in any project which can take a prolonged period to complete.
An assumption of price hike of all the materials to a higher precision is needed to be made in order to
estimate the budget of this project.
The mechanical and civil designs are also an essential part of any electrical
substation design. Thus a lot of other engineering brains in those fields are also employed for the
construction. Experts in the field of commerce and law are also employed to meet the various
challenges that may rise up.
It’s an overall build up that ensures huge employment of people from different fields.

41
 REFERENCES
1. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM, Book by C.L. Wadhwa
2. POWER SYSTEM, Book by V.K. Mehta
3. Manual of 132Kv GSS Mahaveer Nagar, Kota.

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