+RANDDM WALK in 1-D

Tnteduciom
. henal ciscnim on Mean yaluoa
meam , Prpnhs O4 meam, Deviatim,> First ordore moment abgut mean.

Asthophyia,
Asbronomical istane

1 AU
1 AU
1AU = ISo mallion km = -SX 10 km

1 ight year=9.46x1o'm =63xp"AU

an angk 1"
Zpetsec(pc) - kistane at chich the radius ot eanh's orbit Sublends
3xIp% m
1pc = 3:26ly = 2xID°AU =

JAU:

Latee
\odot

tan2
No we Can inereeit mre.

PWsec

(S

pnse
 Ro xl6° km 1 sola odius

Kg 1 solar mas

mVr L= my
in toms r AU, Mo, Yr
3460x24x30X 12
365 2

>39.30 AU M y

km
Km/s Avg-distame fion Tine perioe myr
5-9x107 sun in AU
Meno 47-87
0 38

Venws 35 02 02
2978 1

Mony 1-512
Q28 XI0 24 08
518
Jupitor T79x108 953
19-|3

Sape

T=d2.

mve

42
’h M 3
T

’ bM = (wr)
 obital periot ot Mon s measwred to be23 kays and he Sun is ab et goD tines
3 h
circulan ctbit, estimate he man
farthee autay jmws han he Mon Asam ing a
las esinmak he man 4sem)
¢ Eatlle wsing Kepler's hind lau (beforr hat, aing kele2s
he abital piod of b, one of he fn halilean morns jpiene, sltfdoys
and the semi mayo axis of 5 enbih is q'22 xIoPm hat the man
b het

Sun is 46o time s

biAge han mron
+Sun
distane be twen eanh
and ~Pndishane betnwen cmh
Bnks

Arrab Roy chdhwy

Astroplysla ina ntshetu
’ Dan Maoz

wh(Mi+M2)
as

a’ semimjr ns.

|:fx2y X360DS
= \S2928 S

4xx'% (422X10')cm

189X1o°
 Ms s a

(316xt6s) TMs*evg cmg?

4.99x1o

-273× 2ux360D
Sun ts 400 tmes farther auway fm us than he mton
am m

ME ASD XIb"x163

(23x2493LoD x6x10%
 360
30 2%
oune Bon he so, -Puto Sun
system soln he Maon
kglm 1:709YI0
j64) (345x G-64x10""x
yRs.*633
Ty3.
( 204 M
2
d3 T
20
dA Re
360
xosxA I80 d=
2R=d
nos sunis si2e
Wuof ulon arg The 3.
. m
3x1D8XL0X
miwte ght sun.diston
8 Eanh- b
cm/. 3X\0" C= a>
6310"AU. iy
km. xI0 S IAU
)pe
unik dstane
asonunital
26/*23 de>
 Volume of mem = 2X|0 m

4. 2x1o

Mrunt erenet’ 9848 m

So, VoLme 2x10"x 9848

(mon is bigg)

= 8x8xIoxom
’ 3pblen
21X10x P m
= 2) %10' Km.

Zero shadns

Ezwakr
70° E

29s's (Toplc of- Capiton )

S

Summn Solishce Eayinn

Winken
Soishce
 Alexatn'a

/syene Svw sthdy

=605 km

360
80Skm Urn fam

? CF = Sox80S kn

KE =b405 km

VE NUS Toom Sit

Syrodic puiod:
TA

Prore lui

TA + Him puivd of plnet A

Q25. 365

S= S8L doys = lt
1 yem’ 360 e a h .

(544'-360 ) 214°
Fstcgiy (rG-1)x360'=216°
(3:2 -3) x360 =42°
3d

(3-8)x34L o'= 6.
Fobem
3. ke Sun, Tn fact sue ohute solwz system ofhbis(ouming eireulon) around
CenBa ot b milky hay galaxy at an aernge speed if Q80 km/s. Ifsuns abnat 8
time it keill take to make ane
*P auway rom the Centre 6f Hilky way find ut hom much au suoh compete
Complete nbit arond it Alse calealate hno many timus it has al nady
Totatim sine birt. Age he Sun is abut 5 billien yers.

T=8x 10x 3 x1o m= 24X1D' km

19= 230 Km|s

230
24x 10b

’ t = 27
t

230
=6ssx 10s.
neAme obit imu.

204699 134-S yen

Tayers
Sx10yen
Sumage ’ - 24 times
Totùm sins bYh Vers
obunebley
tromst
event, 2
Verus
pnhuda
Duing a
 fact hat the sun and
a. t. osam we Can See tota solr ecp un he eanh is h
Sae apparnt si2e in th sky . a seen fn he Eonth .
Mom hawe tho
Ak tor Hhe
g mly one qnantiy (Zah and Mnn clistene h3 Gght- seend ),and
value
ofth Mron.
otimate the voume
that he pauftc Ocean wAS CTeaded ishen a chunk w pulled nnt of he
Thure isa suAgeshm subseg uenthy became the Mrn.
, ana hat chne
Et (bya pamg oajet) sufaee area g he paufe.
Cmsdting he voumy invole? The
Isthis aplausible huy 't *e tmet to Submnge Mt evert at ho clospest pr nt of ha ocean, La
Donn is 2x10"cm? And
km or so,
wpld be above We tup f Khe m tuntain by a
waten
 Wenm pt we1}
=Vn X
|42.9233
286-7462
Y |164.
33
Ss20 21S
63453
2335-84 4
4-79451 3
4 I16492
3-976
976 3 2
1.5983 S9I-6x1-SD96.
1
t (Timysso) sun around days) te- Time
totehn Coplele no. Eat rotehon Mumbn
of
583-96
day = Sso,
365-24. 2247
puod= dad Sye
day 224-7 Veny- od
pti
day' 36524 Eorh= percd
et Time
Trwnsit
2lot|2s ate
 Brighdnes Aparand bightnos and absolte bright nes
Flux

Lumineiy
Appront Magnibode Scall
meanue h bight dhe oject to us
m=) brightert

m-6 ’ fointet

7uminenS e .

ifne in Snagnihate Correpondsto 4o Magnd hue diffeume

So, -m)l5 b- bigaumo objet 4
by m, maghed ot a
So,
2

(m,-m2)= 2sl . )
APPrant Magrihdo Hhe len he unhy the mere brigbt he staz is,

Ex’ Apprent magmh.

Sum -26-81.
dcenwn’ -0l0

(-2481+ o10) = 2-s bo )

 Total enungy todialed pu unit tima .

Flux: Lumineiy JAyea eg s cnj2

penpudiulm

flux.
Hrv fon we go e win gut lo

Sunfae a raa = yrt

Luminoity
. Pluz fa mula will be sq mo FL (m,-mD)s

Absolute

Apparant magnitde if kapt at 40pe istame.

Qstome modus:
(m-)/s 2

2 b,. (T)
m-M= s ugi, 6Pe)

L2 (M Ma) /s .
ngh .
 Ex-1.

m-M = bgSyon
- 5.
2 xi0s

V-24-8 -M s -31:5
’ M=
-26-8 +3l·5

Ex-2.
m-M=- 0-S =5
lgn)
Gyn-1.

= 494

Ex-3.

m-M =s 3,()

Ex-4.
M,-12S
M, -40

b2
 dst tont 017"=

130
r= 2%7876 37 AU

l:33 pe

ExAm

’ Lght ahuing prNen

techomgus l6g/7,(8
obyurahal (Page-
lute eynihd (Page-21,22),2
’ Amy prsm.
Y^g ne
two a labs
Mayniale prbb
7Appaant
(Page- 32)
Ex4,Ex’ 2 Crage- 3s)
-’ þarlax prblom
shenanvodim(proof). R (fge-3u )
(Poge-3t
neng

Telescope
(Rage-&1,b2)
 ate

cYr
tz 1 hat hoed be Hu valino of lhe sun fr f to bocomun 4

=1.

2hM

2x9x10x 66xD"
(3x10")'
2964-44 m:
u 3 km

3 Sunhs to be cnprened ailhin 3kms

2> Abserphm
3) Sootient

R2
Ry
=Iy

For empy space

my Emmsion.
QIy
ds
= Jyemissin co Pfidnt

Cm Ster
Abyephm

babmpim coetfiunt.
JA

Each ahnbn.
 Total no. of absnberr = n dAdA

iv.= -Jy (nU)

() Emisim my : y Fo

S So

’ I(s) =I,(S0) t

ds

So So

S
So

dydh.
Ty ls) =1y lso)

daph
Ophiat
dYy = dyds

So
maliam
Ly1 ’ opiallay thik
plahy hin
Absmhm
1v):, (se) e

emissim coeffiint
absophm creffient

d Iy
-Iy

pT dIy Tv I, te Sy
=) d

e S,aT

3, (to) = I,(0) ¬ 4 S, (I-e) ’Enan.

Iy (Tv )= Sy t
 Ly<<1 ’ e

J, (r) -J10) +Suty

Mean Free palh

Distanee tavelled bya phrtrn uwih nt geting obsorbod

.ed,=1.

dy
local meam fra palh e

Ex: Calute the ophiat depla at shich he specifPo mtomiy redueen to An h tib
mginal value in a yskm im kohich n0eission of raciahm i ta
ysler be gHot hekor
hin ?

1
Iv

ty= ln (in)

ephcally thick .
U, dv 8Th

ydy
Jp2-1 hu

m, d kgT
87h

X-1/.

c3 h h

eX-1.
3

U= Brh
c3

y'
dy a-1
Appiahim of RTegh in shllar atmsphne ta, ayena)

Slklerinenor

Sp. intensily I(:.z,i)

measure ot adiahon Fielol

AEy

Eneqydensiyi
Zvau momnt

Ty

y tst moment

9 2nd mmnent
z Speaal cone
Rr back bdy Todiah on (Tseheple)
Iy ’ indepunént of irechn.

F -Iy (d Gore

P=
m,

I 94

Ty 2A, 2
AIy

Cmission
Coct|iiut
coeffiant
Optieat
deph:

T,= dy ds .
S

henralswi

Assuwptn sowes have conotamt prperhm.

Sy= Cot

()= Tlb)E+S(1-)
ophcay thiek
tpialythn.

Tv ()=(o)(1- )ts» Ty Iy

I»() Jt0) ho absor phn.

no emisirn.
Canbewri Hena

But Sy> I(0).

Sv>Iyto)
E misy i m
Spaeron.

Abcphn.
 sUN

Otatly thik

Iy (T) : Sye COMtamt

QIy Thutmadyhamic egul'brianm

HMcvastopically: te matter wil) aHain Hoxwetlcan dstiban.

I+(G)= y(T) =S
Sp. Intenciy
fon blackbody ndiatimn.
Bv( T) 2hy2 ’ plamdy dishibin.
e-1 .

kirhhot4 lam.
Reme mb thich redium
D Fn Humal esubbnum and
Sy = BylT) 2Iy =By(T)
i n meium
0 Fortmal egulibniun, and ophcally
Sy =Bv()
but I) t By(T)
 Sy=(mmt
e get le cn mìc bacrgnrund raciakion l
3 The hehoe nivsm 8 qphoy thk so,

Ioal thermodymic Elitnium

AyKAx Typiral z’MP’ Maga puae

42’ fekm.

Tpicaly coelam apply LTE

A Eveny ponhie syetem behaves he black body (Ihrtal eguitbrium at diffeamt diffeunt

Bud bho whele sysem is NOT a

B»(To))

w RT en in Stelle atsphe.
Approzàmahm; plane parae atmasphere
Approx" Iy is aom seyel.
Fm he Shm
to w .

ds I, (7:A)
dz =dS CmA
ly (2,4)
So, Iy

’u Iy
- , Iy+y Sy
=-,(J, -S) opical dopth
ACy ds.
ke ptadag k),
X6 at he bop of he stelar, athusphue.

RTen baconeo .

Solw m,

Xy