Contents

 Variation of pressure with depth Pressure diagram -concept

and use
 Total hydrostatic pressure and center of pressure on
immersed surfaces and on tank walls
 Determination of total pressure and center of pressure on
vertical, inclined and horizontal immersed surfaces.
 Determination of total pressure and center of pressure on
sides and bottom of water tanks, sides and bottom of tanks
containing two liquids, vertical surface in contact with
liquid on either side
 Hydrostatics
 The branch of hydraulics which deals with the study of
water at rest.
 Variation of pressure
 The pressure at any point in a fluid at
rest is obtained by Hydrostatic law
which states that the rate of increase of
pressure in a vertically downward
direction must be equal to the specific h
weight of the fluid at that point.
 This shows that the pressure increases
linearly vertically downward.
 P= ϒh
 Pressure Diagram
 A pressure diagram is the graphical representation of
the variation in the intensity of pressure over a surface.
 It is used to calculate total pressure force and center of
pressure for submerged body
 Pressure Diagram for Horizontal
Surface
 Pressure intensity at bottom
P’=ϒh=ρgh
 Total Pressure on
bottom=Pressure intensity x Area
of bottom surface
 Pressure Diagram for vertical
Surface
 Pressure intensity at bottom P’=ϒh=ρgh
 Total Pressure= Area of Pressure Diagram
1
 = x ϒhxh
2
1
 = x ϒh2
2
2
 Where ĥ will be at h from free surface i.e
3
at C.G of pressure traingle.
Total Pressure on vertical side of
tank
 Total pressure on vertical surface = Area of pressure
diagram x Width of tank at which pressure is normal
 .
Problem 1
 A vertical tank square in plan has side 3m.It contains oil of
specific gravity 0.4 up to depth of 2.50m.Calculate the total
pressure on bottom and on one side of tank.
 Given Data
 Side =3m
 h= 2.5m
 S=0.4 2.5m
2.5m
 Total Pressure P=? 3m
3m
 Solution 1
 Pressure intensity at bottom(P’)=ϒh
 =Sϒwh
𝐾𝑁
 =0.4x9.81 x2.5 m
𝑚3
 Pressure intensity at bottom(P’)= 9.81 KN/m2
 Total Pressure on Bottom=Pressure intensity at bottom x
Area of bottom surface
 = 9.81KN/m2x (3x3) m2
 Total Pressure on Bottom=88.29KN
 Solution 1
 Total Pressure on one side of tank=(Area of pressure
diagram)x Width of tank
1
 = ( x 9.81x 2.5) x 3
2
 Total Pressure on one side of tank=36.79 KN
 Problem 2
 A tank 3mx 5m is filled with water up to depth of
2m.Calculate total pressure on 5m side of tank and
bottom of tank.
 Given data
 Size=3mx5m
 h = 2m
 ϒ =9.81KN/m3
 Solution 2
 Pressure intensity at bottom(P’)=ϒh
 =ϒwh
𝐾𝑁
 =9.81 x2 m
𝑚3
 Pressure intensity at bottom(P’)= 19.62 KN/m2
 Total Pressure on Bottom=Pressure intensity at bottom x
Area of bottom surface
 = 19.62KN/m2x (3x5) m2
 Total Pressure on Bottom=294.3KN
 Solution 2
 Total Pressure on one side of tank=(Area of pressure
diagram)x Width of tank
1
 = ( x 19.62x 2) x 3
2
 Total Pressure on one side of tank=58.80 KN
 Total Pressure or
Hydrostatic Pressure
 The force exerted by the static fluid on the surface in contact with the
fluid is called as Total Pressure.
 It is denoted by P.
 It is always normal to the contact surface.
 The surface may be horizontal , vertical, inclined or curved
 P=ϒA𝑋
 Where,
 ϒ= Weight density of liquid in KN/m3
 A= Area of plane in contact with liquid in m2
 𝑋 = Distance of Centroid from free surface in m
 Centre of Pressure
 The point at which the total pressure is suppose to be act is called as
Centre of pressure.
 It is denoted by ℎ.
IG Sin2θ
 ℎ=𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋
 Where
 ℎ = Centre of Pressure(m)
 𝑋 = Distance of Centroid from free surface(m)
 IG= Moment of Inertia(m4)
 A= Area of plane in contact with liquid in (m2)
 Centre of pressure of any lamina immersed in a fluid is always below its
centroid
 Moment of Inertia and other Geometric
Properties of some important plane surfaces
 Moment of Inertia and other Geometric
Properties of some important plane surfaces
Hydrostatic Force/Pressure on
Vertical Plate
 Formulae
 Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
IG
 Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 +
𝐴𝑋
 Where
 ℎ = Centre of Pressure(m)
 𝑋 = Distance of Centroid from free surface(m)
 IG= Moment of Inertia(m4)
 A= Area of plane in contact with liquid in (m2)
 Problem 1
 A rectangular plate 3mx4m is immersed in water with
3m side parallel to free liquid surface and top of plate
3.5m below free liquid surface . Find total pressure and
centre of pressure for this plate.

3.5m x
𝑋 ℎ

4m

3m
 Solution 1
𝑑
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= x +
2
4
 =3.5 +
2
 =5.5m
 ii) Area of plate(A)=bxd
 =3x4
 =12 m2
 Solution 1
bd3
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )=
12
3x43
 =
12
 = 16 m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = 9.81 x 12x 5.5
 = 647.46 KN
 Solution 1
IG
 v) Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 +
𝐴𝑋
16
 = 5.5+
12𝑥5.5
 ℎ =5.742m
 Problem 2
 A Circular plate 3.0 m diameter immersed in water
vertically 2.0 below free liquid surface. Find centre of
pressure and total pressure.

2m X
𝑋 ℎ

3m
 Solution 2
𝑑
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= x +
2
3
 =2 +
2
 =3.5m
π
 ii) Area of plate(A)= x d 2
4
π
 = x32
4
 =7.069 m2
 Solution 2
π
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )= x d ^4
64
π
 = x34
64
 = 3.976 m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = 9.81 x 7.069 x 3.5
 = 242.71 KN
 Solution 2
IG
 v)Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 +
𝐴𝑋
3.976
 = 3.5+
7.069𝑥3.5
 ℎ =3.66 m
 Problem 3
 A square lamina of ‘a’ m size is immersed vertically in a
liquid with one of its diagonal parallel to the liquid
surface and one of the corner touching the liquid
surface. Find Center of pressure.

𝑋
ℎ

a
 Solution 3
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= a sin 45
𝑎
 =
2

 ii) Area of plate(A)=a 2
 Solution 3
a4
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )=
12
I
 iv) Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 + G
𝐴𝑋
a a4
 = +
2 12𝑥axa x a
2
a 𝑎 2
 ℎ= +
2 12
14a
 ℎ =
12 2


 Problem 4
 Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of
diameter 1.5m which is placed vertically in water in
such a way that the centre of plate is 3m below the free
surface of water. Find the position of centre of
pressure.

3m 𝑋 ℎ

1.5m
 Solution 4
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= 3

π
 ii) Area of plate(A)= x d 2
4
π
 = x 1.5 2
4
 =1.767 m2
 Solution 4
π
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )= xd4
64
π
 = x 1.5 4
64
 = 0.25 m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = 9.81 x 1.767 x 3
 = 52 KN
 Solution 4
IG
 v)Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 +
𝐴𝑋
0.25
 = 3+
1.767𝑥3
 ℎ =3.047 m
 Problem 5
 A square plate is submerged vertically in oil of specific
gravity 0.9 as shown in Fig. No. 1. Find the total
pressure and position of centre of pressure.
 Solution 5
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= 2m


 ii) Area of plate(A)=a 2
 =22
 =4 m2
 Solution 5
a4
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )=
12
2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
 =
12
 =1.33m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 =S ϒwA 𝑋
 = 0.9x 9.81 x 4 x 2
 P=70.63 KN
 Solution 5
IG
 v) Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑋 +
𝐴𝑋
1.33
 = 2+
4𝑥2
 ℎ = 2.166m
 Inclined Plate Immersed in Liquid
 Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
IG Sin2θ
 Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋
 Where
 ℎ = Centre of Pressure(m)
 𝑋 = Distance of Centroid from free surface(m)
 IG= Moment of Inertia(m4)
 A= Area of plane in contact with liquid in (m2)
Hydrostatic Force/Pressure on
Inclined Plate
 Formulae
 Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
IG Sin2θ
 Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋
Problem 1

𝑋
 Solution 1
4+1.5
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)=
2
 =2.75m

π
 ii) Area of plate(A)= x d 2
4
π
 = x32
4
 =7.068 m2
 Solution 4
π
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )= xd4
64
π
 = x34
64
 = 3.976 m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = 9.81 x7.068 x 2.75
 = 190.67 KN
 Solution 4
IG Sin2θ
 v)Centre of Pressure ℎ = 𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋
4−1.5
 Sin θ=
3
 θ=56.44
IG Sin2θ
 ℎ =𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋
3.976Sin2 (56.44)
 = 2.75+
7.068𝑥 2.75
 ℎ =2.88m
 Problem 2
 A rectangular plane surface 3m wide and 4m deep lies
in water in such a way that it’s plane makes an angle 45
degree with the free surface of water . Determine the
total pressure and position of centre of pressure
 Solution 2
𝑑
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= x + sin 45
2
4
 =3+ sin45
2
 =4.414m
 ii) Area of plate(A)=bxd
 =3x4
 =12 m2
 Solution 2
bd3
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )=
12
3x43
 =
12
 = 16 m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = 9.81 x 12x 4.414
 = 519.64KN
 Solution 2
IG Sin2θ
 v) Centre of Pressure ℎ= 𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋

= 16 Sin2(45)
 4.414+
12𝑥 4.414
 ℎ =4.565m
 Problem 3
 A square plate 6mx6m is placed in a liquid of specific
gravity 0.8 at an angle of 30 degree with free liquid
surface. A square hole of 1.5m in size is cut exactly in
the centre of the plate . Its greatest and least depth
below the free liquid surface are 4m and 2 m
respectively . Determine the total pressure on one face
of plate and position of center of pressure.
Diagram
 Solution 3
𝐴
 i) Depth of centroid from free surface(𝑋)= x + sin 30
2
6
 =2+ sin30
2
 =3.5m
 ii) Area of plate(A)=A^2 –a^2
 =(6x6)-(1.5x1.5)
 =33.75m2
 Solution 2
A4 a4
 iii) Moment of Inertia(IG )= −
12 12
64 1.54
 = −
12 12
 = 107.57m4
 iv)Total Pressure P = ϒA 𝑋
 = SϒwA 𝑋

 = 0.8x9.81 x 33.75x 3.5

 = 927.045KN
 Solution 2
IG Sin2θ
 v) Centre of Pressure ℎ= 𝑥 +
𝐴𝑋

= 107.57 Sin2(30)
 3.5+
33.75𝑥3.5
 ℎ =3.727 m from free surface.
Chapter 2 Ends………