~ CHAPTER (1) Functional Failure Pa a ¢ failure process, es a comprehensive idea about the failure. proc eee nd concentrating on functional ty lure that will be s. Figure (1-1) briefly summarizes types o} iscussed in detail hereinafter. I Overall pt lasoS) agp) ola Siructure Gils Be I Gs Ved | ie 2. Failure T i I T Figure (1-1) Types of failure in reinforced concrete structures ned functional failure, unctional failure t id related to str The previously de fakes many forms from which the most frequent forn ‘uctural engineering are illustrated, 1 ‘camScanner U8 pauThe common and most farniliar er ctural failure engineering environs tructural fa) On the other functional failure, if its presence structures requiring specific orientation with the ¢ track girders or even stairs, Figure (1-2) shows diff resulting in functional and structural failure ‘camScanner U8 pausettlement may cause traditional buildings to II be unable to move or perform ordinary Figure (1-3) shows buildings confronting Extreme differential malfunction, because habitants wt ctivities + structure stably, ! eee eer sent in semi urban un-planned Egyptian districts izza inclined tower an excessive differential settlement compared with the Italian famous P 1s gle 1-2_Overall settlement The overall settlement is un-doug! ily classified as a functional failure ai does note-lead-to-any-increase in straining actions, or internal rel The main problem resulting from overall settlement (a s place is the oe : oo, specialiysineentrancessthatymaysface: a decreasesinsthesflaoreroofaclearanc® which affects habitants maneuvering. Overall settlement-also affects building’s utilitiesprespecially water’ supply: and"sewerage pipes. ‘Dangerous’ pipes natural gas supply pipes should be connected to building via flexible sleeves in order to avoid! hazardousness resulting: from pipes:fracture or micro-cracking, Figure (1-4) shows an example of overall settlement of a building, where it could be noticed that the separate stairs of the entrance are still in their initial position, while the whole building already settled. A crushed zone across the building-ground interface is also obvious. Il settlement of a building Rotation rarely takes place in loads due to their high counter ‘weight retaining structures are the most main Supporting mainly gravitational en to the laterally rotating load. earth Co A SST h ; “nt structures subjecte rotati al ls to either the high ratio between lateral —— alte ‘0 Sub-structure problems (e.g, soil Tee ee ati slip cirele), Fi B eto la . Figure (1-5) ¢ otation due to lateral loads and sub-structure eee 5) shows examples of lems. CCamScanner is tsa‘ design c) rotation due to slip circle 2) rotation due to improper ) rotation , Figure (1-5) Rotation of retaining walls shown in figure (1-6) 4) displacement due to lateral loads) displace ent due 10 sei Figure (1-6) Displaceme il ayers siding nt Of structures 4 ‘camScanner U8 pauSince both machinery and structural element gic of dealing with such problems is ting medium via dampers. ential for some structures, the los tion between the source and the propagal b) plaster softenin 1g due to water leakage fer leakage in bathrooms ° ure (1-7) Effects of wat ‘camScanner U8 pau7 lated through: modulus of 1-7 etn ererrel sformation are F¢ it should be noted that srength and deVOrT ET ould be clearly noticed it elasticity (slope of stre er wo different materials (a) and figure (2-8) that compares (b) loaded axially. a Material (a) deforms to a large § extent, but shows higher strength thal g% Mat. (a) material (b), that deforms less than (a). Habitants or structure users could not judge the residual strength of a J Mat. (b) structural element, but they can easily notice deformations. That is why | / noticeable deformations are considered | a functional failure or a serviceability criterion, in addition _ noticeable \/ deformations are considered an alarm _ of an increase in stresses. - Strain Figure (1-8) Difference between deformation and strength shows an example of a highly deflected floo Figure (1-9) Noticeable deformations in floors Defeats appearing on concrete surfaces are usuall ase of fair face concrete. Most of theses defect walls of large surface area, ly unacceptable; especially in S appear in concrete slabs or 6 CCamScanner ies do suaa!Figure (1-10) Conerete Surface Dusting eer PURGROEREREEESTETEEY 2s shown in Figure (1-11) oncrete surface blisters ‘camScanner Wd pau* . - Figure (1-13) Concrete surface sealing iy ‘camScanner U8 pauJed: byusingieitheralmenteained.concrete puld be avoid ler surface sealing: €6 [solutions to uring Conere’ orapplyngaleiwenehemicd LASS Popouts a Popouts are £ breaking out of the coneret aringennrenrerOFie ormeoneatefragmente crally appe TET eeawatiownvinofigure (1-14) surlace, as a) Slab Popouts Jumn Popouts Figure (1-14) Conerete surface popouts Popouts usually occur as a result of using porous aggregate that absorbs too much water during mixing and placing processes, this leads to aggregate expansion that forms this phenomenon. Popouts may also occur due to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) that takes place between alkali concrete products (cement) and silica, presented in aggregate, Minimizing popouts could be established by producing air-entrained concrete with low water content, using durable (low porous) aggregate, and using low alkali products in case of the activation of alkali-silica reaction. <= \-8-6 Discoloration Discoloration appears as gross color changes over large areas, as shown in figure (1-15). Discoloration is usually the result of any of the following: I~ The usage of calcium chloride admixtures. 2. Non-uniform curing. 3- Heterogeneity in water cement ratio of concrete mix over the concrete surface. Figure (1- n Bure (I-15) Concrete surface discoloration "31 ‘camScanner U8 pauconcrete or masonry PAST Efflorescence ced It appears in the form of a white p surfaces? Figure (1-16) shows an example conerete beam and supported masonry wall lable layer on of efflorescence in a reinfor yD ¢ Figure (1-16) Surface efflorescence Efflorescence refers to the leakage of water through porous bodies (e.g. concrete or brick), dissolving internal salts and transmitting them to the surface. After that, water evaporates, leaving salts in the previously described pattern on the body surface. This phenomenon leads to an improper aesthetical view, in addition to plastering separation, if present. Efflorescence effects could be minimized by using aggregate and bricks of low salts content, in addition to applying surface layers of water protection sheets or emulsions to minimize water leakage at humid areas. sss Vertical Surface Scouring Scouring concrete vertical surfaces forms a pattern that resembles a map of a river delta, with wide lower base and sharp upper apex. Figure (1-17) shows and example of a concrete wall surface scour. Surface scour is caused by water moving upwards against the face of the formwork. It is a sign of excessively wet concrete, and its prevention is a matter of concrete mix design, Figure (1-17) Conerete vertical surface scouring!!! 10 CcamScanner Wd pau1-9_d ‘Aesthetical effects of joints are considered a functional tailure, because ser’s ions towards i ely affects user’s impressions iniproper appearance of joints passive! \ imp s r sasma durability. The most frequently faced joint sete ware interlil tracks: They represent a natural separation between two continuurmss Spot joints and-masonry-concrete interfaces represent the major pereentag hese . as shown in figure (1-18). a) bad-treated expansion Joint by steel net sheets used to connect interfaces c) masonry-conerete column Interface crack Figure (1-18) Concrete joint defects Difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between contacted materials, subjected to thermal loading, may also lead joints cracks. CcamScanner Wd pau