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CIVL 2122 Lecture 8
CIVL 2122 Lecture 8
CIVL 2122
Soil strength
and
Critical State
Dr Christophe Gaudin
gaudin@civil.uwa.edu.au Lecture 8
Outline
Geotechnical design
Basics of Mechanics
•There is always one orientation of the solid body where the shear
stresses are nil and the normal stresses are maximal. They are called
principal stresses
Z Z’
σz
σ1 0 0
T = 0 σ2
z
0
0 0 σ3
σy
y Y Usual convention
σx
x
X’ With σ1>σ2>σ3
Y’
X
σ1
σ1
σ2
σ2
σ2
Plane strain
Axisymmetry
σ'1 0
T =
σ’1 0 σ'3
Mean stress
σ’3
σ'1 +2σ'3
σ’3 p' =
3
Deviatoric stress
q = σ'1 −σ'3
σ
δl τ
δz δz
δl δh
δε = δγ =
δz δz
σ’1 τ’
Plane strain
σ1 and σ3 principal stresses σ’3 σ2 σ’1 σ’
σ’f
τf σ’3
θ
τf
2θ
τf =
1 '
2
( )
σ1 − σ3' sin 2θ σ’3 σ’f c σ’1 σ’
1 '
( 1 '
) (
σ' f = σ1 + σ3 + σ1 − σ3' cos 2θ
2
'
2
) c=1/2 (σ’1+σ’3)
r=1/2 (σ’1-σ’3)
σ’mean
τmax σ’3
45 τmax
2θ
τ max
1 '
2
(
= r = σ1 − σ3' ) σ’3 c σ’1 σ’
Where 2θ=45°
c=1/2 (σ’1+σ’3)
Acting on a plan inclined at θ=45°
r=1/2 (σ’1-σ’3)
τ’
σ’1
N
σn’ τ
τ
σ’3 σm’
τ
σ’3 σn’ c σ’1 σ’
θ σm’
-τ
M
τ σm’
σ’3
τ σ’3 σn’ c σ’1 σ’
θ σm’ -τ
M
σ '
+ σ ' σ '
− σ '
σ 'm + σ 'n σ 'm − σ 'n 2
σ1' = m n
+ m n
+ τ 2
σ1' = − +τ
2 2 2 2
Void ratio (e) is a measure of the void volume, i.e. volume not
occupied by solid soil particles
Va air Wa=0
Vv Vv
e= Vw water Ww
Vs Wt
Vt
Vs soil Ws
Time depends of
outlet diameter =
σ
u=σ u=
soil permeability 0
u=0
σ’=0 σ’=
σ’=σ
σ
(w = wL) IL = 1
Unique Line
(w = wP) IL = 0
ln 200
w − wP ln 200 − ln su su
IL = =
wL − wP ln 200 − ln 2
=
ln 200 (
2
)
su = 200 exp(− 4.6 I L )
τ
τ=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
Failure line
Not a valid stress
φ’
state
c’
σ’h σ’h σ’v σ’v σ’
Ground surface Total stress (σ) Hydrostatic stress (u) Effective stress (σ')
Water table
σ=γxz u = γw x z σ' = σ - u
CLAY, Unit Weight σ' = γ x z – γw x z
(γ) = 16 kN/m3 σ’ = (γ−γw) x z
Depth, z
Depth, z
σ′
• Coefficient of earth pressure
at rest K0
σ′v = γ.z
H
Fo
H/3
σ′v = γ.z
H
Fa 45+φ′/2
45+φ
H/3
z
σ′h = Ka. σ′v
σ′h-max = Ka. σ′v-max = Ka. γ.H
H Fp
τ’ Failure line
+ φ’
c’
σ’
φ’: angle of internal friction
τ’=σ
σ’tanφ
φ’
c’: cohesion
Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2007 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 8
Mohr Coulomb failure criterion Ka and Kp for sand
τ’
Failure line
φ’ τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
Failure σ 'h 0
= K0
σv 0
'
Ka<1
• Calculation of Ka
τ’ IA = OA sin φ'
τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
Failure line σ v' 0 + σ 'hf min
IA = sin φ'
φ’ 2
• Calculation of Kp
τ’
Failure line
τ’=c’ + σ’tanφ
φ’
φ’
1 + sin φ'
Kp =
1 − sin φ'
1
I Kp =
Ka
O
σ’h0 A σ’v0 σ’hfmax σ’
q
Failure line q
M=
M
p'
6 sin φ'
M=
3 − sin φ'
p’
• Test procedure
The upper part of the box is displaced at a constant rate and under a constant
vertical load
Parameters recorded:
Normal force N (normal stress)
Shear force F (shear stress)
Horizontal displacement x
Vertical displacement y
x
dy/dx<0 Contraction
Loose
dy/dx=0
Loading frame
The triaxial test enables a variety of
Loading ram stress or strain controlled tests to be
carried out on cylindrical soil
External LVDT
specimens.
Top cell
Fa
Internal load cell
Membrane
Phosphor bronze springs
Area, A
Sample Strain gauges
σcell
Cell shroud
Bottom porous disc
u
Triaxial pedestal
Unloading Loading
q
3
3 1 Compression
2
p,p’ Extension
σh
∆q = ∆σv
p’ p p’ p,p’ ∆p = ∆σv/3
∆q/ ∆p = 3
εa
εa
q/p,
εa
∆u
εa
Dr Christophe Gaudin – August 2007 CIVL 2122 – Lecture 8
Triaxial test Analysis
Test 2
Test 3
σ’