Quadratic Equation Progression Trigonometric Identities Spherical Trigonometry

Form: AM ∙ HM = (GM)2 Squared Identities: Sine Law:

2 sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑎
Ax + Bx + C = 0 2 2
sin A + cos A = 1
Arithmetic Progression: = =
Roots: 1 + tan2 A = sec 2 A sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐴
d = a 2 − a1 = a 3 − a 2
s 2 − 4AC
−B ± √B 1 + cot 2 A = csc 2 A Cosine Law for sides:
x= a n = a1 + (n − 1)d cos 𝑎 = cos 𝑏 cos 𝑐 + sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐 cos 𝐴
2A Sum & Diff of Angles Identities:
a n = a x + (n − x)d Cosine Law for angles:
Sum of Roots:
n sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B cos 𝐴 = − cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝑎
B Sn = (a1 + a n )
x1 + x2 = − 2 cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B Spherical Polygon:
A
Harmonic Progression: tan A ± tan B πR2 E E = spherical excess
Product of Roots: - reciprocal of arithmetic tan (A ± B) =
C 1 ∓ tan A tan B AB = E = (A+B+C+D…) – (n-2)180°
progression 180°
x1 ∙ x2 = + Double Angle Identities:
A Geometric Progression: Spherical Pyramid:
1 minute of arc =
r = a 2 /a1 = a 3 /a2 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A 1 πR3 E 1 nautical mile
Binomial Theorem cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin2 A V = AB H = 1 nautical mile =
a n = a1 r n−1 3 540°
6080 feet
Form:
a n = a x r n−x cos 2A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 1 statute mile =
(x + y)n cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 5280 feet
1 − rn n-sided Polygon
rth term: Sn = a1 2 tan A # of diagonals:
1 knot =
r th
= nCm x n−m y m 1−r tan 2A = n Interior Angle, ɤ: 1 nautical mile
a1 1 − tan2 A d = (n − 3) (n − 2)180° per hour
where: m=r-1
S∞ = 2 γ=
1−r n
Deflection Angle, δ: Area = n ∙ ATRIANGLE
Worded Problems Tips Triangle Common Quadrilateral δ = 180° − γ 1
 Age Problems 1 Square: Rectangle: Area = n ∙ R2 sinβ
A = bh Central Angle, β: 2
→ underline specific time conditions A = s2 A = bh
2 360° 1
 Motion Problems P = 4s P = 2a + 2b β= Area = n ∙ ah
1 n 2
→a =0 A = ab sin C d = √2s d = √b 2 + h2
2
→s = vt Parallelogram:
1 sin B sin C Polygon Names
A = a2 A = bh 16 - hexadecagon
 Work Problems 3 - triangle
2 sin A A = ab sin θ 17 - septadecagon
Case 1: Unequal rate 4 - quad/tetragon 18 - octadecagon
work A = √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) 1 5 - pentagon
A = d1 d2 sin θ 19 - nonadecagon
rate = 2 6 - hexagon/sexagon 20 - icosagon
time a+b+c 7 - septagon/heptagon 21 - unicosagon
Case 2: Equal rate s= Rhombus: 8 - octagon 22 - do-icosagon
→ usually in project management 2 A = ah 9 - nonagon 30 - tricontagon
→ express given to man-days or man-hours A = a2 sin θ 10 - decagon 31 - untricontagon
Trapezoid 1 11 - undecagon/ 40 - tetradecagon
 Clock Problems A = d1 d2 monodecagon 50 - quincontagon
11M − 60H 1 2 12 - dodecagon/ 60 - hexacontagon
+ if M is ahead of H
θ= - if M is behind of H
A = (a + b)h bidecagon 100 - hectogon
2 2
Ellipse 13 - tridecagon 1,000 - chilliagon
A1 n ma2 + nb 2 14 - quadridecagon 10,000 - myriagon
a2 + b2
Ex-circle- 1 1 1 1 = ;w = √ A = πab C = 2π√ 15 - quindecagon/ 1,000,000 - megagon
A2 m m+n 2 pentadecagon ∞ - aperio (circle)
= + +
In-circle 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
Triangle-Circle Relationship General Quadrilateral
Centers of Triangle Inscribed Circle:
Circumscribing Circle: Cyclic Quadrilateral: (sum of opposite angles=180°)
INCENTER abc AT = rs
- the center of the inscribed circle (incircle) AT = A = √(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
of the triangle & the point of intersection of
4R
Escribed Circle: Ptolemy’s Theorem is applicable:
the angle bisectors of the triangle.
opposite side a+b+c+d
diameter = AT = R a (s − a) ac + bd = d1 d2 s=
sine of angle 2
a b c AT = R b (s − b) Non-cyclic Quadrilateral:
d= = = AT = R c (s − c) ε
sin A sin B sin C
A = √(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d) − abcd cos 2
2
Pappus Theorem
CIRCUMCENTER
- the center of the circumscribing circle Pappus Theorem 1: Prism or Cylinder Pointed Solid
(circumcircle) & the point of intersection of SA = L ∙ 2πR V = AB H = AX L 1
the perpendicular bisectors of the triangle. v
V = AB H
Pappus Theorem 2: LA = PB H = Px L 3
AB/PB → Perimeter or Area of base Right Circ. Cone Reg. Pyramid
V = A ∙ 2πR H → Height & L → slant height 1
AX/PX → Perimeter or Area of cross- LA = πrL LA = PB L
NOTE: It is also used to locate centroid of an area. section perpendicular to slant height 2

Spherical Lune: Spherical Wedge:

Special Solids Spherical Solids
ORTHOCENTER Alune 4πR2 4
Sphere: Vwedge 3 πR
3
- the point of intersection of the altitudes of Truncated Prism or Cylinder: =
4 θrad 2π =
the triangle. V = AB Have V = πR3 θrad 2π
LA = PB Have 3 Alune = 2θR2 2
LA = 4πR2 Vwedge = θR3
3
Frustum of Cone or Pyramid: Spheroid:
H 4 Spherical Zone:
V = πabc
V= (A + A2 + √A1 A2 ) 3
Azone = 2πRh
3 1 LA = 4π [
a2 + b2 + c 2
]
CENTROID Spherical Sector:
3
- the point of intersection of the medians of 1
the triangle. Prolate Spheroid: V = Azone R
3
4 2
V = πabb V = πR2 h
3
a2 + b2 + b2 3
Prismatoid:
LA = 4π [ ] Spherical Segment:
H 3
V = (A1 + 4AM + A2 ) For one base:
6 Oblate Spheroid: about major axis 1
EULER LINE 4
V = πh2 (3R − h)
V = πaab 3
- the line that would pass through the 3 For two bases:
orthocenter, circumcenter, and centroid of a2 + a2 + b2
LA = 4π [ ] 1
the triangle. 3 V = πh(3a2 + 3b2 + h2 )
about minor axis 6
Archimedean Solids Analytic Geometry Ellipse Hyperbola
- the only 13 polyhedra that are - the locus of point that moves such - the locus of point that moves such
convex, have identical vertices, and Slope-intercept form: Distance from a point to another point: that the sum of its distances from that the difference of its distances
their faces are regular polygons. y = mx + b d = √(y2 − y1 )2 + (x2 − x1 )2 two fixed points called the foci is from two fixed points called the foci
constant. is constant.
Nn Nn Point-slope form:
E= V= Distance from a point to a line: General Equation: General Equation:
2 v y − y1
where: s m= |Ax + By + C| Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Ax 2 − Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
E → # of edges x − x1 d=
V → # of vertices √A2 + B 2 Standard Equation: Standard Equation:
N → # of faces Two-point form: (x − h)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2 (y − k)2
n → # of sides of each face Distance of two parallel lines: − =1
v → # of faces meeting at a vertex y2 − y1 y − y2 a2
+
b2
=1
a2 b2
= |C1 − C2 |
x 2 − x1 x − x 2 d= (x − h)2 (y − k)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2
Conic Sections
Point-slope form:
√A2 + B 2 b2
+
a2
=1
a2
−
b2
=1
General Equation: x y Angle between two lines:
Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 + =1 m2 − m1
a b tan θ =
Based on discriminant: 1 + m1 m2
B 2 − 4AC = 0 ∴ parabola
B 2 − 4AC < 0 ∴ ellipse Parabola
B 2 − 4AC > 0 ∴ hyperbola - the locus of point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix).
Based on eccentricity, e=f/d: Elements: Elements:
General Equation: Elements:
𝑒 = 0 ∴ circle 2 Eccentricity, e: Loc. of directrix, d:
Location of foci, c: Same as ellipse:
Length of LR,
𝑒 = 1 ∴ parabola y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Location of foci, c: a c 2 = a2 + b2 Loc. of directrix, d
df
𝑒 < 1 ∴ ellipse x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 e=
dd
=1 c 2 = a2 − b2 d= Eq’n of asymptote:
Eccentricity, e
e y − k = ±m(x − h)
𝑒 > 1 ∴ hyperbola Standard Equation: Length of LR:
Length of latus Eccentricity, e: where:
2
(x − h) = ±4a(y − k) rectum, LR: 2b2 c m is (+) for upward asymptote;

LR = 4a LR = e= m is (-) for downward

Circle (y − k)2 = ±4a(x − h) a a m = b/a if the transverse axis is horizontal;

m = a/b if the transverse axis is vertical
- the locus of point that moves such
that its distance from a fixed point 1 revolution
called the center is constant. Engineering Economy
= 2π rad Unit Circle
General Equation: = 360˚  Simple Interest:
Versed sine:
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 I = P𝑖n where:
= 400 grads vers A = 1 − cos A F → future worth
Standard Equation: = 6400 mills Versed cosine: F = P(1 + 𝑖n) P → principal or present worth
i → interest rate per interest period
(x − h) + (y − k)2 = r 2
2
covers A = 1 − sin A r → nominal interest rate
 Compound Interest:
Tetrahedron n → no. of interest periods
Half versed sine: F = P(1 + 𝑖)n m → no. of interest period per year
Line Tangent to Conic Section 1 − cos A t → no. of years
hav A = r mt ER → effective rate
To find the equation of a line 2 2 F = P (1 + )
tangent to a conic section at a H = a√ Exsecant:
m
given point P(x1, y1):
3 I r m
exsec A = sec A − 1 ER = = (1 − ) − 1
In the equation of the conic 2 P m
equation, replace:
SA = a √3
 Inflation:  Rate of return:  Continuous Compounding Interest:
𝑥 2 → 𝑥𝑥1 √2 3 𝑖f = 𝑖 + f + 𝑖f annual net profit F = Pe rt
V=a RR =
𝑦 2 → 𝑦𝑦1 12 capital
ER = er − 1
 Break-even analysis: Annual net profit
𝑥 + 𝑥1 = savings – expenses

𝑥→ cost = revenue – depreciation (sinking fund)

1
 Annuity:
2 RP = ′
𝑦 + 𝑦1 RR (1 + 𝑖)n − 1 where:

𝑦→ F = A[ ] F → future worth
2 𝑖 P → principal or present worth
Depreciation A → periodic payment
𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑥1 (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
′
i → interest rate per payment
𝑥𝑦 → BVm = FC − Dm P = A[ ] n → no. of interest periods
2 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n n’ → no. of payments

 Straight-Line: CALTECH:
Differential Calculus FC − SV Mode 3 2  Perpetuity:
x y
d= (time) (BV) A
Curvature: Radius of curvature: n P= = F(1 + 𝑖)−n
0 FC
y" 3
Dm = d(m) n SV 𝑖 where:
k= 3
[1 + (y′)2 ]2 C → capitalized cost
ρ=  Capitalized Cost: FC → first cost
[1 + (y′)2 ]2 𝑦"  Sinking Fund: where: OM → annual operation
FC → first cost OM RC − SV or maintenance cost
Maxima & Minima (Critical Points): (1 + i)n − 1 −1 SV → salvage cost C = FC + + RC → replacement cost
d = (FC − SV) [ ] d → depreciation 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)n − 1 SV → salvage cost
𝑑𝑦 𝑖 per year
AC → annual cost
= y′ = 0 (+) minima m
(1 + i) − 1
n → economic life
m → any year before n
AC = C ∙ 𝑖
𝑑𝑥 (-) maxima Dm = d [ ] BVm → book value (RC − SV)𝑖
𝑖 after m years
AC = FC ∙ 𝑖 + OM +
Point of inflection: Dm → total depreciation
(1 + i)n − 1
 Sum-of-the-Years-Digit (SYD):
𝑑2 𝑦 n−m+1
= y" = 0 dm = (FC − SV) [ ] CALTECH:  Single-payment-compound-amount factor:
𝑑𝑥 2 ∑ years Mode 3 3
(F/P, 𝑖, n) = (1 + 𝑖)n
x y
(time) (BV)
∑nn−m+1 x 0 FC  Single-payment-present-worth factor:
Integral Calculus-The Cardioid Dm = (FC − SV) [ ] n SV −n
∑n1 x n+1 SV
(P/F, 𝑖, n) = (1 + 𝑖)
A = 1.5πa2  Equal-payment-series-compound-amount factor:
 Declining Balance (Matheson): ′
P = 8a BVm = FC(1 − k)m CALTECH: (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
Mode 3 6 (F/A, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
r = a(1 − sin θ) r = a(1 − cos θ) SV = FC(1 − k)n k → obtained x y 𝑖
(time) (BV)
r = a(1 + sin θ) r = a(1 + cos θ) Dm = FC − BVm 0 FC  Equal-payment-sinking-fund factor:
n SV ′ −1
 Double Declining Balance:
(1 + 𝑖)n − 1
(A/F, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
BVm = FC(1 − k)m 𝑖
k = 2/n k → obtained  Equal-payment-series-present-worth factor:
′
Dm = FC − BVm (1 + 𝑖)n − 1
where: (P/A, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
FC → first cost 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n
 Service Output Method: SV → salvage cost
FC − SV d → depreciation per year  Equal-payment-series-capital-recovery factor:
Qn → qty produced during
d= ′ −1
Qn economic life
Qm → qty produced during
(1 + 𝑖)n − 1
up to m year
(A/P, 𝑖, n) = [ ]
D = dQ m Dm → total depreciation
𝑖(1 + 𝑖)n
Statistics Fractiles
Measure of Natural Tendency  Range
= 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
 Mean, x̅, μ → average
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Coefficient of Range
→ Shift Mode ▼s Stat Frequency? on 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
=
→ Input 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
→ AC Shift 1 var x̅
 Quartiles
 Median, Me → middle no. when n is even

n+1 1 2 3
Me th
= Q1 = n Q2 = n Q3 = n
2 4 4 4
th 1 n n when n is odd
Me = [( ) + ( + 1)]
2 2 2 1 1 1
Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1)
4 4 4
 Mode, Mo → most frequent
 Interquartile Range, IQR
Standard Deviation
= 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
 Population standard deviation = Q3 − Q1
→ Mode Stat 1-var
 Coefficient of IQR
→ Shift Mode ▼ Stat Frequency? on
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
→ Input =
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
→ AC Shift 1 var σx
Q3 − Q1
=
 Sample standard deviation
Q3 + Q1
→ Mode Stat 1-var  Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2
→ Shift Mode ▼ Stat Frequency? on
→ Input  Outlier
→ extremely high or low data higher than
→ AC Shift 1 var sx
or lower than the following limits:
NOTE:
If not specified whether population/sample
Q1 − 1.5IQR > x
in a given problem, look for POPULATION. Q 3 + 1.5IQR < x
Coefficient of Linear Correlation
 Decile or Percentile
or Pearson’s r
m
→ Mode Stat A+Bx im = (n)
10 or 100
→ Input
→ AC Shift 1 Reg r
Normal Distribution
NOTE:
-1 ≤ r ≤ +1; otherwise erroneous

 Population standard deviation

Variance
 Z-score or
 standard deviation = σ standard score → Mode Stat
or variate → AC Shift 1 Distr
 variance = σ2
x−μ left of z → P(
 relative variability = σ/x z= right of z → R(
σ
Mean/Average Deviation x → no. of observations bet. z & axis → Q(
μ → mean value, x̅ → Input
 Mean/average value σ → standard deviation
b
1
mv = ∫ f(x)dx Exponential Distribution
b−a a
P(x ≥ a) = e−λa
 Mean value
P(x ≤ a) = 1 − e−λa
b P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = e−λa − e−λb
1
RMS = √ ∫ f(x)2 dx
b−a a

Discrete Probability Distributions Walli’s Formula

π
 Binomial Probability Distribution 2 [(m − 1)(m − 3)(m − 5) … (1 or 2)][(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) … (1 or 2)]
P(x) = C(n, x) p q x n−x ∫ cosm θ sinn θ dθ = ∙α
0 (m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) … (1 or 2)
where:
p → success NOTE:
q → failure
α = π/2 for m and n are both even
 Geometric Probability Distribution α =1 otherwise
x−1
P(x) = p(q ) Tip to remember:
Fibonacci Numbers
 Poisson Probability Distribution 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
n n
x −μ 1 1 + √5 1 − √5 Mode Eqn 5
μ e
P(x) = an = [( ) −( ) ]
x! √5 2 2 𝑥=
1 ± √5
2

Period, Amplitude & Frequency

x = r cos θ
Period (T) → interval over which the graph of y = r sin θ
function repeats r = x2 + y2
Amplitude (A) → greatest distance of any point y
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes θ = tan−1
halfway between the maximum & minimum
x
values of the function
Frequency (ω) → no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2π/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) π/B A