Module 2: Analysis of Stress

2.3.1 GENERAL STATE OF STRESS IN THREE-DIMENSION IN

CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

Figure 2. 17 Stresses acting on the element

In the absence of body forces, the equilibrium equations for three-dimensional state are
given by

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 Module2/Lesson3

¶s r 1 ¶t rq ¶t zr æ s r - s q ö
+ + +ç ÷=0 (2.47)
¶r r ¶q ¶z è r ø
¶t rq 1 ¶s q ¶t q z 2t rq
+ + + =0 (2.48)
¶r r ¶q ¶z r
¶t zr 1 ¶t qz ¶s z t zr
+ + + =0 (2.49)
¶r r ¶q ¶z r

2.25 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Example 2.1
When the stress tensor at a point with reference to axes (x, y, z) is given by the array,

é4 1 2ù
ê1 6 0 ú MPa
ê ú
êë2 0 8 úû

show that the stress invariants remain unchanged by transformation of the axes by 450
about the z-axis,
Solution: The stress invariants are
I1 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 MPa
I2 = 4 ´ 6+6 ´ 8+4 ´ 8-1 ´ 1-2 ´ 2-0 = 99 MPa
I3 = 4 ´ 48-1 ´ 8+2 ´ (-12) = 160 MPa

The direction cosines for the transformation are given by

x y z

x¢ 1 1 0
2 2
y¢ 1 1 0
-
2 2
z¢ 0 0 1

Using Equations (2.21a), (2.21b), (2.21c), (2.21d), (2.21e), (2.21f), we get

1 1 1
s x¢ = 4 ´ + 6 ´ + 0 + 2 ´ 1 ´ + 0 + 0
2 2 2
= 6 MPa

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1 1 1
s y¢ = 4 ´ + 6 ´ + 0 - 2 ´ 1 ´ + 0 + 0
2 2 2
= 4 MPa
s z¢ = 0 + 0 + 8 ´ 1 + 0 + 0 + 0
= 8 MPa
1 1 æ1 1ö
t x¢y¢ = -4 ´ + 6 ´ + 0 + 1ç - ÷ + 0 + 0
2 2 è 2 2ø
= 1 MPa
æ 1 ö
t y¢z ¢ = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2ç - ÷
è 2ø
= - 2 MPa
æ 1 ö
t x¢z¢ = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2ç ÷
è 2ø
= 2 MPa
Hence the new stress tensor becomes
é6 1 2 ù
ê ú
ê1 4 - 2ú MPa
ê 2 - 2 8 úû
ë
Now, the new invariants are
I 1¢ = 6 + 4 + 8 = 18 MPa
I 2¢ = 6 ´ 4 + 4 ´ 8 + 6 ´ 8 - 1 - 2 - 2 = 99 MPa
æ 5 ö
I 3¢ = 6 ´ 30 - 1 ´ 10 + 2 ç - ÷ = 160 MPa
è 2ø
which remains unchanged. Hence proved.

Example 2.2

The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms

é9 6 3ù
ê6 5 2ú MPa
ê ú
êë3 2 4úû
Determine the principal stresses and principal directions.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation

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s3 – I1 s2 + I2 s - I3 = 0
Here I 1 = 9 + 5 + 4 = 18 MPa
I 2 = 9 ´ 5 + 5 ´ 4 + 9 ´ 4 - (6 ) - (2 ) - (3) = 52 MPa
2 2 2

I 3 = 9 ´ 5 ´ 4 - 9 ´ 4 - 5 ´ 9 - 4 ´ 36 + 2 ´ 6 ´ 2 ´ 3 = 27 MPa
\ The cubic equation becomes
s 3 - 18s 2 + 52s - 27 = 0
The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence the three principal
stresses are

s1 = 14.554 MPa; s2 = 2.776 MPa and s3 = 0.669 MPa

Now to find principal directions for major principal stress s1
( 9 - 14 .554 ) 6 3
6 (5 - 14 .554 ) 2
3 2 ( 4 - 14 .554 )

- 5.554 6 3
= 6 - 9.554 2
3 2 - 10.554

é- 9.554 2 ù
A =ê
- 10.554úû
=100.83 - 4 = 96.83
ë 2

é6 2 ù
B= -ê ú = -(-63.324 - 6) = 69.324
ë3 - 10.554û
é6 - 9.554ù
C =ê
2 úû
= 12 + 28.662 = 40.662
ë3

A2 + B 2 + C 2

= (96.83)2 + (69.324)2 + (40.662)2

= 125.83
A 96.53
l1 = = = 0.769
A2 + B 2 + C 2 125.83

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B 69.324
m1 = = = 0.550
A2 + B 2 + C 2 125.83

C 40.662
n1 = = = 0.325
A + B +C
2 2 2 125.84

Similarly, the principal stress directions for s2 stress and s3 stress are calculated.
Therefore, l2 = 0.596 l3 = - 0.226
m2 = - 0.800 m3 = - 0.177
n2 = 0.057 n3 = 0.944

Example 2.3
At a point in the structural member, the stresses (in MPa) are represented as in Figure
2.18. Employ Mohr’s circle to determine:
(a) the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses
(b) the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shearing stresses and associated
normal stresses.
In each case show the results on a properly oriented
element. Y sy = 27.6
Solution: Centre of the Mohr’s circle = OC
txy = 20.7
27.6 + 55.2
= = 41.4 MPa sx = 55.2
2
(a) Principal stresses are represented by points A1 and B1. X
Hence the maximum and minimum principal stresses,
referring to the circle are Figure 2.18

s1,2=41.4 ±
1
(55.2 - 27.6 )2 + (20.7 )2
4
s1 =66.3 MPa and s2 =16.5 MPa
The planes on which the principal stresses act are given by
20.7
2q ¢p =tan-1 = 56.30 0
13.8
¢¢
and 2q p = 56.30 + 180 = 236.30 0
Hence, q ¢p = 28.15 0 and q ¢p¢ = 118.15 0
Mohr’s circle clearly indicates that q ¢p locates the s1 plane.
(b) The maximum shearing stresses are given by points D and E. Thus

tmax = ±
1
(55.2 - 27.6)2 + (20.7)2
4
= ± 24.9 MPa

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The planes on which these stresses act are represented by

q s¢ = 28.15 0 + 45 0 = 73.15 0
and q s¢¢ = 163.15 0

y¢ x¢
y¢ 0
x¢ 73.15
0
28.15

s1 = 66.3 tmax = 24.9 s¢ = 41.4

s2 = 16.5 s¢
t
s¢ = 41.4

B(27.6, 20.7)
Y
. . D

2qs¢
O B1
. C
..
F
A1
s
2q p¢

.E .A(55.2,-20.7)
X
Figure 2.19 Mohr’s stress circle

Example 2.4
The stress (in N/m2) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20.
Apply Mohr’s circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane
defined by q = 30 .
0

Y 6
sy = 14´10
Solution: The Mohr’s
circle drawn below
describes the state of 6
stress for the given sx = 28 ´10
element. Points A1 and 0
30 X

Figure 2.20

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B1 represent the
stress components on the x and y
faces, respectively.
10 6
The radius of the circle is (14 + 28) = 21 ´ 10 6 . Corresponding to the 300 plane within
2 0
the element, it is necessary to rotate through 60 counterclockwise on the circle to locate
point A¢ . A 240 counterclockwise rotation locates point B ¢ .
0

t 6
s¢ = 7´10

. x¢
A¢
Y
6
B1(-14 ´ 10 ,0)
. .. . O C
60
0
s X
. B¢
6
A1(28 ´ 10 ,0)

y¢

(a)

y¢ x¢
0
30
6
tx¢y¢ = 18.186´10

X
6
A (28 10 ,0)
sx¢ = 17.5´10
6 sy¢ = 3.5´10

(b)

Figure 2.21 Mohr’s stress circle

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From the above Mohr’s circle,

s x¢ = (7 + 21 cos 60 0 )10 6 = 17.5 ´ 106 N / m 2
s y¢ = -3.5 ´ 10 6 N / m 2
t x¢y¢ = ±21 ´ 10 6 sin 60 0 = ±18.86 ´ 10 6 N / m 2

Example 2.5
A rectangular bar of metal of cross-section 30mm ´ 25mm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 180KN. Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose
normal has the following direction cosines:
1
(i) l = m = and n = 0
2
1
(ii) l = m = n =
3
Solution: Let normal stress acting on the cross-section is given by s y .
Axial load
\ sy =
cross sectional area
180 ´ 10 3
=
30 ´ 25
= 240 N / mm 2
Now, By Cauchy’s formula, the stress components along x, y and z co-ordinates are
T x = s x l + t xy m + t xz n
T y = t xy l + s y m + t yz n (a)
T z = t xz l + t yz m + s z n
And the normal stress acting on the plane whose normal has the direction cosines l, m and n
is,
s = Tx l + T y m + Tz n (b)

Case (i) For l = m = 1 and n = 0

2
Here s x = 0 , t xy = 0, s y = 240 N / mm 2
t xz = 0, t yz = 0, s z = 0
Substituting the above in (a), we get
240
Tx = 0, T y = s y m = , Tz = 0
2

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Substituting in (b), we get

240 æ 1 ö
s = 0+ ç ÷ + 0 = 120 N / mm 2
2 è 2ø
Resultant Stress on the plane is

T = T x + T y + Tz
2 2 2

2
é 240 ù
= 0+ê ú +0
ë 2û

T = 169.706 N / mm 2
But shear stress t can be determined from the relation

T 2 = s 2 +t 2

or t = T 2 - s 2

= (169.706)2 - (120)2
t = 120 N / mm 2
1
Case (ii) For l = m = n =
3
Again from (a),
240
Tx = 0, T y = s y m = , Tz = 0
3
240 æ 1 ö
Normal Stress = s = 0 + çç ÷÷ + 0 = 80.00 N / mm 2
3 è 3ø
Resultant Stress on the plane is
T = T x + T y + Tz
2 2 2

2
é 240 ù
T = 0+ ê ú +0
ë 3û
t = 113.13 N / mm 2
Shear Stress = t = (138.56)2 - (80)2
t = 113.13 N / mm 2

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Example 2.6
A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point in it is
represented as
é200 200 200 ù
ê200 - 100 200 ú MPa
ê ú
êë200 200 - 100úû
Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral
plane.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are
1
l=m=n=
3
Here s x = 200 MPa
s y = -100 MPa
s y = -100 MPa
t xy = t yz = t zx = 200 MPa
Substituting the above in Cauchy’s formula, we get
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Tx = 200ç ÷ + 200ç ÷ + 200ç ÷ = 346.41 MPa
è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
T y = 200ç ÷ - 100ç ÷ + 200ç ÷ = 173.20 MPa
è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Tz = 200ç ÷ + 200ç ÷ - 100ç ÷ = 173.20 MPa
è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø
Normal stress on the plane is given by
s = Tx .l + T y .m + Tz n
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
= 346.41çç ÷÷ + 173.20çç ÷÷ + 173.20çç ÷÷
è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø
s = 400 MPa
Resultant Stress = T = Tx + T y + Tz
2 2 2

= (346.41)2 + (173.20)2 + (173.20)2

T = 424.26 MPa
Also, Tangential Stress = t = (424.26)2 - (400)2

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= 141.41 MPa

Example 2.7
The state of stress at a point is given as follows:
s x = -800 kPa, s y = 1200kPa, s z = -400kPa
t xy = 400kPa, t yz = -600kPa, t zx = 500kPa
1 1
Determine (a) the stresses on a plane whose normal has direction cosines l = , m=
4 2
and (b) the normal and shearing stresses on that plane.
Solution: We have the relation,
l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
2 2
æ1ö æ1ö
\ ç ÷ + ç ÷ + n2 = 1
è4ø è2ø
11
\ n=
4
(a) Using Cauchy’s formula,

æ1ö æ1ö æ 11 ö
Tx = -800ç ÷ + 400ç ÷ + 500çç ÷ = 414.60 kPa
÷
è4ø è2ø è 4 ø

æ1ö æ1ö æ 11 ö
T y = 400ç ÷ + 1200ç ÷ - 600çç ÷ = 202.51 kPa
÷
è4ø è2ø è 4 ø

æ1ö æ1ö æ 11 ö
Tz = 500ç ÷ - 600ç ÷ - 400çç ÷ = -506.66 kPa
÷
è4ø è2ø è 4 ø
(b) Normal stress,
s = Tx l + T y m + Tz n

æ1ö æ1ö æ 11 ö
= 414.60ç ÷ + 202.51ç ÷ - 506.66ç ÷
è4ø è2ø ç ÷
è 4 ø
s = -215.20 kPa

Resultant Stress on the Plane = T = (414.60)2 + (202.51)2 + (506.66)2

= 685.28 MPa

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Shear Stress on the plane = t = (685.28) - (- 215.20 )

2 2

= 650.61 kPa
Example 2.8
Given the state of stress at a point as below
é100 80 0 ù
ê 90 - 60 0 ú kPa
ê ú
êë 0 0 40úû
Considering another set of coordinate axes, x ¢ y ¢ z ¢ in which z ¢ coincides with z and x ¢
is rotated by 300 anticlockwise from x-axis, determine the stress components in the new
co-ordinates system.
Solution: The direction cosines for the transformation are given by
X y z
x¢ 0.866 0.5 0
y¢ -0.5 0.866 0
z¢ 0 0 1

Z z¢

y¢
0
30
Y

0
X 30
x¢
Figure 2.22 Co-ordinate system

Now using equations 2.21(a), 2.21(b), 2.21(c), 2.21(d), 2.21(e) and 2.21(f), we get

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s x1 = 100 (0.866) - 60 (0.5) + 0 + 2 [80 ´ 0.866 ´ 0.5 + 0 + 0]

2 2

s x¢ = 129.3 kPa
s y¢ = 100 (- 0.5) - 60 (0.866) + 0 + 2 [80(- 0.5)(0.866) + 0 + 0]
2 2

s y¢ = -89.3 kPa
s z¢ = 0 + 0 + 40 (1)2 + 2 [0 + 0 + 0]
s z¢ = 40 kPa
t x¢y¢ = 100(0.866)(- 0.5) - 60(0.5)(0.866) + 0 + 80 [(0.866 ´ 0.866) + (- 0.5)(0.5)] + 0 + 0
t x¢y¢ = -29.3 kPa
t y¢z¢ = 0 and t z¢x¢ = 0

Therefore the state of stress in new co-ordinate system is

é 129.3 - 29.3 0 ù
ê- 29.3 - 89.3 0 ú (kPa)
ê ú
êë 0 0 40úû

Example 2.9
The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
é 50 - 20 40ù
ê- 20 20 10 ú ( kPa )
ê ú
ëê 40 10 30úû
Determine the stress-vectors on the plane whose unit normal has direction cosines
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
Solution: The stress vectors are given by
Tx = s x l + t xy m + t xz n (a)
T y = t xy l + s y m + t yz n (b)
Tz = t xz l + t yz m + s z n (c)
Substituting the stress components in (a), (b) and (c) we get
æ 1 ö æ1ö æ1ö
Tx = 50 ç ÷ - 20 ç ÷ + 40 ç ÷ = 45.35 kPa
è 2ø è2ø è2ø
æ 1 ö æ1ö æ1ö
T y = -20 ç ÷ + 20 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ = 0.858 kPa
è 2ø è2ø è2ø

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æ 1 ö æ1ö æ1ö
T z = 40 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ + 30 ç ÷ = 48.28 kPa
è 2ø è2ø è2ø
Now, Resultant Stress is given by
( )
T = 45.35 iˆ + 0.858 ˆj + 48.28kˆ kPa

Example 2.10
The Stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
é40 20 30ù
ê20 30 40ú ( kPa )
ê ú
êë30 40 20úû

Calculate the deviator and spherical stress tensors.

Solution: Mean Stress = s m =

1
(s x + s y + s z )
3

=
1
(40 + 30 + 20)
3
= 30 kPa

é(s x - s m ) t xy t xz ù
ê ú
Deviator stress tensor = ê t xy s y -s m t yz ú
ê t xz
ë t yz (s z - s m )úû

é(40 - 30 ) 20 30 ù
=
ê 20 (30 - 30) 40 úú
ê
êë 30 40 (20 - 30)úû
é10 20 30 ù
= ê20 0 40 ú kPa
ê ú
ëê30 40 - 10ûú

és m 0 0 ù
ê
Spherical Stress tensor = 0 sm 0 úú
ê
êë 0 0 s m úû

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é30 0 0 ù
= ê 0 30 0 ú kPa
ê ú
êë 0 0 30úû

Example 2.11
The Stress components at a point in a body are given by
s x = 3xy 2 z + 2 x, t xy = 0
s y = 5 xyz + 3 y t yz = t xz = 3 xy 2 z + 2 xy
s z = x2 y + y 2 z
Determine whether these components of stress satisfy the equilibrium equations or not
as the point (1, -1, 2). If not then determine the suitable body force required at this
point so that these stress components are under equilibrium.
Solution: The equations of equilibrium are given by
¶s x ¶t xy ¶t xz
+ + =0 (a)
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶t xy ¶s y ¶t yz
+ + =0 (b)
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶t xz ¶t yz ¶s z
+ + =0 (c)
¶x ¶y ¶z
Differentiating the stress components with respective axes, we get
¶s x ¶t xy ¶t xz
= 3 y 2 z + 2, = 0, = 3xy 2
¶x ¶y ¶z
Substituting in (a), 3 y 2 z + 2 + 0 + 3 xy 2
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 2 + 3 ´ 1 ´ 1 = 11 which is not equal to zero
Similarly,
¶s y ¶t yz
= 5 xz + 3, = 3xy 2 + 0
¶y ¶z
\ (ii) becomes 0 + 5 xz + 3 + 3xy 2
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 5 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 3 + 3 ´ 1 ´ 1 = 16 which is not equal to zero

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¶s z ¶t yz ¶t xz
And = y2, = 6 xyz + 2 x, = 3y 2 z + 2 y
¶z ¶y ¶x
Therefore (iii) becomes 3 y z + 2 y + 6 xyz + 2 x + y 2
2

At the point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ (- 1) + 6 ´ 1 ´ (- 1) ´ 2 + 2 ´ 1 + (- 1) = -5 which

2

is not equal to zero.

Hence the given stress components does not satisfy the equilibrium equations.
Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.

¶s x ¶t xy ¶t xz
+ + + Fx = 0 (d)
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶t xy ¶s y ¶t yz
+ + + Fy = 0 (e)
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶t xz ¶t yz ¶s z
+ + + Fz = 0 (f)
¶x ¶y ¶z
Where Fx, Fy and Fz are the body forces.
Substituting the values in (d), (e) and (f), we get body forces so that the stress components
become under equilibrium.
Therefore,
3 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 2 + 3 ´ 1 ´ 1 + Fx = 0
\ Fx = -11
Also, 5 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 3 + 3 ´ 1 ´ 1 + Fy = 0
\ Fy = -16
and 3 ´ 1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ (-1) + 6 ´ 1 ´ (-1) ´ 2 + 2 ´ 1 + (-1) 2 + Fz = 0
\ Fz = 5
The body force vector is given by
®
F = -11iˆ - 16 ˆj + 5kˆ

Example 2.12
The rectangular stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system
are as follows.

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s x = 20 N / mm 2 s y = -40 N / mm 2 s z = 80 N / mm 2
t xy = 40 N / mm 2 t yz = -60 N / mm 2 t zx = 20 N / mm 2
Determine the principal stresses at the given point.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
s 3 - I 1s 2 + I 2s - I 3 = 0
The three dimensional stresses can be expressed in the matrix form as below.
és x t xy t xz ù é20 40 20 ù
ê ú ê
êt xy s y t yz ú = ê40 - 40 - 60úú N / mm 2
êt xz t yz s z úû êë20 - 60 80 úû
ë
Here I 1 = (s x + s y + s z )
= (20 - 40 + 80)
= 60
I 2 = s xs y + s ys z + s z s x - t 2 xy - t 2 yz - t 2 zx
(
= 20( -40) + ( -40)(80) + 80( 20) - (40) 2 - ( -60) 2 - (20) 2 )
= -8000
I 3 = s xs ys z - s xt 2 yz - s yt 2 zx - s zt 2 xy + 2t xyt yzt xz
= 20(-40)(80)-(20)(-60)2-(-40)(20)2-80(40)2+2(40)(-60)(20)
= -344000
Therefore Cubic equation becomes
s 3 - 60s 2 - 8000s + 344000 = 0 (a)
Now cos 3q = 4 cos 3 q - 3 cos q
3 1
Or cos 3 q - cos q - cos 3q = 0 (b)
4 4
I
Put s = r cos q + 1
3
60
i.e., s = r cos q +
3
s = r cos q + 20
Substituting in (a), we get

(r cos q + 20)3 - 60(r cos q + 20)2 - 8000(r cos q + 20) + 344000 = 0

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(r cos q + 20)2 (r cos q + 20) - 60(r cos q + 20)2 - 8000(r cos q + 20) + 344000 = 0
(r cos 2 q + 400 + 40r cos q )(r cos q + 20 ) - 60(r 2 cos 2 q + 400 + 40r cos q )
2

- 8000 r cos q - 160000 + 344000 = 0

r 3 cos 3 q - 9200r cos q + 168000 = 0
1 168000
i.e., cos 3 q - 2
9200 cos q + =0 (c)
r r3
Hence equations (b) and (c) are identical if
9200 3
=
r2 4
9200 ´ 4
\r =
3
= 110.755
- cos 3q 168000
and =
4 r3
168000 ´ 4
\ - cos 3q = = 0.495
(110.755)3
or cos 3q = -0.495
\ 3q = 119.65 or q1 = 39.9 0

q 2 = 80.10 and q 3 = 159.9 0

I
\ s = r1 cos q1 + 1
3
60
= 110.755 cos(39.9) +
3
= 104.96 N / mm 2

I1
s 2 = r2 cos q 2 +
3
60
= 110.755 cos(80.1) +
3
s 2 = 39.04 N / mm 2
I
s 3 = r3 cos q 3 + 1
3

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60
= 110.755 cos(159.9) +
3
s 3 = -84 N / mm 2

Example 2.13
At a point in a given material, the three dimensional state of stress is given by
s x = s y = s z = 10 N / mm 2 ,t xy = 20 N / mm 2 and t yz = t zx = 10 N / mm 2
Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are
s 1 = 37.3N / mm 2 , s 2 = -10 N / mm 2 , s 3 = 2.7 N / mm 2
Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction Cosines l, m and n
associated with each of the three principal stresses, s 1 , s 2 and s 3 .

(a) To find Principal plane for Stress s 1

(10 - 37.3) 20 10 - 27.3 20 10

20 (10 - 37.3) 10 = 20 - 27.3 10
10 10 (10 - 37.3) 10 10 - 27.3
- 27.3 10
Now, A= = 745.29-100
10 - 27.3
A = 645.29
20 10
B=-
10 - 27.3
= -(-546 - 100)
B = 646
20 - 27.3
C=
10 10
= 200 + 270.3
C = 470.3

A2 + B 2 + C 2 = (645.29 )2 + (646) 2 + (470.3) 2

= 1027.08

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A 645.29
\l1 = = = 0.628
A2 + B 2 + C 2 1027.08

B 646
m1 = = = 0.628
A2 + B 2 + C 2 1027.08

C 470.3
n1 = = = 0.458
A +B +C
2 2 2 1027.08

(b) To find principal plane for Stress s 2

(10 + 10) 20 10 20 20 10
20 (10 + 10) 10 = 20 20 10
10 10 (10 + 10) 10 10 20

20 10
A= = 400 - 100 = 300
10 20

20 10
B=- = -(400 - 100) = -300
10 20
20 20
C= = ( 200 - 200) = 0
10 10
A 2 + B 2 + C 2 = (300) + (-300) 2 + (0) 2 = 424.26
2

A 300
\l 2 = = = 0.707
A 2 + B 2 + C 2 424.26
B - 300
m2 = = = -0.707
A +B +C
2 2 2 424.26

C
n2 = =0
A2 + B 2 + C 2

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 Module2/Lesson3

(c) To find principal plane for Stress s 3

(10 - 2.7 ) 20 10 7.3 20 10

20 (10 - 2.7) 10 = 20 7.3 10
10 10 (10 - 2.7) 10 10 7.3

7.3 10
A= = 53.29 - 100 = -46.71
10 7.3
20 10
B=- = -(146 - 100) = -46
10 7.3
20 7.3
C= = (200 - 73) = 127
10 10
A2 + B 2 + C 2 = (- 46.71)2 + (46) 2 + (127) 2 = 142.92

A - 46.71
\l 3 = = = -0.326
A + B +C
2 2 2 142.92
B - 46
m3 = = = -0.322
A2 + B 2 + C 2 142.92

C 127
n3 = = = 0.888
A2 + B 2 + C 2 142.92

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