Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D.

C Chinedu

GUIDE AND QUESTIONS

IN ALTERNATIVE TO

PRACTICALS IN

PHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

For

2nd MBBS Students

by

Obasi. D. C Chinedu
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

PREFACE
This material represents the collective works of different 2nd MBBS Pre-
tests questions put together by different persons who have worked so hard
to see to the success of many other person in the 2nd MBBS examination.
Special appreciation to the Academic Committees of CMDA and
FECAMDS. They are the best.

I have done my part to put this together, knowing that I might not play
much roles in your preparation due to my examination coming up at the
same time. Hence, I would like to contribute my little part to your success.
The only repayment I seek for is that you go into your 2nd MBBS
examination and come out with amazing results.

NOTE: The Answers to the questions are not included this booklet. It’s a
means to get you to visit your textbooks not cram answers. Cheers

You would do absolutely great in your examination. Have no fear, God is

with you.

Go with confidence.
Obasi. D. C. Chinedu
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

PART ONE: HISTOLOGY SLIDE GUIDE

1. Buccal Smear (ii) Presence of seromucous glands in the

ID: Buccal smear submucosa
R: Simple squamaous epithelium (iii) Incomplete hyaline cartilage
DEV: Ectoderm DEV: Respiratory diverticulum
2. Thyroid Gland 6. Oesophagus
ID: Thyroid gland ID: Oesophagus
R: Thyroid follicles lined by simple R: (i)Non-keratinized stratified squamous
cuboidal epithelial cells epithelium.
FXN: Secretion of thyroxine (T4) and (ii) Oesophageal glands in submucosa
triiodotyronine (T3) DEV: Foregut [Endoderm]
DEV: Thyroglossal duct [Endodermal 7. Tongue
Outgrowth from foramen caecum. ID: Tongue
Follicular X-tics at Different Stages R: Depending on papillae pointed;
• Normal Activity: Follicles lined with Filliform, Fungiform, Circumvalate
low, simple cuboidal cells with DEV: (i) Tuberculum impar
moderate amount of colloid. (ii) Lateral lingual swelling
• Very Active: Columnar cells, with (iii) Hypobronchial eminence
scanty colloid. 8. Ureter [25cm]
• Resting Phase: Squamous cells with ID: Ureter
large amount of colloid. R: (i) Transitional epithelim
3. Gall Bladder (ii) Stellate lumen
ID: Gall bladder (iii) Wide Lamina propria
R: Irregular mucosal fold lined by tall FXN: Conduction of urine into the bladder
beautiful mucous absorptive columnar DEV: Ureteric bud
epithelial cells 9. Rectum [12cm]
FXN: Stores and concentrates bile. ID: Rectum
DEV: Pars cystica of hepatic bud. R: (i) Intestinal glands [crypts of
• Layers of wall (Inside – Outside) Lieberkuhn] of predominantly goblet cells
(i) Mucosal Layer (ii) Rectal folds [of Morgagni]
(ii) Fibromuscular Layer DEV: Hind gut
(iii) Perimuscular Layer 10. Submandibular Salivary Gland
(iv) Serosal or Adventitia Layer ID: Submucous gland
4. Epididymis R: (i) Mixed acini predominantly serous
ID: Epididymis with serous demilunes
R: (i) Convoluted tubules lined by (ii) Duct system like to parotid gland [i.e.
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells varied caliber of ducts]
with sterocilia. DEV: Endoderm [like sublingual]
(ii) Presence of spermatozoa in the lumen of 11. Collagen Fibre
the tubules ID: Collagen Fibre
FXN: Storage of spermatozoa R: Fibres run in bundles
DEV: Wollfian duct [Mesonephric Duct] • Found in almost all connective tissue
5. Trachea 12. Elastic Fibre
ID: Trachea ID: Elastic fibre
R: (i) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar R: (i) Fibres run singly
epithelieum with some goblet cells. (ii) Fibres branch
13. Reticular Fibre
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

ID: Reticular fibre FXN: Forms a transition between hyaline

R: (i) Jet black in color and tendon or ligament
(ii) Meshwork arrangement DEV: Mesoderm
FXN: Forms supporting connective tissue of • Found in: IV disc, Pubic symphysis
the liver, spleen &lymphnode 20. Hyaline Cartilage
DEV: Mesoderm ID: Hyaline Cartilage
• Special staining: SILVER R: (i) Chondrocytes in lacunae occur either
IMPREGNATION singly or in isogenous groups
14. Elastic Fibres in Aorta (ii) Amorphous or homogenous matrix
15. Elastic artery [Aorta] FXN: Provides flexibility and rigidity.
ID: Elastic artery DEV: Mesoderm
R: Concentric layers of elastic fibres in the • Organic constituents of matrix:
tunica media Glycoprotein with sulfated
DEV: Primitive dorsal aorta mucopolysaccharides
• Look alike: Peripheral nerve bundle • Found in: Nasal cartilages, trachea,
16. Testis bronchi, articular surfaces
ID: Dense Regular Connective Tissue 21. &22 Ground Bone
[Tendon] ID: Ground Bone
R: Collagen fibres arranged in compact R: (i) Osteocytes in lacunae
parallel bundles (ii) Haversian systems.
FXN: Provides great tensile strength DEV: Mesoderm
DEV: Mesenchyme • Organic Components: Glycoprotein
• Found in: Tunica albuginea of testis, and Collagen fibres
dura matter of spinal cord. 23. Growing Bone [Endochondrial Ossification]
17. Adiose Tissue ID: Growing Bone
ID: Adipose tissue R: Depending on zone pointed
R: Adipocytes with (i) Empty cytoplasm (i) Reserve Zone
(ii) Peripheral rim of cell membrane (ii) Proliferation Zone
(iii) Signet ring appearance (iii) Maturation Zone
FXN: Storage of fat (iv) Hypertrophy
DEV: Mesenchymal cells/ Mesenchyme (v) Erosion of Degradation Zone
18. Elastic Cartilage (vi) Ossification Zone
ID: elastic Cartilage DEV: Mesoderm
R: (i) Matrix permeated by elastic fibres 24. & 25 Skeletal Muscle
(ii) Chondrocytes in lacuna [resembles ID: Skeletal Muscle
hyaline cartilage] R: (i) Cross Straitions
(iii) Presence of perichondrium. (ii) Multile peripheral nuclei
FXN: Provides flexibility (iii) Cylindrical fibres with blunt ends
DEV: Mesoderm DEV: Myotome [Mesoderm]
• Found in: External ear, epiglottis • Tissue where it can be demonstrated:
19. Fibrocartilage Tongue, Lip, Oesophagus
ID: Fibrocatilage 26. Smooth Muscle
R: (i) Matrix permeated by parallel collagen ID: Smooth Muscle
fibres. R: Fibres have long cells tapering at both
(ii) Chondrocytes in lacuna occur in rows ends (spindle shaped)
(iii) There’s no perichondrium DEV: Myotome [Mesoderm]
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

27. Cardiac Muscle 35. Coronary artery [Muscular Artery]

ID: Cardiac Muscle ID: Muscular Artery
R: (i) Intercalated disc R: (i) Relatively narrow but patent non-
(ii) Branched fibres collapsible lumen
DEV: Myotome [Mesoderm] (ii) Thick tunica media
28. Spinal Cord [45cm] (iii) Thin tunica adventitia
ID: Spinal Cord FXN: Conducting blood
R: Multipolar neurones DEV: Angioblast [Mesoderm] or
DEV: Caudal part of neural tube Angioblastema
29. Peripheral Nerve • Blood Supply: Vasa vasorum
ID: Peripheral Nerve 36. Vein/ Oviduct
R: Parallel, spongy and foamy fibres ID: Vein
DEV: Neural crest cells /Neuroblast R: (i) Relatively wide, collapsible lumen
30. &31. Nerve Fibre often containing clotted blood [add if blood
ID: Nerve Fibre present]
R: (i) Fibres are parallel, foamy, and spongy (ii) Thin media, wide adventitia.
(ii) Presence of perineurium of collagenous DEV: Angioblast
enrichment • Blood Supply: Vasa Vasorum
DEV: Neuroblast, Myelin develops from
Schwann Cells ID: Oviduct [Fallopian tube]
R: Labrythine mucosal folds lined by simple
ID: Pseudounipolar neurone [High Mag.] columnar epithelial cells
R: (i) Perineurium of collagenous FXN: (i) Conducts ova from the surface of
enrichment the ovary to the uterine cavity
(ii) Satellite cells within perineuronal space (ii) Site of fertilization of ova by
32. Spinal Ganglion spermatozoa
ID: Spinal Ganglion DEV: Mullerian [Paramesonephric] Duct
R: (i) Psedounipolar neurons
(ii) Satellite cells within perineuronal space 37. Lip
DEV: Neural Crest cells ID: Lip
33. &34. Lung [Alveolus of Lungs] R: Vermilion border
• Pointed Structure DEV: (i) Upper Lip: Frontal Swelling &
ID: Alveolus Maxillary Swelling
R: Lumen lined by simple squamous (ii) Lower Lip: Mandibular Swelling
epithelial cellls 38. Tooth
• Histological Structure 39. Parotid Salivary Gland
ID: Lung ID: Parotid Gland
R: Alveolus R: (i) Pure serous acini
FXN: Gaseous exchange (ii) Varied calibre of ducts
DEV: Lung Bug [or Tracheobronchial FXN: Secretion of enzyme rich watery fluid
diverticulum] DEV: Ectoderm
• Cell Types in the Lung 40. Sublingual Salivary Gland
(i) Type I Pnemocytes ID: Sublingual gland
(ii) Type II Pnemocytes R: Predominantly mucous acini with some
(iii) Dust Cells serous demilunes
(iv) Clara Cells FXN: Secretion of mucus
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

DEV: Endoderm 53. – 56. Liver

41. Oesophagus ID: Liver
42. – 45. Stomach R: Hepatocytes
ID: Stomach FXN: (i) Storage of glycogen
R: Depending on pointed cell (ii) Secretion of bile
(i) Parietal cell DEV: Hepatic bud/ diverticulum
FXN: Secretion of HCl 57. – 59. Pancreas
(ii) Peptic Cell • Depending on Pointer
FXN: Secretion of pepsin and renin ID: Pancreatic Islet of Langerhans
DEV: Caudal part of fore gut [Endoderm] R: Presence of α- cells and β-cells
• The glands in the stomach are simple FXN: (i) α-cells produce glucagon
branched tubular glands (ii) β-cells produce insulin
46. &49. Ileum
ID: Ileum ID: Pancreatic acini
R: (i) Short stumpy villi R: Pure serous acini
(ii) Peyer patches FXN: Production of alkaline, enzyme rich
DEV: Midgut [Endoderm] watery fluid
• The function of the Microfold Cell • No Pointer
[M cell] is endocytosis ID: Pancreas
47. Jejunum R: (i) Pure serous acini
ID: Jejunum (ii) Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
R: (i) Tall finger-like villi DEV: Dorsal and Ventral Pancreatic buds
(ii) Valves of Kerkring [or Plica circularis] [Endoderm]
DEV: Midgut [Endoderm] 60. & 61. Spleen
48. Duodenum [25cm] ID: Spleen
ID: Duodenum R: Red and White Pulp
R: (i) Tall leaf-like villi FXN: (i) Production of lymphocytes for
(ii) Brunner’s Gland immune response
DEV: Foregut & midgut [endoderm] (ii) Destruction of effete red blood cells
ID: Bruner’s Gland DEV: Condensation of mesoderm in dorsal
R: Compound tubuloalveolar gland mesogastrum
FXN: Secretes alkaline mucus to neutralize
acid chime from the stomach
50. & 51. Colon
ID: Colon
R: (i) Intestinal glands [Crypts of 62. & 63. Lymph Node
Lieberkuhn] containing numerous goblet ID: Lymph Node
cells R: (i) Dark cortex containing cortical nodule
(ii) Presence of Taenia coli with germinal centres
DEV: Midgut and Hindgut (ii) Pale medulla with medullary cords and
52. Appendix sinuses
ID: Appendix FXN: (i) Production of B-lymphocytes for
R: (i) Intestinal glands [Crypts of immune response
Lieberkuhn] (ii) Filtration of Lymph
(ii) Presence of lymphatic nodules DEV: Angioblast/ Angioblastema
DEV: Hindgut 64. Tonsil
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

ID: Tonsil ID: Testis

R: (i) Tonsilar crypts R: Seminiferous tubules
(ii) Presence of lymphatic nodules along FXN: (i) Production of spermatozoa
Tonsilar crypt (ii) Secretion of male sex hormone-
FXN: Production of lymphocytes testosterone
DEV: Dorsal Wing of 2nd Pharyngeal pouch DEV: Genital/ Gonadal Ridge
65. Thymus 72. Vas Deferens [45cm]
ID: Thymus ID: Vas deferens
R: Thymic Corpuscles R: (i) Thin irregular mucosal folds lined by
FXN: T-Lymphocyte production pseudostatisfied columnar epithelial cells
DEV: Third Pharyngeal pouch with strocilia
66. Skin (ii) Relatively thick tunica muscularis
ID: Skin FXN: Passage of spermatozoa
R: (i) Epidermis of keratinized stratified DEV: Wolffian/ Mesonephric Duct
squamous epithelium 73. Prostate
(ii) Presence of epidermal ridges and dermal ID: Prostate
papillae. R: (i) Abundant fibromuscular stoma
FXN: Protection and Sterognosis (ii) Projection of thin core of stroma with
DEV: Epidermis – Ectoderm, epithelium into alveolar lumen
Dermis – Mesoderm (iii) Prostatic concretions [Corpora
• Layers of the Skin [Top to Bottom] Amylacea]
(i) Statum Corneum FXN: (i) Secretion of acid phosphate
(ii) Stratum Lucidum (ii) Secretion of seminal fluid rich in acid
(iii) Stratum Granulosum phosphatase
(iv) Stratum Spinosum DEV: Urogenital sinus [Endodermal
(v) Stratum Basale evagination form prostatic urethra]
67. – 69. Kidney 74. &75. Ovary
• No Pointer ID: Ovary
ID: Kidney R: Depending on the pointer
R: Renal Corpuscle (i) Primary follicle
• Poiuter (ii) Corpus luteum
ID: Renal Corpuscle FXN: (i) Production of ova
R: (i) Outer layer of Bowman ’s capsule (ii) Secretionof ovarian hormones; oestrogen
(ii) Glomerulus and progesterone
FXN: Ultrafiltration DEV: Primordial germ cells [Genital or
DEV: Metanephric blastema and Uteric bud Gonadal Ridge.]
70. Urinary Bladder 76. – 78. Uterus
ID: Urinary Bladder ID: Uterus
R: Transitional epithelium R: Endometrium, Myometrium
FXN: Urine Storage FXN: Implantation of fertilized ovum
DEV: Vesicourethral canal and DEV: Mullerian [Paramesonephric] Duct
Mesonephric Duct • Focus on Glands
• Characteristics of Epithelium ID: Endometrium
(i) Water proof R: Lumen of glands lined by simple
(ii) Stretchable (elastic) columnar epithelium
71. Testis FXN: Implantation of blastocyst
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

DEV: Mullerian [Paramesonephric] Duct. DEV: Rhombic lip of Metencephalon

Specific Reasons for Stages • Layers
• Proliferative Stage Outer – Molecular Layer
R: Glands are straight Middle – Purkinje Cell Layer
Secretory Stage Inner – granular Layer
R: (i) Glands are saw-toothed or 87. Cerebrum
tortous ID: Cerebrum
(ii) Lumen filled with fluid R: Pyramidal Cells
79. Vagina DEV: Telencephalon [Prosencephalon]
ID: Vagina • Cell Types Found
R: (i) Transverse mucosal folds lined by (i) Pyramidal (Betz) Cells
non-keratinized stratified squamous (ii) Stellate (Granule) Cells
epithelium (iii) Martinotti Cells
(ii) Presence of vascularized lamina propria (iv) Fusiform Cells
DEV: Uterovaginal canal and Sinovaginal (v) Horizontal Cells of Cajar
bulbs Please Send My Flag Home
80. Mamary Gland 88. Spinal Cord [Special Staining]
ID: Mamary Gland
R: Compound tubulo-alveolar gland lined
by simple cuboidal cells
FXN: Secretion of Milk
DEV: Mamary ridge [Ectoderm]
81. &82. Anterior Pituitary Gland
ID: Anterior Pituitary Gland
R: Presence of chromophobes and
chromophils
FXN: Production of anterior pituitary
hormones
DEV: Rathke’s Pouch
83. – 85. Suprarenal Gland
ID: Suprarenal Gland
R: Depending on the pointer
(i) Zona Glomerulosa 89. Eye
(ii) Zona Fasciculata ID: Cilliary Process
(iii) Zona Reticularis R: Radially arranged folds of choriod
(iv) Medulla covered by pigmented and non-pigmented
FXN: Depending on Pointer simple columnar epithelium
(i) Z. Glomerulosa - Glucocorticoids FXN: Production of aqueous humor
(ii) Z. Fasciculata – Mineralocorticoids DEV: Optic Diverticulum
(iii) Z. Reticularis - Sex Hormones
(iv) Medulla - Catecholamines ID: Corneal Epithelium
DEV: Cortex – Mesoderm R: Non-keratinized stratified squamous
Medulla – Neural Crest Cells [Ectoderm] epithelium
86. Cerebellum Characteristics
ID: Cerebellum • Avascular
R: Purkinje Cells • Transluscent
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

ID: Retina ID: Glans Penis

R: Presence of rods and cones R: Penile Urethra
FXN: Photo/Light, and color sensitive DEV: Genital Tubercle

91. Glans Penis

TISSUES WITH SIMILAR EPITHELIAL LINING

• Simple Squamous Epithelia

(i) Oral mucosa (v) Peritoneum
(ii) Alveoli of lung (vi) Parts of renal tubule
(iii) Serous Pericardium (vii) Internal ear
(iv) Pleura

• Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(i) Oesophagus (iv) Tonsil
(ii) Vagina (v) Cornea
(iii) Pharynx

• Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

(i) Trachea (iv) Membranous Urethra
(ii) Bronchus (v) Vas Deferens (Sterocilia)
(iii) Bronchioles (vi) Epididymis (Sterocilia)

STRUCTURES WITH SIMILAR LENGTH

• 25cm
(i) Oesophagus (iii) Ureter
(ii) Stomach (iv) Descending Colon

• 45cm
(i) Femur
(ii) Spinal Cord
(iii) Vas Deferens
(iv) Thoracic Duct
(v) Sigmoid Colon
(vi) Transverse Colon
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

The aim is to expose you to as many possible and likely questions as is

permissible; it is assumed however, that you understand the format in which
the exam comes and that the same rules hold true even for these.
Wrong spellings will be penalized; keep your answers as brief as possible

EXPERIMENT 1 OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

1. In the experiment osmosis and diffusion what was the semi permeable
membrane used? _______________________________________________
2. The volume of the solution used in the experiment was_________________
3. List 4 factors that determined the osmotic pressure of the solutions
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. What determines the process of filtration? _____________________________
5. Besides osmosis and diffusion, list 3 other transport processes that occur across
membranes
________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 2 INTESTINAL TRANSFER
6. The anatomical parts of the rat intestine used were
________________________________________________________________
7. List 3 factors that could affect ATPase pump activity
________________________________________________________________
8. Failure of the carrier system in the intestine of man could lead to ___________
9. Why was the intestine inverted? ______________________________________
10. MgSO4.7H2O, a saline carthatic, facilitates the absorption of substances in the
intestines (true/false) ______________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NERVES
11. The nerve preparation used is _______________________________________
12. State the All or None principle.
________________________________________________________________
13. What types of nerves are most sensitive to
• pressure? _____________________________________________________
• local anaesthetics? _____________________________________________
• hypoxia? _____________________________________________________
• cold? ________________________________________________________
14. List 3 types of neurotrophins you know
________________________________________________________________
15. Where are the action potentials generated in myelinated and unmyelinated
nerves? _________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
16. What types of recordings are used in determination of the mechanical properties
of skeletal muscle? ________________________________________________
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

17. Mention 2 basic differences between them

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
18. At what angle to each other were the contacts on the drum spindle in the
determination of the absolute refractory period of contraction? _____________
19. What was the speed of rotation of the kymograph in determination of clonus?
_______________
20. What important precaution was taken in this experiment?
____________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 5 LENGTH TENSION RELATIONSHIP IN SKELETAL
MUSCLE
21. In the length-tension experiment, what was used to measure the length of the
sartorius muscle?
________________________________________________________________
22. Which ends of the muscle is attached to the clamp?
________________________________________________________________
23. In the length-tension experiment, what kind of lever was used?
________________________________________________________________
24. What happens to active tension when a muscle is stretched beyond the resting
length?
________________________________________________________________
25. Why is the sartorius muscle preferred to the gastrocnemius muscle for the
length-tension experiment?
________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 6 BLOOD I
26. State 2 methods for estimating the Hb content of blood?
________________________________________________________________
27. In the estimation of haemoglobin what is the diluent used in the
cyanomethaemoglobin method?
________________________________________________________________
28. Mention a major source of error in Sahli’s method for haemoglobin estimation.
________________________________________________________________
29. State the formula for MCHC and the normal physiological value.
________________________________________________________________
30. In the procedure for PCV, the centrifugation lasts for__________minutes.
31. What device was used to read the result? _______________________________
32. Mention 2 conditions in which PCV is raised in man.
_______________________________________________________________
33. Increased fibrinogen and globulin levels___________________________ESR.
34. The anticoagulant used in the determination of PCV is___________________.
35. The normal haemoglobin concentration in an African adult male is
_______________________________________________________________.
36. Two pathological causes of a raised ESR are _______________________ and
________________________________________.
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

37. The blood used for determination of the ESR is diluted with
_______________________________________________________________.
38. Concerning the ESR, the tube is hung for ______________________________.
39. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is raised in
________________________________,
________________________________ and
________________________________.
EXPERIMENT 7 BLOOD II
40. In the electric counting method, what volume of the white cell suspension was
used? _________________________________________________________
41. What device is used for estimating the total WBC count?
_______________________________________________________________
Give the normal values for Caucasians and Africans.
________________________________________________________________
42. Mention an example of an accurate and modern method for estimating total
WBC. __________________________________________________________
How long does a full count last? _____________________________________
43. What solution is used for the differential WBC count?
________________________________________________________________
44. What is the significance of eosinophilia and neutrophil leucocytosis
respectively? _____________________________________________________
45. The granules of _______________ overlap and obscure the nucleus frequently.
Give the percentage of the above cell type for an African.__________________
46. Leishman’s solution contains 2 dyes namely___________________________
and ____________________________________________________________.
47. How many lobes does a basophil nucleus have? _________________________
48. The percentage of eosinophils in a differential WBC count for an African is
_____________________________________________________________
49. 2 apparatus used in manual cell counting are ____________________________
___________________and _________________________________________.
EXPERIMENT 8 BLOOD III
50. What is your blood group in terms of ABO and Rhesus factors?
________________________________________________________________
51. Concerning the ABO antibodies, they are present at birth (True/False);
______________;the Rhesus antibodies are natural (True/False)____________
52. The percentage of Nigerians with the B blood group is ___________________.
53. In the determination of the blood group, the dilution used is a ______ in ______
dilution.
EXPERIMENT 9 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CARDIAC
MUSCLES
54. _____________, ______________, _____________ and _____________
tissues in the heart are specially modified for spontaneous rhythmic
depolarization and rapid electrical conductivity
55. The properties of ________________________________________________
and_____________________________________ are vital for cardiac function.
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

56. What tissue was used to demonstrate the important physiological properties of
cardiac muscle? _________________________________________________
57. List 4 important instruments used in the experiment to demonstrate the
physiological properties of cardiac muscle.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
58. Which type of electrodes was used?
______________________________________________________________
59. The velocity of conduction of AP in atria and ventricles is _______________
60. The velocity of conduction in the conducting tissues is __________________
61. The 1st Stannius ligature passes between ______________ and ____________
62. The normal duration of isometric ventricular contraction is _______________.
63. The normal ejection fraction is about _________________________________.
64. The strength of stimulus and the intervals used to demonstrate the staircase
phenomenon are ___________________ and _________________________.
65. Contraction in cardiac muscle starts just after the onset of depolarization and
lasts _____________________after the onset of repolarization is completed.
66. The duration of one cardiac cycle is ________________________________
67. ________ ml of blood is pumped by each ventricle per beat.
68. Why is it not possible to perform the Stannius experiments in mammals?
EXPERIMENT 10 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
69. ECG refers to __________________________________________________
70. The main deflection on the electrocardiograph is about _________________.
71. VF reflects the electrical activity of what portion/surface of the heart? -
_____________________________________________________________
72. The amplitude of a normal T-wave is________________________________
73. Why is Q-salt jelly applied on the skin while connecting the electrodes?
____________________________________________________________
74. Mention 2 symptoms of diseases affecting the sinus node.
________________________________________________________________
What are the durations of the following waves/complexes:
P-wave________________________________________,
QRS- complex__________________________________,
T- wave_______________________________________,
QT- segment___________________________________?
75. List 2 conditions associated with abnormal ST segment.
_________________________ and _____________________________
76. What is the effect of hypercalcaemia on the heart?
________________________________________________________________
77. What is the effect of hyperkalaemia on the heart?
________________________________________________________________
78. In hypokalaemia, U waves are prominent. (True/False)____________________
79. List five factors which affect the cardiac center or heart rate.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

EXPERIMENT 11 ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE IN MAN

80. The normal arterial blood pressure in a young adult is ___________________
81. The instruments used in the measurement of arterial blood pressure in man are
___________ and _____________.
82. According to the WHO, hypertension is diagnosed in an individual less than 50
years with a blood pressure of _____________________.
83. What should be the appropriate distance between the lower end of the cuff and
the end of the elbow? ______________________________________________
84. In the estimation of blood pressure by the palpation method, which artery is
important and on which side relative to the individual taking the measurement?
________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 12: TOAD’S HEART PERFUSION EXPERIMENTS
85. In the Toad-heart perfusion experiment, the distance between the perfusion
bottle and the table is _____________________________________________.
86. The temperatures of the Ringer’s solution used were _____________________
87. The instrument connected to the perfusion bottle and rubber tubing is
_______________________________________________________________.
88. What precautions are observed to preserve the toad heart used in the toad heart
perfusion experiment?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
89. What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the
atria____________________________________________________________
ventricles________________________________________________________
coronary arteries?_________________________________________________
90. The name of the lever used in this experiment is ________________________.
EXPERIMENT 13: PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
91. The plethysmograph is used to ______________________________________
92. It is connected to three other instruments viz:___________________________,
___________________________ and ________________________________.
93. The lubricant used in plethysmography is _____________________________.
94. The veins in the limb can be occluded conveniently at a pressure of
_______________________________________________________________
95. The unit of measurement of forearm blood flow is ______________________.
EXPERIMENT 14 LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
96. Wright’s peak flow meter is used to measure____________________________
97. What volumes and capacities cannot be measured with the spirometer?
________________________________________________________________
98. What is FEV1 and how is it related to FVC?
________________________________________________________________
99. What 2 clinical conditions affect FEV1? _______________________________
100. State the normal values of VC________________, FRC_________________
and IRV_______________________
EXPERIMENT 15 METABOLIC RATE
101. What is BMR? ________________________________________________
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102. Mention the apparatuses used in the experiment_________________________

103. Mention the methods for estimating BMR
________________________________________________________________
104. How is the subject’s body surface area determined? ______________________
105. Of what use is this information_______________________________________
EXPERIMENT 16 STETHOGRAPHY
106. What is stethography?______________________________________________
107. What is the function of the tambour? __________________________________
108. Mention 2 activities that result in a temporary cessation of respiration
________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 17 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND RESUSCITATION
AND SOME ASPECTS OF EMERGENCY RESUSCITATION
109. Signs of cardiac arrest include_______________________________________,
__________________________, and _________________________________
110. Irreversible brain damage occurs after ___________ minutes of O2 deprivation
111. A person receiving the Holger Neilsen method of artificial respiration is
placed__________________________________________________________
112. Artificial respiration is commonly required in __________________________
and ___________________________________________________________
113. 4 methods of artificial respiration include ______________________________,
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
and ____________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 18 THE KIDNEY IN HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY FLUIDS
114. What is a urinal? _________________________________________________
urinometer? _____________________________________________________
115. The specific gravity of urine is ______________________________________.
Normal urine pH is _______________________________________________
116. What is the significance of production of concentrated urine by a desert animal?
________________________________________________________________
117. In the formula {Y(a+b)-b}/a , Y stands for
________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT 19 INTESTINAL MOTILITY
118. What physiological solution was used for the experiment on intestinal motility?
_______________________________________________________________
119. What animal was used for the experiment and how was it killed?
________________________________________________________________
120. What was the effect of the following on the intestine in the Intestinal motility
experiment:
Adrenaline? _____________________________________________________
Acetylcholine?____________________________________________________
Increased temperature? _____________________________________________
121. The set up was maintained at what temperature? _________________________
EXPERIMENT 20 & 21 HUMAN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
122. Concerning the Achilles’ tendon stretch reflex:
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

observed response? ________________________________________________

muscles responding?_______________________________________________
123. Concerning the plantar reflex: what is the response in abnormal conditions?
________________________________________________________________
what is this response called?_________________________________________
124. About the Argyll Robertson pupil:
the pupillary reflex is absent/present______________; accommodation reflex is
absent/present_____________
125. Is the pupillary light reflex a consensual reflex? ________________ Why?
________________________________________________________________

SOLUTIONS TO PHYSIOLOGY STEEPLECHASE

EXPERIMENT 1
1. toad skin
2. 20mL
3. molecular weight of solute; concentration of solute; ionization; temperature of
solution; semi permeable membrane
4. pressure gradient
5. endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis); exocytosis; transcytosis
EXPERIMENT 2
6. jejunum and ileum (from Trietz’s ligament to caecum)
7. ATP; hormones (insulin, aldosterone, dopamine ↑); concentration gradient; oubain
8. diarrhoea
9. ↑ effective surface area for absorption; ↑ O2 and nutrient supply to tissue; to readily
observe intestinal transfer
10. false (it has a laxative effect)
EXPERIMENT 3
11. sciatic nerve
12. an action potential fails to occur with a subthreshold stimulus but occurs with
threshold or suprathreshold stimuli
13. A fibres; C fibres; B fibres; Aδ fibres.
14. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); neurotrophin 3; neurotrophin 4/5; nerve
growth factor
15. 1st node of Ranvier; first segment of axon
EXPERIMENT 4
16. isometric and isotonic
17. length is constant, muscle preparation is used and muscle is stimulated directly
(isometric); tension is constant, nerve muscle preparation is used and the nerve is
stimulated (isotonic)
18. 25°
19. 12mm/second
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

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20. the preparation was always kept moistened with Ringer’s solution
EXPERIMENT 5
21. a pair of dividers
22. the knee joint end
23. the isometric lever
24. it decreases
25. has less adipose tissue, parallel fibers that run from one end to the other
EXPERIMENT 6
26. colorimeter method and Sahli method
27. Drabkin’s cyanide/ ferricyanide solution
28. optical illusion
29. {Hb/PCV} X 100:; 33g/dL
30. 5 minutes
31. Hawksley’s haematocrit reader
32. polycythaemia and dehydration
33. increase
34. heparin
35. 14.6g/dL ±2g/dL (12.6 – 16.6g/dL)
36. tissue destruction and anaemia
37. 3.8% sodium citrate
38. 1 hr.
39. inflammation, anaemia and pregnancy
EXPERIMENT 7
40. 0.5 mL
41. new improved Neubauer haemocytometer
42. Coulter counter; 20 seconds
43. Leishman stain
44. parasitaemia and infection respectively
45. basophils; <1.0%
46. methylene blue and eosin
47. two (2)
48. 10%
49. white cell pipette and haemaocytometer of the improved Neubauer type
EXPERIMENT 8
50. state as shown “B RhD positive” (for example)
51. false; false
52. 23%
53. 1 in 20
EXPERIMENT 9
54. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibres
55. intrinsic rhythmicity and conductivity
56. toad heart
57. kymograph smoked drum, stimulator, heart lever, stop clock, toad board/stand,
heart pin, cat whisker’s electrode, dissecting instruments, cotton wool, thread,
Ringer’s solution.
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

58. cat whisker’s electrode

59. 0.3 – 0.5 ms-1
60. 0.05 – 4 ms-1
61. aorta and vena cava
62. 0.05 second
63. 65%
64. stimuli of same strength; 1 second – intervals.
65. 50 msec
66. 0.8 second
67. 70 – 90 mL
68. easy susceptibility of mammalian heart to ischaemia; inability to isolate the SA
node of the mammalian heart.
EXPERIMENT 10
69. electrocardiogram
70. 1 – 3 mV
71. inferior surface of the heart
72. 2 – 5 mm
73. to ensure good electrical contact
74. marked bradycardia; syncope
75. 0.1 sec; 0.08 sec; 0.27 sec; 0.4 sec
76. anoxia, digitalis toxicity, myocardial damage
77. arrests the heart in systole
78. arrests the heart in diastole
79. true
80. higher centers, respiratory center, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, atrial receptors,
hypoxia and hypercapnoea, lung inflation, hormones, coronary chemoreflex
(Bezold-Jarisch reflex)
EXPERIMENT 11
81. 120/80 mmHg
82. sphygmomanometer (anaeroid or mecury) and stethoscope
83. > 160/90 mmHg
84. 3 cm
85. radial artery on the same side
EXPERIMENT 12
86. 2 feet
87. 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
88. Syme’s cannula
89. continuous moistening with Ringer’s lactate; proper dissection and mounting
90. Starling’s lever
EXPERIMENT 13
91. record changes in the volume of a digit or limb
92. T-piece; pressure transducer; oscillograph recorder
93. glycerine
94. 50 – 70 mmHg
95. mL/100mL arm/minute
Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

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EXPERIMENT 14
96. maximum expiratory flow rate
97. residual volume; functional residual capacity; total lung capacity
98. forced expiratory volume in first second, a fraction of the FVC in the first second
99. asthma; bronchitis (both decrease FEV1)
100. 4600mL;2300mL;1100mL
EXPERIMENT 15
101. basal metabolic rate (the metabolic rate measured under standard conditions)
102. spirometer filled with oxygen with a carbon dioxide absorber present; nomograms
103. direct (calorimetric) method; indirect method
104. using a nomogram
105. used to obtain the correction factor
EXPERIMENT 16
106. recording of the chest movements during respiration
107. it is a pressure transducer
108. breath holding; swallowing
EXPERIMENT 17
109. unconsciousness, bluish grey colour, failing respiration, dilated pupils, absence of
apex beat
110. 3 – 4 minutes
111. prone with the head to one side and arms abducted
112. electrocution, drowning, anaesthetic overdosed, narcotic overdose, poisonous
gases
113. mouth-to-mouth,external cardiac massage, Holger-Neilson, Silvester method,
rocking method of Eve
EXPERIMENT 18
114. graduated container for collecting voided urine; instrument used for measuring the
specific gravity of urine
115. 1.020; 4.5 – 8.0
116. water conservation
117. specific gravity of dilute urine
EXPERIMENT 19
118. Tyrode’s solution
119. a rabbit; by stunning
120. adrenaline decreases; acetylcholine increases; increased temperature increases
motility
121. 37°C
EXPERIMENT 20 & 21
122. plantar flexion; triceps surae
123. dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning out of lateral digits; Babinski’s sign
124. absent; present
125. yes; it affects both eyes.
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

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Instructions
Your answers should be as brief as possible.
Care should be taken in the spelling of names of equipment and also the use of units.

1. In the measurement of arterial blood pressure

a. Name the instrument used for both the palpatory and auscultatory methods
b. What is the highest calibrated pressure on the manometer?
c. On increasing the pressure in the cuff, how do you know when the pressure has exceeded systolic pressure?
d. What is the normal value for arterial blood pressure?
e. With prolonged exercise what do you expect to happen to
i. Systolic pressure
ii. Diastolic pressure

2. In intestinal transfer:-
a. Give TWO prerequisites of a good physiological saline
b. Which TWO parts of the intestine were used in the experiment?
c. Give ONE reason for everting the intestine.
d. For how long were the segments of intestine incubated?
e. Which part of the intestine showed the greatest fluid uptake in the ABSENCE of glucose?

3. In the estimation of haemoglobin:-

a. When using the Sahli method, what solution was added to the blood before it was diluted?
b. What was the purpose of the solution
c. How was the result calculated?
d. What was the diluent for the calometric method?
What is the normal range of values for an adult male?

4. Concerning blood:-
a. What is an alternative word for packed cell volume (PCV)
b. In the measurement of PCV, by what method was the tube filled with blood?
c. In this experiment, what was the full name of the reader used to obtain the results?
d. What additional information is required to calculate the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
e. In what units is PCV expressed?

5. In connection with white cells:-

a. What is the name of the slide on which the blood was placed?
b. On the slide, how many large cells were counted?
c. What is the normal percentage of monocytes in blood?
d. How can neutrophilia be induced in minutes?
e. How can you differentiate an eosinophil from other white cells?

6. Stethography:-
a. Name TWO components of the instrument used in this experiment
b. Where was the instrument placed on the subject?
c. What was the effect on the tracing of breath holding and why?
d. What was the effect of voluntary hyperventilation?
e. What was your observation after the subject exercised?

7. Mechanical properties of skeletal muscle:-

a. Which muscle was used for the above experiment?
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

b. Which type of stimulus was used to demonstrate a simple muscle twitch?

c. What was the effect of cold Ringer solution?
d. Where was the output of the stimulator connected to?
e. During the demonstration of clonus and tetanus, how was the mode of the stimulator set?

8. Physiological properties of nerve:-

a. What is the name of the instrument used in demonstrating this experiment?
b. Which nerve was used to demonstrate AP?
c. What solution was used to moisten the nerve during the experiment?
d. What type of AP was generated in the above experiment?
e. Define rheobase

9. Length-tension relationship:-
a. Which muscle was used for this experiment?
b. Give TWO reasons for the choice of this muscle
c. Which type of lever was used for this experiment?
d. At what length of the muscle was the tension the highest?
e. How was passive tension measured?

10. Physiologic properties of cardiac muscle:-

a. Which structure is regarded as the ‘pacemaker’ in the toad?
b. During the demonstration of the ALL or NONE law, where were the two electrodes placed?
c. The normal cardiac cycle was recorded on a slowly moving drum. (True or False)
d. What could be responsible for the staircase effect?
e. What was used to calibrate the drum in the experiment?

11. Toad Heart Perfusion:-

a. Where was the Syme’s cannula positioned in the toad?
b. What was the effect of adrenaline on the heart?
c. What was the effect of acetylcholine on the heart?
d. What is the general name for agents that affect heart rate?
e. ==

12. In electrocardiography:-
a. Write the formula for calculating heart rate from the ECG tracing
b. What is the normal range of the PR interval?
c. What is the normal range of the QRS complex?
d. Name on disease condition in which the PR interval is prolonged.
e. Where was the indifferent electrode placed?
h
13. In plethysmography:-
a. What is a plethysmograph used for?
b. What was used as a lubricant in the above experiment?
c. Name ONE major problem encountered during the experiment.
d. The unit of measurement of forearm blood flow is __________________
e. The veins in the limbs can be occluded conveniently at a pressure of _____________

14. The kidney in the homeostasis of body fluids:-

a. For how many hours was the dehydrated subject deprived of water?
b. What was the effect of Diamox on renal excretion of H+?
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

c. What was the effect of zobo on the volume of urine produced?

d. The specific gravity of urine is_________________?
e. What was the effect of NH4Cl on the pH of urine?

15. Name the instrument/equipment used to elicit the following reflexes in man:
a. Plantar reflex
b. Corneal and conjunctival reflex
c. Pupillary reflex
d. Accommodation reflex
e. Swallowing reflex

16. Name the investigation that can be done with the following instruments
a. Snellen’s chart
b. Perimeter
c. Ishihara chart
d. Barany chair
e. Tuning fork

17. Osmosis and diffusion

a. Which solution produced the highest osmotic effect?
b. What single factor differentiates osmosis from diffusion?+6
c. The pressure sufficient to prevent osmosis is called what?
d. What was the volume of the solutions used in filling the cellophane bag?
e. What was the molarity of the solutions used?

18. Metabolic rate:-

a. What method was used in determining the metabolic rate?
b. Which carbon dioxide absorber was used in this experiment?
c. What is the average value for basal metabolic rate?
d. What formula was used in calculating basal metabolic rate?
e. In this experiment, what was the calorific value for one liter of oxygen?

19. Intestinal motility:-

a. What animal was used for the experiment?
b. In what solution was the intestine immersed?
c. What is the effect of increasing temperature on intestinal motility?
d. What was the effect of atropine?
e. What causes the spontaneous rhythmical contraction of the intestine?

20. About Lung volumes and capacities:-

a. Wright’s peak flow meter is used to measure what?
b. What volumes and capacities cannot be measured with the spirometer?
c. What is FEV1?
d. How is related to FVC?
e. State the normal values of IRV and VC.
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

SOLUTION TO PHYSIOLOGY STEEPLECHASE

1. Sphygmomanometer
300mmHg
No sounds are heard through the stethoscope
120/80 mmHg
Increase; decrease

2. Must be isotonic to plasma; pH = 7.4

Jejunum and ileum
To increase the surface area for absorption
30 minutes
Ileum

3. 0.1N HCl
For acid haematin formation which would enable Hb estimation
Multiply the value by 100% to give Hb in g/100mL
Drabkin’s cyanide (Ferrocyanide solution0
16 ± 2g/dL

4. Haematocrit
Capillary movement (capillarity)
Hawksley Haematocrit reader
Haemoglobin
Percent (currently, L/L)

5. New improved Neubauer haemocytometer

About 4
2 – 8% (av. 5%) in Caucasians; 0 – 7% (av. 4%) Africans
Exercise
Stains eosinophilic; has bilobed nuclei not overlapped by granules

6. Stethograph, pressure transducer

Just above the nipples
An initial fall, then a rise; this was due to initial fall in O2 and later rise in CO2 which stimulates
respiration
It increases it
Breathing was rapid for sometime even after exercise had stopped

7. Gastrocnemius
Supramaximal
Increased the latent period
Stimulating electrodes
It was set to REP

8. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Sciatic nerve
Ringer’s solution
Biphasic AP
minimum intensity of current required to generate an action potential in a given muscle
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

by Obasi. D. C Chinedu

9. Sartorius
Less connective tissue content; parallel fiibers running from end to end
Isometric lever
Resting length
From calibration using weights

10. Sinus venosus

Apex of ventricle; auriculoventricular groove
True
Increase availability of Ca2+ available for binding to troponin C
Hook and weights

11. Sinus venosus

Increases heart rate
Decreases heart rate
Chronotropic agent
Decreases heart rate

12. 1500/x; x= number of small squares between 2 successive R waves

0.12 – 0.20 sec
0.08 – 0.10 sec
1st degree heart block
Right leg

13. Record changes in the volume of a digit or limb

Glycerine
An air leak in the plethysmograph or its associated tubing(s)
mL/100mL arm/minute
50 – 70 mmHg

14. About 18 hours

Increased it
Increased it
1.020
It decreased it

15. Tendon hammer

Cotton wool or fine piece of thread
Pen torch
Dully illuminated wall (far vision); finger 15cm away (near vision)
Water

16. Visual acuity

Field vision
Colour blindness
Balance
Hearing; vibratory sense (posterior column test)

17. MgSO4.7H2O
Semipermeable membrane
 Guide And Questions In Alternative To Practicals In Physiology And Histology For 2nd MBBS Students

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Osmotic pressure
20mL
1M

18. Indirect method

Soda lime
40 kcal/hr/m2
Converted volume of O2 in L/min X 4.88
4.88 kcal

19. Rabbit
Tyrode’s solution
Increases it
Decreases it
Inherent rhythmicity

20. Maximum expiratory flow rate

Residual volume; functional residual capacity and total lung capacity
Forced expiratory volume in the first second
A fraction of the FVC in the first second
1100mL, 4600mL