Facial primordia
> appear early in the 4th week to 8th week
> Gives rise to stomodeum
> arise from 1st branchial arch that split in
mandibular and maxillary.
5 Facial Primordia appear as prominences
around the stomodeum
> Frontonasal prominence (single or 1) –
become the frontal (noo) and rostral part below
will become nasal part.
> Maxillary prominences (paired or 2) – form
the lateral boundaries of the stomodeum.
> Mandibular prominences (paired or 3) –
constitute the caudal boundary of the primitive
mouth.
 Prominences are produced mainly by
neural crest cells.
 First pharyngeal arch will give rise to
maxilla and mandible and middle the
stomodeum.
 Note: 5th and 6th – transient bcos it
bulged at first but it has no function.
NASAL PLACODES
 Two bilateral oval thickenings(NO PITS)
in the surface ectoderm
 the primordia(primitive) of the nose
and nasal cavities
 appear, by the end of the fourth week
 convex
 Soon become horseshoe shape that is
divided into lateral and medial nasal
process.
 Nasal Pits - the primordia of theanterior
nares (nostrils) and nasal cavity.
 Mesenchymal cells are the majorsource
of the connective tissuecomponents,
including muscles, cartilage, bone, and
ligaments in thefacial and in the oral
regions
 Between the 7th and 8th weeks, the
two medial nasal prominences merge
with each other together with the
maxillary and lateral nasal prominence
forming INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT.
 Lower jaw and lower lips – first part of
the face to form.
 MEDIAN CLEFT LOWER LIP – a rare
condition because mandibular
prominences is the first to form.
 Nasolacrimal Groove – seperates the
maxillary and and lateral prominence.
- This becomes the nasolacrimal
duct.
 Oblique cleft – Lateral and maxillary
process did not fuse.
 Midlice Cleft – medial nasal process did
not fuse.
DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE (Palatogeneis)
 Begins at the end of 5th week and
complete to 12th week
 End of 6th week to 9th week is the critical
period of the development of the palate
(bawal galawin si buntis)
 Intermaxillary segment gives rise to:
a. Philtrum
b. Bridge of nose
c. 4 upper incisor
d. primary palate
Develops from 2 stages
  Primary palate 2. Clefts involving the hard and soft
- Begin to develop in the early 6th regions of the palate
week from the intermaxillary
Different types of cleft
segment of maxilla
- Forms premaxillary(this is where  Bifid uvula – hati sa dalawa yung uvula
primary palate came from)  Unilateral hare lip – one side cleft
- Small part of the adult hard palate  Bilateral hare lip – two side cleft
 Medial cleft palate – rare condition.
 Secondary palate
- primordia of the hard and soft
palate
- This becomes the secondary palate
- Initially the lateral palatine
processes or palatal shelves project
inferomedially on each side of the
developing tongue (bababa si
tongue saka liliit tapos magcclose
si palate and fuses with nasal
septum) nagfuse 3 bone nasal
septum,and 2 palatal shelf
- During the 7th & 8th weeks, the
lateral palatine processes elongate
and ascend to a horizontal position
superior to the tongue
- Palatine processes also fuse with
the nasal septum and the posterior
part of the primary palate
- Nasal septum and palatine begins
to fuse in the 9th week and
completed in 12th week.
 The posterior part of these processes
do not ossify(soft palate)
 Uvula - soft conical projection
 Median palatine raphe indicates the
line of fusion of the lateral palatine
processes

Cleft Lip and Palate

 Defect is y classified according to

developmental criteria

2 major groups of cleft lip and palate:

1. Clefts involving the upper lip and

anterior part of the maxilla
Tongue
 The tongue is a muscular organ situated
in the floor of the mouth
 It is associated with functions of speech,
mastication (move the food) and
deglutition. (swallowing)
 During swallowing tongue flattens to
palate to push the food paloob.
 It has an oral part that lies in the mouth
and a pharyngeal part that lies in the
pharynx.
M. OF MASTICATION
T=temporalis
I-internal pterygoid/medial pterygoid
M=masseter (TIM=elevate)
E=external pterygoid/lateral pterygoid (depress)
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
 Begins at the 4th week of the gestation
 1st pharyngeal arch - foramen caecum
and tuberculum impar and lingual
swelling.
- Anterior 2/3 of tongue – fusion of 3
swellings.
- Supplied by Lingual nerve (Post-
trematic) chorda tympani (pre-
tympanic)
 3 and 4th pharyngeal arch -
rd
hypobranchial eminence
- Caudal part becomes epiglottis.
- cranial part will become POSTERIOR
1/3 of tongue.
- Supplied by glossopharyngeal Nerve
 2nd arch is embedded by the 3rd arch
(kaya sya 1,3,4 lang)
Anatomy of the Tongue
 Root is attached to the mandible and
soft palate above and to the hyoid bone
below.
 Dorsum of the tongue is convex
Divided into:
a. Anterior 2/3 – oral part
b. Posterior 1/3 – pharyngeal part.
DORSAL SURFACE (ORAL PART)
Anterior two third:
- Mucosa is rough (BECAUSE OF PAPILLA) -
Shows four types of papillae:
a. Filiform - most numerous papilla
- no taste buds
- slender, threadlike keratinized
projections.
- e facilitate mastication
b. Fungiform - mushroom shaped
- more numerousnear tip & margins
of tongue
- Smooth, round structures that
appear red
- highly vascular connectivetissue
- Taste buds are seen within the
epithelium.
c. Circum Vallate - Largest among papillae
- Shape: Blunt-ended cylindrical
- 1-2mm in diameter
- 8 to 12 in number
- Location: in front of sulcus
terminalis/terminal
sulcus/boundary.
- Occur in V shape
d. Foliate - Red leaf-like mucosal ridges
- at the sides of the tongue
- Bear numerous taste buds
- found in the pharyngeal part
PHARYNGEAL PART
 Lies behind the palatoglossal arches
 Forms the anterior wall of the
oropharynx
 No papillae
 mucous membrane has manylymphoid
follicles that collectivelyconstitute the
lingual tonsil(Nagrirelease ng WBC, pag
namaga/indication of infection).
 VENTRAL SURFACE EXTRINSIC MUSCLES (may attachment sa bone)
 ilalim ni dorsal
PDDRERE
 Covered by smooth mucous membrane
 lingual frenulum - thin strip of tissue 1. Genioglossus - genial tubercle
that runs verticallyfrom the floor of the  Protrusion and derpresses of the
mouth to theundersurface of the tongue
tongue. 2. Hyoglossus - hyoid bone
- limit the movement of thetongue.  Depresses and retracts tongue
 plica fimbriata - tissue na 3. Styloglossus - styloid process
pahaba,bluish,from the veins kaya  Elevates and retracts tongue
highly vascular 4. Palatoglossus - palatine aponeurosis
 Elevates the posterior part of the
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
tongue
INTRINSIC MUSCLES (not attached to any bone)
> alter the shape of the tongue
> originate and insert within the tongue
> Paired

1. Superior longitudinal
 Shortens the tongue
 Turns the apex and sides of the tongue
upward to make the dorsum concave
 Origin: submucous fibrous layer below
the dorsum of the tongue and lingual
septum lingual septum=(naghahati sa
tongue into 2)
 Insertion: extends to the lingual margin

2. Inferior longitudinal
 Shortens the tongue
 Makes the dorsum convex
 Origin: root of tongue
 Insertion: apex of tongue

3. Transverse
 Narrows and elongates the tongue
 Origin: median fibrous septum
 Insertion: fibrous tissue at the margins
of tongue.
4. Vertical
 Flattens and broadens the tongue
 Origin: borders of the anterior part of
the tongue.
 Insertion: ventral surface of the borders
of the tongue.
Enamel/ Substancia Adamantia/ Amelo B. Chemical properties
 96% inorganic substance
 Hard, translucent tissue covering the
– Crystalline calcium phosphate (90%)
anatomical crowns of teeth
– Hydroxyl apatite crystals
 protective covering of the crown dentin
 4% organic substance + water
 Resists forces of mastication
– Proteins (amelogenins & non
amelogenins like enamelin &
ameloblastin)
A. Physical properties
1. varies in thickness
a. Incisal edge = 2mm
C. Macroscopic features
b. PM cusps = 2.3 – 2.5mm
1. Perikymata/ Imbrication lines of
c. M cusps 2.5 – 3mm
Pickerill – wavy ridges on the labial
(pinakamakapal, for grinding)
surface of anterior teeth)
2. Hardest calcified tissue in the body.
- Transverse, wavelike grooves
- has high mineral content
believed to be the external
- Hardness decreases from surface of
manifestations of Striae of Retzius.
enamel to DEJ
- visible to new erupted teeth,
- papasok ng papasok palambot ng
nawawala dahil sa abrasion.
palambot
2. Mamelons – rounded eminence of the
3. Brittle & Inelastic
incisal edges of newly erupted anterior
- prone to fracture if unsupported by
teeth
sound dentin
- Nawawala thru abrasion and
4. Translucent
malocclusion (kapag sungki di
- Color of teeth = color of dentin
natama sa opposing jkaya may
- Cervical area: more yellow(thinner
mamelon padin sa adult)
Enamel, reflects more of dentin)
like canine.

Depends on age and diet D. Microscopic structures

1. Enamel prisms/Enamel rods
a. Age – through time, it abrades &
- Basic structural unit of enamel
what is seen is yellow dentin
- formed by ameloblasts (responsible
b. Diet – enamel is semipermeable;
for enamel production)
color of food may stick
- Long and slender structures with
5. Permeable to certain ions– decreases
roughly 5 or six sides
with age
- Length of rods > Thickness of
- Responsible for fluoride
enamel
applications
- Diameter: 4-5 μ DEJ
- bata palang dapat nagffluoride
- Length: 9 μ in length
khabang bukas pa yung pores dahil
- Wavy pag inunat mas mahaba
pag matanda close na.
- Cross section: rods appear
- Fluoride-papalakasin ipin ara di
hexagonal, oval or round -Has a
makapasok bacteria
head and tail that resembles a
- bacteria byroduct acid - no.1 acid
keyhole/ paddle
na nagpapalmbot ng ipin
 - Longitudinal section: Segmented
appearance – dark lines crossing the
rod
- CROSS STRIATION(pag nag criss
cross si enamel rod at striae of
retzius)– daily appositional growth
BAKIT NAGKAKAROON NG INCREMENTAL LINES
of enamel rods
OF RETZIUS
2. Gnarled Enamel
- Cusps and Incisal edges: bundles of
rods intertwining irregularly from
the DEJ, straightens as it reaches
the surface of the Enamel
- Offer greatest resistance to cusps
and incisal edges.
- CANINE= maramming gnarled
enamel,makes the cusp matibay
kase madaming enamel rods
3. Interprismatic Substance –cements rods
together
- 1μ thick; from terminal bar
apparatus
- Surrounds each rod
4. Prism Sheath/Rod Sheath
- Outermost covering of the rod; take
stain easily (more organic)
- Narrow spaces serving as the
boundary between (2) rod and
interrod enamel.
Direction of Enamel rods:
• Rods are oriented at right angles to DEJ
• Pits and Fissures: tent-like manner
• Proximal: horizontal/oblique
• Cervical: horizontal/oblique
• Permanent – Apically (pababa)
• Decidous – Coronally(pataas)
5. Hunter-Schreger Bands
- Alternating light and dark bands
- Seen in longitudinal ground section
under oblique reflected light or
polarized light
6. Incremental Lines of Retzius or, Striae of
Retzius
- Brownish bands illustrating the
incremental pattern of enamel
- LS – surrounds the tip of dentin
- XS – Concentric circles (growth rings
of tree)
a. periodic bending of enamel rods
b. Variation in basic organic structure
c. Physiologic calcification rhythm (of
enamel)
7. Structureless/Prismless Enamel
- No prism outlines are visible; 30μ
thick
- Found in primary dentition and
cervical region of permanent
- Apatite crystals are parallel to one
another; perpendicular to Striae of
Retzius
- More heavily mineralized than bulk
of enamel beneath it
8. Neonatal Line/Ring
- differentiating prenatally developed
enamel from postnatal enamel
- result of abrupt changes in
environment and nutrition of
newborn infant
- PRENATAL ENAMEL=nabuo enamel
inside the womb,kumukuha
nutrition sa nanay
- POSTNATAL ENAMEL=nabuo
outisde the womb,nakuha
nutrition sa labas
- PERMANENT=walang PRENATAL
LINE,kase nabuo sya nung
napanganak na
9. Enamel Cuticle/Nasmyth’s Membrane
- Delicate membrane that covers the
entire crown of a newly erupted
teeth
- Removed by mastication
 - Erupted crowns – covered by - May contain a living process of the
precipitates of salivary proteins - > odontoblast contributing to the
PELLICLE - maybe colonized by vitality of the DEJ
bacteria and food debris; reorms - Pag si tubule lumabas sa DEJ now
within hours after mechanical called= ENAMEL SPNDLES
cleaning. 13. Scalloped DEJ
- After maremove ang enamel - shallow depression/pits where
cuticle,nagkakaroon ng pellicle,sya enamel caps are fitted
na nagcocover ng EC - Firm attachment of enamel to
- Biofilm=pag nahaluan ng dentin surface (increased surface
laway,nagiging pellicle, pag di area and adhesion)
natoothbrush nagiging plaqu thn - Concavity – Enamel
nagiging tartar - Convexity – Dentin
10. Enamel Lamellae - Hindi straight line,mas rough mas
- Cracks visible to the naked eye makapit si enamel sa dentin
- Leaflike structural defects extending
from surface of enamel towards the
DEJ
- Consists of linear, longitudinally
oriented defects filled with enamel
protein or organic debris from the
oral cavity ->possible avenue for
dental caries
11. Enamel Tufts
- Narrow, ribbon-like structure
composed of bundles of poorly
calcified rods and interrod
cementing substance (di gano
tumigas)
- Originates from DEJ occupying 1/3
to 1/5 of entire enamel thickness
- “Tuft” resembles blades of grass
attached to a parent stem
- Filled with protein and organic
material
- Believed to occur developmentally
because of abrupt change in the
direction of groups of rods that
arise from regions of DEJ
12. Enamel Spindles
- Club-shaped extentions/projections
of dentinal tubules/odontoblastic
pocesses in enamel
Dentition