II.

Literature review

a. Overview of the field

Social Media could be defined as “a term used to describe a variety of Web based platforms, applications
and technologies that enable people to socially interact with one another online.” [1]

The influence of online social network usage behavior and its impact on users' psychology and social
relationships has become a significant area of study in recent years in Viet Nam. As the popularity and
prevalence of online social networks continue to grow, researchers and scholars have sought to
understand the effects of these platforms on individuals' mental well-being and social interactions. The
majority of OSNs have tools for authenticating users and setting up user accounts. A user's home town
and age are entered in their basic profile. OSNs provide a wide range of features, most of which are
often only available to logged-in users. Users can edit their personal information (contact details, photos,
hobbies, books, movies, music, etc.) and view the profiles of other users by searching for friends and
then filtering those results by categories such as places of employment or education. Users have the
ability to add and invite friends, join groups or networks, send and receive emails through OSN, post
comments on other users' "walls" or discussion boards, and change their privacy settings.[2]

b. The popular online social media behavior patterns now

Social media platforms have become an essential component of contemporary life, facilitating diverse
types of communication among individuals. Social media comes in a variety of formats. Examples include
picture-based platforms like Instagram and professional networking sites like LinkedIn, as well as instant
messaging apps like WeChat, Messenger, and WhatsApp. Different social requirements are met by
different kinds of social media applications, and various user behaviors are encouraged [3]. Whether
individuals who use social media excessively use any or all of the social media apps begs the question of
whether we can differentiate between various sociability demands based on this usage pattern. The
impact of social media on users' mental health and well-being is influenced by their attachment type [4].
Social media use problems and poor psychological wellbeing are more common in those with low
avoidant attachment and high anxiety attachment. Considering Ref [5] Instagram users place a higher
emphasis on self-promotion and self-identification than they do on connectivity and other goals
including bolstering their identity, learning about others, capturing life events, and showcasing their
creativity through images. According to recent data, using Instagram frequently is linked to problematic
smartphone use [6].

c. Negative effects on users' psychology and social relationships

In the UK, the Royal Society for Public Health [7] found that Instagram was the social media platform that
had the worst impact on the mental health of teenagers. Social media apps can also be categorized as
content-focused, passively social, and actively social based on user engagement. Any behavior that
permits direct engagement with others, such as direct messaging, posting, sharing private links, or direct
communication, is considered active use of social media networks. On the other hand, passive use,
which includes browsing through profiles, images, videos, or updates, entails keeping an eye on other
people's lives without actively participating [8]. Additionally, studies have shown that idle social media
platforms encourage envy and social comparison. Ref. [9] reports that individuals with Instagram Use
Disorder and WhatsApp Use Disorder had higher rates of smartphone use disorder than those with
Facebook Use Disorder and Snapchat Use Disorder.

The literature reveals varying predictors of excessive use of these social media platforms. For instance, it
was discovered that high neuroticism and low agreeableness were predictors of excessive Instagram use
[10], whereas low openness and low conscientiousness were found to be predictors of excessive
Facebook use [11]. Compared to people with low extraversion levels, those with high extraversion levels
use messaging apps more frequently and for longer periods of time, make more outgoing phone calls,
and send and receive more text messages. Furthermore, there is a correlation between excessive
WhatsApp use and high anxiety, low self-esteem, and FOMO [12]. A study was conducted in Reference
[13] on problematic smartphone use in connection to problematic Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp
use.

Among social media users, the fear of missing out (FoMO) is a common problem [14]. However, different
social media app users may exhibit FOMO in different ways. FoMO, which is typically characterized by a
strong need to keep up with others' activities, is a phenomenon that is generally defined as a persistent
sense of anxiety or fear that other people enjoy good events without their participation [15]. Mental
health is at danger due to a lack of self-control, which is further increased by social media addiction and
fear of missing out (FoMO). Users of messaging applications like WeChat, WhatsApp, and Messenger, for
instance, exhibit different patterns of behavior than users of image-based social networking sites like
Instagram. The fear of missing out on WeChat, Messenger, and WhatsApp may arise from fear of
ostracism, which is the fear of exclusion, neglect, or exclusion by others. The need for social validation
and belonging drives this kind of FOMO, and users of these apps may feel stressed or anxious if they are
excluded from a group conversation or debate. However, the urge to know what's happening or who has
liked a picture might cause Instagram users to suffer from FOMO. Instead of concentrating on forming
personal connections, this kind of FoMO is more concerned with societal recognition. Instagram users
could experience pressure to continuously check their feed in order to keep up with the newest trends
and make sure they don't miss any significant announcements or events. In their investigation on the
connection between social media usage disorders that negatively impact daily life and FOMO, Rozgonjuk
et al. [16] found that all platforms—with the exception of Snapchat—demonstrated a mediating
influence. In this study, we hypothesise that people may not demonstrate addiction to all social media
apps at the same time because the FOMO resulting from using different social media apps varies.

1. CHANDRA, S. and C.J.R.o.M.i.N.B. PRASAD, THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN EDUCATION. 2016: p.
88.
2. Schneider, F., et al. Understanding online social network usage from a network perspective. in
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement. 2009.
3. Vaid, S.S. and G.M.J.J.o.R.i.P. Harari, Who uses what and how often?: Personality predictors of
multiplatform social media use among young adults. 2021. 91: p. 104005.
4. Young, L., D.C. Kolubinski, and D.J.H. Frings, Attachment style moderates the relationship
between social media use and user mental health and wellbeing. 2020. 6(6).
5. Sheldon, P. and K.J.C.i.h.B. Bryant, Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism
and contextual age. 2016. 58: p. 89-97.
6. Rozgonjuk, D., et al., Instagram use frequency is associated with problematic smartphone use,
but not with depression and anxiety symptom severity. 2020. 8(3): p. 400-418.
7. Ryan, E. and C.J.C.i.H.B.R. Linehan, A qualitative exploration into personal psychological agency
in Instagram use. 2022. 6: p. 100196.
8. Verduyn, P., et al., Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well‐being? A critical
review. 2017. 11(1): p. 274-302.
9. Rozgonjuk, D., et al., Comparing smartphone, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat:
which platform elicits the greatest use disorder symptoms? 2021. 24(2): p. 129-134.
10. Balta, S., et al., Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state
fear of missing out and problematic Instagram use. 2020. 18: p. 628-639.
11. Błachnio, A., et al., The role of personality traits in Facebook and Internet addictions: A study on
Polish, Turkish, and Ukrainian samples. 2017. 68: p. 269-275.
12. Apaolaza, V., et al., Mindfulness, compulsive mobile social media use, and derived stress: The
mediating roles of self-esteem and social anxiety. 2019. 22(6): p. 388-396.
13. Rozgonjuk, D., et al., Associations between symptoms of problematic smartphone, Facebook,
WhatsApp, and Instagram use: An item-level exploratory graph analysis perspective. 2020. 9(3):
p. 686-697.
14. Alutaybi, A., et al., Combating fear of missing out (FoMO) on social media: The FoMO-R method.
2020. 17(17): p. 6128.
15. Przybylski, A.K., et al., Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out.
2013. 29(4): p. 1841-1848.
16. Rozgonjuk, D., et al., Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and
productivity at work: Do WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat Use Disorders mediate
that association? 2020. 110: p. 106487.