Enthalpy

Definition:

Enthalpy (H): Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function that represents the total heat content of a system at
constant pressure. It includes both internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.

Mathematical Expression:

ΔH= H(final)- H(initial)

ΔH is the change in enthalpy, and it is equal to the difference in enthalpy between the final and initial
states of a system.

Units:

The standard unit for enthalpy change is the joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI). In some
contexts, particularly in chemistry, kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) is commonly used.

Sign Convention:

Exothermic Process (ΔH < 0): If heat is released from the system to the surroundings during a process,
the enthalpy change is negative. Common examples include combustion reactions.

Endothermic Process (ΔH > 0): If heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings during a process,
the enthalpy change is positive. Common examples include the dissolution of salts in water.

Measuring Enthalpy Changes:

Enthalpy changes can be measured experimentally using calorimetry. Calorimeters are devices designed
to measure heat changes associated with chemical reactions or physical processes.