Practice questions 1 This question looks at polarity molecules and ions a. Arrange the molecules increasing polarity. vy and shapes of below in order of () HCL HBr, HE HI (mark) (ii) CH,Br,, CHL, CHCLE CF, (I mark) | b_ The list of ten molecules and ions below j ‘can be arranged into five pairs, each with a different shape. H,0, HCN, AICI, BP, SOy- SCly- #40" NH,*, NH, CO, (i) Select the five pairs and state the shape of each pair. (5 marks) } (ii) Which of the molecules and ions are planar? (1 mark) 2 Complete the table below as follows. State the bond angle(s)- (5 marks) b_ Name the shape of each molecule. (5 marks) | ee | i co, i $F, | cA, PF oF, SbCl, exists as simple covalent molecules. ‘A -det-and-cross’ diagram of SbCl, is shown below. gic a Predict the shape of a molecule of SbCl, Explain your answer. (3 marks) b_ SbCl, molecules are polar. (2 marks) Explain why. F321 Jan 2014 QU(d) 4. This question is about the molecular fluorides, F,0, CFy, NF,, and OF,. a Complete the table as follows, (i) Add the number of bonded Jone pairs of electrons aroun p atom in bold. "und the Ignore any inner shells. (4 (i). Draw a 3D diagram for the shan teach molecule. Include any lone Pi nan bin their solid structures, the four mora fluorides all have London forces Explain the origin of London forces. ns ¢ Electronegativity explains why 21! th: molecules have polar bonds. (i) Explain the term electronege: (i) Show alll the dipoles on a molecule of CF, Explain which of the molecules table are polar and which are non-polar. Much of the chemistry of water isi by its polarity and its ability for for" hydrogen bonds. a What is meant by a hydrogen bv! b Explain why water molecules #7. Draw a diagram showing hydro ponding between two molecules water. Include dipoles and lone P2 of electrons. en State the bond angle in a water molecule. ( estate and explain two propertiet he 5 ice that are a direct result of PMI" bonding. i ialsuling was a Nobel Prize chemist who devised a scale (1 marky Boron trifluoride, BF,, ammonia, NH, and sulfur hexafluoride, SF,, are all covalent compounds. The shapes of their molecules are different. (i). State the shape of a molecule of SE, (mark) (ii) Using outer electron shells only, draw ‘dot-and-cross' diagrams for molecules of BF, and NH. Use your diagrams to explain why a molecule of BF, has bond angles ‘of 120° and NH, has bond angles of 107°. (5 marks) (ii) Molecules of BF, contain polar bonds, but the molecules are non-polar. Suggest an explanation for this difference, (2 marks) 321 Jan 11 Q3 7. Simple molecules are covalently bonded. ‘State what is meant by the term covalent bond. Chemists are able to predict the shape ofa simple covalent molecule from the number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom. (Explain how this enables chemists 10 predict the shape. (2 marks) (il) The “dor-and.cros' diagram of the simple covalent molecule, HBO, is shown below. (mark) a Leen Predict the O—B—O and B—O—H bond angles in a molecule of H,BO,._ (2 marks) ¢ Give an example of a simple covalent molecule which has all bond angles equal 1090. (1 mark) F321 Jan 2013 Q2 Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas which forms white fumes in moist ai. 4 Molecules of hydrogen chloride, HCL, and molecules of fluorine, Fy, contain the same number of electrons. Hydrogen chloride boils at -85 °C and fluorine boils at -188 °C, Explain why there is a difference in the boiling points of HCl and F,. In your | answer you should refer to the types of force acting between motecules and the | relative strength of the forces between the molecules. {in your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly. (4 marks) b Hydrogen chloride reacts with water to produce an ion with the formula H,0*. An 1,0" ion has one dative covalent bond. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show | the bonding in 1,0*. Show outer electrons only. (2 marks) | 321 Jan 13 Q5(a)(b) | ‘The compounds, NH,, PF, and SF, are all {gases at room temperature and pressure. ‘a What intermolecular forces are present {n liquid samples of each compound? (8 marks) b_ The boiling point of NH, is much higher than PF, and SF. Explain why. (2 marks) ¢ Name the shapes and give the bond angles in molecules of NH, and SF,? (4 marks)