F1007B Modeling in Engineering

with Conservation Laws: Argumentative exam

Tecnolo´ gico de Monterrey, Campus Quere´taro
Escuela de Ingenier´ıa y Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias
Prof. Dr. Luis Pedrero

Name and signature: Antonio Delgado Salgado A01707634 enrolment:

Instructions (Please read carefully)

Read correctly the following problems and in each case argue your results step by step, explaining the
reason for your procedures. Every explanation will be taken into account. (good luck). Cell phones are not
allowed during the exaM.

Open questions (60 pts.)

1.- Define the concept of Work and Force in a system. Both in equations and arguing.
Force: This quantity represents the effect that changes and object shape or motion, it is a vector caused by any
type of pull or push on an object. The simplest equation is F = m*a.
Work: A quantity that represents the energy used or transferred in moving a certain object, this vector depends
on the force acting in the displacements direction. There is no work if the force is perpendicular to the
displacement. The equation is W= F*d*cos(θ)

2.- How is defined the work on a spring? Explain the reason for its force constant and how it can be calcu-
lated.
When a spring is pulled or compressed, the work done is stored as a potential energy, this happens because the
spring always wants to go back to its original state. Since it moves against the force that causes the spring to
expand, the Hooke´s constant, is negative.
Equations: F=-kx, K=F/x, W=1/2*k*x^2

3.- Explain what is a conservative and non-conservative field of energy.

The work done on an object moving from point A to point B does not depend only on the distance traveled for
conservative fields like gravity, it's the change in potential energy (often related to position changes like height)
that determines work, not just the linear distance traveled.

On the other hand, in a non-conservative field of energy, the chosen course does influence the outcome. For
instance, friction acts for a longer period along a longer path.

4.- Define the concept of kinetic energy and mention the Work - Energy theorem.
Kinetic energy: This is the energy and object have due to his motion, the formula is KE=1/2*m*v^2. More
movement and weight equal more kinetic energy.

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According to the Work-Energy Theorem, an object's work is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. This
means that an object's kinetic energy is altered when work is done on it, causing it to move more quickly or
more slowly. Formula is W=ΔKE.

5.- Define the concept of gravitational Potential energy in both words and equations.
The energy an object has because of its location in a gravitational field is known as its gravitational potential
energy, and it is usually proportional to its height above a selected reference point. The standard formula is
U=m*g*h, where h is the height above the reference point, g is the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s^ on
Earth), and m is mass. This equation does not apply in space and is only useful to places with a constant
gravitational acceleration.

6.- Can the kinetic energy be negative? explain.

Kinetic energy cannot be negative. It can be calculated as 1/2*m*v^2, where v is the velocity and m is the mass.
Kinetic energy is always either positive or zero because both mass and the square of velocity are always non-
negative.

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7.- Explain the principle of conservation of energy by mentioning its equation.
According to the conservation of energy principle, there can be no change in energy (i.e., energies of A minus
energies of B) because the energy in state A must equal the energy in state B. This is valid in closed, perfect
systems. In real situations, energy is commonly wasted as heat, vibration, or other forms.
E=K+U, where K is kinetic energy, U is potential energy, and E is the total energy, is the equation that represents
this.

8.- Explain why in rotating objects it is better to put the velocity in terms of ω and state or write down the
equations of rotational motion.
Since the term W also includes pi, which is the diameter of the circle of rotation divided by time to get speed.
Since the equation measures speed in all positions, radius must be considered because velocity is not
constant over the entire body.
Equations: w = 2π/T, v = 2π*r/T = wr

9.- How is defined the rotational kinetic energy of a body? Write down the equation.
We must include the velocity equation in rotation since the values of velocity for rotating and non-rotating
objects differ. Where velocity is squared, w should also be there. Since inertia values an object's propensity to
remain in its current position, we also need to include I for inertia (moving or in place). The equation is: K
=1/2*I*ω^2.

10.-Define the concept of angular momentum and how it differs from ”Spin Angular Momentum”.
Spin angular momentum is the rotation of an object around its own internal axis, such as the Earth spinning on its axis.
The term general angular momentum refers to all rotational motion, including spin and orbital motion, such as a
planet's orbit around the sun. Both are calculated in relation to the object's center of mass, but the rotational axes are
different.

11.- Define what is the buoyant force and state or mention the Archimedes’ principle.
The buoyant force of a submerged body experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced
volume, as explained by the Archimedes' principle FB=-φgv. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid, which explains why a body floats in water and why the displaced fluid's weight is greater than
its own weight. This is the first condition of equilibrium.

12.- ¿How would Pascal’s equation and the continuity equation be modified if we worked with a
compressible liquid? Explain in detail Bernoulli’s equation and which ”players” take part in it or how they
interact with each other.
According to Pascal's principle, the incompressibility of a fluid causes pressure applied to it to be evenly
distributed throughout both the fluid and its container. Nonetheless, this uniform pressure distribution would
change if the fluid were compressible. Bernoulli's equation would also be impacted because it also depends on
this pressure distribution. These equations would need to be modified to account for the changed pressure
dispersion to be applied to a compressible fluid. The density of the fluid, the applied pressure, and the
distribution of that pressure are the important variables to consider.

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Problems (55 pts)

Don’t forget to discuss each step as well as a form of explanation that justifies your procedures!

Problem 1.-(10 pts.) A particle is subjected to a force Fx that varies with

position as shown in the figure below. Find the work done by the force on
the particle as it moves (a) from x = 0 to x = 5.00 m, (b) from x = 5.00 m
to x = 10.0 m, and (c) from x = 10.0 m to x = 15.0 m. (d) What is the total
work done by the force over the distance x=0 to x=15 m?

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 Problem 2.-(10 pts.) A system consists of three particles located as shown
in the figure. Find the center of mass of the system. The masses of the
particles are m1 = m2 = 1.0 kg and m3 = 2.0 kg.

Problem 3.- (5 pts.) A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a

horizontal spring that has a constant force of k = 1000 N/m as
shown in the figure. The spring is compressed by 2.0 cm and
is then released from rest as shown in the figure. Calculate the
velocity of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position
x = 0, assuming a frictionless surface. Think in terms of work
W s.

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 Problem 4.-(5 pts) A block of wood floats on water, and a steel object is
attached to the bottom of the block by a chain as in Fig. If the block remains
floating, which of the following statements is valid or true? Explain and argue.
(a) The buoyant force on the steel object is equal to its weight. (b) The buoyant
force on the block is equal to its weight. (c) The tension in the string is equal to
the weight of the steel object. (d) The tension in the rope is less than the weight
of the steel object. (e) The buoyant force on the block is equal to the volume of
water it displaces.
Answer:

The weight of the steel objects is just as important as the weight of the block, so answer "b" is not acceptable. Since the
rope's tension is always lower on the water than it is on land, answer "c" is incorrect.
Since the buoyant force depends on the water volume displacement being equal and must equal the weight of the block as
well as the weight of the steel object, all other options are correct.(A,D,E)

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 Problem 5.- (5 pts.) Three glasses of different shapes are filled to the
same level with water as shown in the figure. The area of the base is the
same for all three glasses. Which of the following statements are valid?
(Choose several if necessary.)
(a) The pressure at the top surface of the container A is greater because it
has the greater surface area. (b) The pressure at the bottom of the container A is greater because it contains
the greatest amount of water. (c) The pressure at the bottom of each container is the same. (d) The force on
the bottom of each container is not the same. (e) At a certain depth below the surface of each container, the
pressure on the side of the container A is greater due to its slope.
Answer:

A, the area of the top of the container is greater, this causes the pressure to be the greatest too.

Problem 6.-(5 pts.) A person floats in a boat in a small pond. Then the person throws the anchor overboard
and remains at the bottom. What happens with the level of the pond? (a) It rises. (b) It falls. (c) Is it still the
same? Explain and argue. Answer:

b)The pond's level drops. This is a result of the anchor moving more water into the boat. A volume of water
That has the same weight as the floating item is dislodged. An item submerged in water shifts a volume of
water according to the object's volume. A volume of water the same weight as the anchor will be more than
the
volume of the anchor because the density of the anchor is higher than that of water.

Problem 7.-(10 pts.) The small piston of a hydraulic lift (hydraulic Jack) has a
cross-sectional area of 3.00 cm2, and its large piston has a cross-sectional area of
200 cm2. What magnitude force F1 must be applied downward to the small piston
in order to lift a load whose weight is Fg = 15.0 K N?

Problem 8.- Optional (5 pts.) Blaise Pascal duplicated Torricelli’s baroMe-

ter using a red wine from Bordeaux, with a density of 984 kg/m3. (a) What
was the height h of the column of wine for normal atmospheric pressure? (b)
Would you expect the vacuum over the column to be as good as for mer-
cury?

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b) No, this because the discrepancy in density.

Don’t forget to discuss each step as a matter of explanation that justifies your procedures!

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