Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India
Power Quality Improvement in IEEE-39 RTS
System by Using DSTATCOM: Mitigation of
Voltage Sag Analytically
JagannathPatra
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad, India
jaganath.ptr@gmail.com,
AshiwaniYadav
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad, India
ashiwaniurgent@gmail.com
Abstract-In the distribution system, most of the power
quality problems are associated with voltage sag. As a
consequence, divergent solutions have been hunted to
compensate this voltage sag to evade financial losses in
commercial industries. Distribution Static
Compensator (D-STATCOM) is now turning into
more recognized in commercial industries to reduce
the bad impacts of voltage sag in sensitive loads. The
D-STATCOM is placed in shunt with a sensitive load
and possesses the ability to respond speedily against
the voltage sag experienced by sensitive equipment of
end user.
This paper explained shunt reactive injection. The
suggested methodology is to establish analytical
aspects and to demonstrate this by a case study of 39
bus IEEE RTS system. Voltage sag can be eradicated
by continuous injection of very small Voltage or
reactive power to the system. The scheme
incorporates the method of instantaneous symmetrical
components.
Keywords—Power Quality; Voltage Sag; Voltage Sag
mitigation; D-STATCOM; Voltage Sag mitigation
I.INTRODUCTION
Power quality (PQ) is turning into critical importance for
commercial industry. Low quality of power is perceived
due to the different power quality issues like voltage sag,
harmonics, voltage swell, interruption, etc. [1]. From
Recent failure statistics, It is confirmed that the voltage
sags represent the foremost common kind of disturbance
within the power system [2-3]. Voltage sag can be defined
as a transitory reduction (0.5–1 min) in RMS voltage
between 0.1 and 0.9 p. u at the power frequency [1], [3].
Voltage sag leads to malfunction of voltage-sensitive
978-1-5386-3702-9/18/$31.00 © 2017 IEEE
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Nitai Pal
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad, India
nitai_pal@rediffmail.com
AprajitaKumari
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
Dhanbad, India
aprajita.iitdhn@gmail.com
electrical-electronics loads in commercial industries,
hospitals and buildings [5] and causes severe process
disruptions that lead substantial data and/or economic
losses [6], [7]. Voltage sag is depicted by the magnitude
of sag, duration of sag and its phase angle jump. The
demand of better power quality has inspired the ultimate
consumers to install power acquisition equipment for
mitigation of voltage sag. There is some literature that
interprets the potential for employing typical DC-DC
converters as the direct AC/AC converters against voltage
sag and swell problem. However, there is a certain
limitation in their ability against asymmetrical sags [7–
11]. Therefore, different devices like DVR, flywheel,
distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), tap
changing transformers and uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS) are used against voltage sags problems [12], [13].
DSTATCOM is used in this presented study to mitigate
voltage sag. DSTATCOM is a Shunt connected FACTS
device. It absorbs or generates reactive power. Its main
function is to control the voltage and thereby to improve
transient stability. A D-STATCOM is usually used to
control bus voltage by reactive power shunt
compensation. The D-STATCOM is a three-phase shunt
connected power electronics based solid state device. It is
attached near the load at the distribution systems. D-
STATCOM consists of the coupling transformer, three-
phase inverter and DC capacitor. D-STATCOM possess
compensating capability by means of either bus voltage or
line current.
II.DSTATCOM
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) is a
precise effectual means for the amelioration of power
quality consequence in the distribution system. D-
STATCOM is a counterbalancing type custom power
device. It is a shunt linked device that has the alike
1
 Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India

structure as is that of a STATCOM [14]. This can carry

out mitigation of voltage sag and load compensation, (i.e.,
harmonic filtering, balancing of load, power factor
correction, etc.) when attached to any sensitive bus or any I C V rated
load terminals respectively. It can also accomplish voltage I
regulation when incorporated with a distribution line. D-
STATCOM redress the imaginary power that assures  IR
active power flow from source to load.

D-STATCOM possess considerable various operating
characteristics in contrast to STATCOM. Therefore, its
I r V BUS

control is somewhat different from that of a STATCOM. j  LI

DSTATCOM can be functioned in the current controlled Fig. 2: Phasor diagram in inductive operation
mode for allaying the harmonic in source current and
voltage controlled mode for diminishing harmonics as Implementation in a sensitive bus
well as to equalize the bus voltages.
Bus-2
In this presented study, the current control mode is Bus-n

incorporated to introduce a set of three unbalanced

currents. The voltage source inverter (VSI) associated Bus-1
with a DSTATCOM injects current in one phase
Largeda Meshed
autonomously with reference to the other two phases. A Network
unique control strategy based on instantaneous power
theory is exercised to improve the PQ by means of
mitigation of voltage sag in a power system possessing
several numbers of buses. The improvement of voltage is
accomplished through injecting compensating voltage. As
3-Phase Sensitive
a result of which the total number of voltage sags are Source Load1
reduced. Bus-15 Fault Bus-16 Bus-17

Sensitive
The elementary functional principle of D-STATCOM in D-STATCOM Load2
sag mitigation is to govern the bus voltage by absorbing Governed by
Control
or generating the reactive power. It is operated either as a Strategy
capacitor or as an inductor in accordance with the Fig. 3: Incorporation of D-STATCOM to asensitive load
magnitude of the bus voltage. bus.
S S S
V a V b V c

Capacitive and Inductive mode of Operation

If the magnitude of bus voltage is lesser than the rated L S L S
L S

voltage then the D-STATCOM acts as a capacitor that

R R R
generates the reactive power to the system as shown in
S S S

L L

Fig. 1. V V
L

D-STATCOM
a V b c

i dc R L i
c

i
S

V
S S
i i
I
a
a b c
c
i
j  LI
BUS
+ R L S
r C _ Vdc i a
b
c
i

c

R L
Current


Detection of Voltage,
Transformer
Active Power and
/ Potential
Reactive Power
Transformer

IR PWM
Compensation V
*
dc
i
L
a i i
L
b
L
c
Current Sensitive Load 2
Scheme
Controller
V
V
dc

I
I
*
rated i i i
* * Sensitive Load 1

C a b c

Fig. 1: Phasor diagram in capacitive operation

Whereas, if the magnitude of bus voltage is more than the
rated voltage then the D-STATCOM acts as an inductor
that absorbs reactive power from the system as shown in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 4: Schematic diagram DSTATCOM attached to
three-phases of a considered sensitive bus
In Fig. 3, a large mesh system along with a shunt
connected D-STATCOM is indicated. Large mesh system
contains „n‟ number of buses. For IEEE-39 bus RTS

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 Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India

system, the value of „n‟ is 39. The fault can occur at any
point along the line. In Fig. 3, the fault has occurred at a
point in a line that connects bus-15 and bus-16. Due to
which sags are introduced in a considered system. And as
a result of which some sensitive buses are highly affected.
In Fig. 3, bus-17 is shown where sensitive loads are
connected. Sags assessment are performed by using a
flowchart shown in Fig. 6 and frequency of sag are noted
[2]. After that, D-STATCOM is introduced in the system
and the frequency of sag is noted once again.

Using potential and a current transformer, current and

voltage are detected. Hence, active power, reactive power
and magnitude of voltage are measured. Then these values
are compared with the reference value and the generated
error signal is transferred to PWM current controller. This
generates pulses for D-STATCOM to supply reactive
power and hence voltage sags are mitigated to a certain
extent (around 40 to 55%).

An appropriate range of DC capacitor is desired to store

the energy that is required to mitigate the sag. The DC
capacitor, CDC is employed to supply reactive power to
the D-STATCOM when there is an occurrence of sag. DC
capacitor voltage is expressed in (1) Fig. 5: Schematic diagram IEEE 39 bus RTS System

The proposed flow chart of an implementation of D-

Vs .I L .T
CDC  3  STATCOM for mitigation of sag is depicted in Fig. 6.
VC2max  VDC2
Assessment of voltage is performed by a method as
(1) described in [2-3]. The frequency of voltage sag is
mitigated to the certain extent by using flow chart as
Where,
Vs = Peak phase voltage, I L = Load current, T = depicted in Fig. 6. The D-STATCOM is connected to a
user desired sensitive bus. All the sensitive buses,
VCmax associated with sags are chosen and processed for
Period of one cycle of voltage and current, = Pre-set
mitigation. The strategy for mitigation of sag is shown in
upper limit of energy storage C (per phase),
VDC = the flow chart as depicted in Fig. 7.

Voltage across C (per phase) and

I
L = Difference
between load current before and during the voltage sag.
The reactive power provided by D-STATCOM is
mathematically expressed in (2).
VARDSTATCOM  2    f  CDC  VL2 L
= 314.2  CDC  VL2 L
Where, VL-L = Nominal line-to-line voltage of the system
at the point of connection, CDC = Inject reactive power to
the D-STATCOM and f = System frequency.
III.CASE STUDY AND FLOW CHART
The suggested analytical approach is applied to the IEEE
39- bus reliability test system depicted in Fig. 5. The
system data is available in [15]. The electrical system
consists of ten generators, 39 buses interconnected by 46
lines, and twelve transformers.
Using potential and a current transformer, current and
voltage are detected as shown in Fig. 4. Hence, active
power, reactive power and magnitude of voltage are
measured. With appropriate control strategy [4], the
required amount of reactive power is sensed and then
these values are compared with the reference value and
the generated error signal is transferred to PWM current
(2) controller. This generates pulses for D-STATCOM to
supply reactive power. Then it is checked that whether it
is in range or not as shown in Fig 7. If no then next
iteration is performed and the similar process is continued
based on rating and capability of supply of reactive power
by D-STATCOM. If yes then next step has followed that
check whether the same process is performed for all the
buses or not. If no, then go for the next sensitive bus and
follow the same process. It will be continued till
mitigation is done in all the sensitive buses. And if yes
then the mitigation result will be displayed. It is observed
that around 40 to 55% voltage sags are mitigated.

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 Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India

Start
START

Execute Load flow and compute voltage

before the fault
Assessment of Voltage Sag [2]

Form a Z-bus
Sensitive bus associated with Sags

Simulation year (n)

Supply reactive power through D-STATCOM {Eq. (2)}

based on control strategy [4]
Selection of Lines

Go to Next Iteration to
next bus supply reactive power
Selection of types of fault
No
0.9 P.U. ≤ V Sag ≤ 1.0 P.U.

Time to fault (TF)

Yes

Completed for all the indented

No Sensitive buses
TF < 8760

yes Show the Mitigation Result

Selection of the location of

random fault

Stop

Form a new Z-bus

kk = kk+1 Fig. 7: Flow Chart of Implementation ofD-STATCOM for
Mitigation of Sag
Compute a residual Voltage (Vi a ) [2]
SLGF: Eq. (11) to (13), LLF: Eq. (14)
to (16), DLGF: Eq. (17) to (20), IV.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Symmetrical Fault: Eq. (20)

Selection of magnitude V l and

The suggested approach of mitigation is tested to the 39
V
bus IEEE RTS system. The sags assessment has been
u

performed first using flowchart shown in Fig. 6 [2] and

V V
l
a
m
V u then mitigation using D-STATCOM. Sags per year for the
different type of buses due to the single line to ground
Go to a
next line
Calculate the corresponding upper and
lower fault poition
fault and all faults are determined without and with D-
STATCOM as depicted in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively.
Calculate the probability of
occurrence of fault in that particular
region

Add up the number of voltage sag for

each line
Go to a
next fault
No
All faults
simulated
Yes

No
Applied to
the lines

Yes
No
kk= n Fig. 8: Frequency of sags without and with implementing
Yes D-STATCOM contributed by Single line to ground fault.
Determine the total number of sag at desired bus

The blue color bar indicates sags per year without

incorporating DSTATCOM whereas yellow bar indicates
Stop
the frequency of sag with DSTATCOM. Bus 17 having a
Fig. 6: Flow Chart of assessment of Sag heavy reactive power demand due to large industrial
loads, so it is treated as a most sensitive bus. The
frequency of sag at bus 17 is 13 and 8 with respect to
without and with DSTATCOM respectively, contributed
by the single line to ground fault.

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 Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India

in bus-13, 14 21, 23, 24 and 35.

Frequency of sag with respect to duration as well as
magnitude ranges is given numerically in Table I.

Table I. Frequency of sag with respect to duration as

well as magnitude ranges
Duration (in milli-sec)

MagnitudeRanges 60ms 80ms 150ms 300ms

0.1-0.3 p.u 1 0 0 0
Fig. 9: Frequency of sags without and with implementing
0.3-0.5 p.u 1 1 0 0
D-STATCOM contributed by all the faults
0.5-0.7 p.u 3 1 1 0
And the frequency of sag at same bus number 17 is 19 0.7-0.9 p.u 5 3 2 1
and 11 with respect to without and with DSTATCOM
respectively, contributed by all types of fault. Similarly,
the least sensitive bus is 16 that possess 6 and 4 number The frequency of sags with respect to duration as well as
of sags with respect to without and with DSTATCOM magnitude ranges are depicted in Fig. 12. From Fig. 12, it
respectively. The frequency of sags contributed by is observed that sags are lesser for long duration and more
SLGF, DLGF, LLF and LLLF are depicted in Fig. 10 for for the shorter duration. The reason behind a lesser
the bus number13, 14, 21 and 23 respectively. number of sag is that due to more duration, some sags will
be cleared and the voltage attains its rated value.

Fig. 10: Frequency of sags contributed by SLGF, DLGF,

LLF and LLLF

From Fig. 10, it is concluded that the net frequency of the

sag contributed by SLGF is highest one and frequency of
sag contributed by symmetrical fault is the lowest one.
Cumulative Frequency of sags without and with
implementing D-STATCOM Contributed by all the faults
in bus-13, 14 21, 23, 24 and 35 is depicted in Fig. 11. The
net cumulative frequency in this six buses (bus-13,
14,21,23,24 and 35) without D-STATCOM is 106 and
after the implementation of D-STATCOM, it is found to
be 54.
Fig. 12 Frequency of sags respect to duration as well as
magnitude ranges.
V.CONCLUSION
Mitigation of voltage sags followed by the assessment [2-
3] is done, considering the DSTATCOM connection to the
desired location. The performance with and without
DSTATCOM is analyzed for a 39 bus IEEE RTS system.
The power quality of a system is improved (by means of
voltage sags) by the use of custom power device, the shunt
connected device like D-STATCOM. It is identified that
around 50 to 55% of sags are mitigated by using D-
STATCOM. It is considered to be an efficient and cost-
effective solution to mitigate the sag.

Fig. 11: Cumulative Frequency of sags without and with

implementing D-STATCOM Contributed by all the faults

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 Proceeding of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Current Trends toward Converging Technologies, Coimbatore, India
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