Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Foreign Travelers Who Visited India
Foreign Travelers Who Visited India
Ancient India has witnessed the visit of great foreign envoys from all over the world. Few
of the most popular foreign travelers of ancient India include Al-Masudi, Fa-Hien, Hiuen-
Tsang, Marco Polo and Abdul Razak, etc.
It was through the records and writings of these travelers, the world first heard about
India and her people. Many of those travelers have documented the culture and lifestyle
prevailing in the various parts of India then. India has always been the dream destination
for people who want to explore one of the earliest civilizations in the world. Since time
immemorial, India has received several keen travelers who came here and fell in love
with its traditions and colors.
1024-1030
Al-Biruni (Khwarazm) (He came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni)
AD
1292-1294
Marco Polo (Venetian) Pandyan (Madverman, Kulasekhara)
AD
1333-1347
Ibn Battuta (Moroccan) Tughlaq (Muhammad-Bin- Tughlaq)
AD
Name (Nationality) Time Period Visited during the reign of (Dynasty/Ruler)
Shihabuddin al-Umari
1348 AD At-Ta’rif bi-al-mustalah ash-sharif
(Damascus)
1420-1421
Nicolo De Conti (Venetian) Vijayanagara (Devaraya I)
AD
1443-1444
Abdur Razzaq (Persian) Vijayanagara (Devaraya II)
AD
1470-1474
Athanasius Nikitin (Russian) Bahmani (Muhammad III)
AD
1520-1522
Domingo Paes (Portuguese) Vijayanagara (Krishnadeva Raya)
AD
1500-1516
Duarte Barbosa (Portuguese) Vijayanagara (Krishnadeva Raya)
AD
1535-1537
Fernao Nuniz (Portuguese) Tuluva dynasty (Achyutdeva Raya)
AD
1608-1611
William Hawkins (British) Mughal Emperor (Jahangir)
AD
1615-1619
Sir Thomas Roe (British) Mughal Emperor (Jahangir)
AD
1630-1634
Peter Mundy(Italian) Mughal Emperor (Shah Jahan)
AD
1638- 1643
Jean Baptiste Tavernier (French) Mughal Emperor (Shah Jahan)
AD
1653- 1708
Nicolao Manucci (Italian) Timurid dynasty (Dara Shikoh)
AD
AD
Greek Ambassador
Come as ambassador to Bindusāra or Amitraghāta, the son and successor of
Chandragupta Maurya.
Provided important information about the contemporary society and polity.
He was sent by Antiochus I (the son of Seleucus Nikator).
From Greece
Geographer
Wrote “the geography of India”-which describes ancient Indian geography.
The Chinese wayfarer arrived in India on foot during the days of Chandragupta
Vikramaditya.
The first Buddhist pilgrim to visit India, Faxian has given valuable details
about the Gupta dynasty, and the social and economic spheres.
He is known for his visit to Lumbini.
His voyage is described in his travelogue “Record of Buddhist Kingdom”
‘Foguoji’ is one of his famous books.
Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) (630 AD)
Arab traveller
Has given account of India in his book ‘Muruj- ul-Zehab’
The book discusses India’s political, economic and religious history.
Persian scholar.
He came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
He was the first muslim scholar to study India.
He wrote the book ‘Tahqiq-i-Hind’.
Considered the Father of Indology.
Moroccan traveller.
Visited India during the reign of Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq.
Appointed as judge by Tughlaq.
His book ‘The Travels’ details about the much-mocked administrative reforms of
Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq.
His book “Rehla” (the travelogue)
Venetian traveler
Came during the rule of Devraya I of Sangam Dynasty of Vijayanagar empire.
Given a graphic account of Vijayanagara’s capital.
A book named “Historia de Varietate Fortunae” was written by Niccolo Conti.
The diary by Afanasy Nikitin throws light upon the Islamic culture of this region
and proves to be a significant source.
Duarte Barbosa (AD 1500)
Portuguese voyager
Stayed in India for 16 years, most of the time in Kerala and in Vijayanagara
dynasty.
Visited Vijayanagara during the time of Krishna Deva Raya.
Barbosa studied Malayalam and has written about the caste culture that
prevailed here as also about the social life.
He wrote the ‘Book of Duarte Barbosa.’
Portuguese traveler.
Visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya of Tuluv dynasty of Vijayanagar
empire.
Paes’ description of his voyage to Vijayanagara during Krishnadevaraya’s reign is
mostly a detailed observation, as it covers in detail Vijayanagara’s military
structure called Malankara system and the yearly royal Durga festival.
Portuguese merchant.
Visited during the rule of Achyutdeva Raya of Tuluv dynasty of Vijayanagar
Empire.
Wrote history of the empire from its earliest times.
His descriptions give a glimpse into the Mahanavami festival.
He admires the extravagant jewels worn by the ladies of the court and the
thousands of women who serve the king.
He was interested in the history of Vijayanagara, especially the founding of the
city, and his subsequent career in the three ruling dynasties, and the battles
between Deccan Sultan and Olisanraya.
Dutch traveler
Given a valuable account of the social and economic life of South India.
Ralph Fitch
Ralph Fitch was an English (British) traveller to visit India during Mughal
period.
Ralph Fitch was the first Englishmen to visit Akbar’s court.
He visited Akbar’s court in 1585 AD.
He praised about Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Ahmedabad and Delhi in his description
about Indian towns of that period.
He visited Bihar in 1587. He traveled to India through the land route.
Britain’s King James I had sent Hawkins as ambassador to the Mughal palace
of Emperor Jahangeer.
Captain William Hawkins led the first expedition of the English East India
Company to India in 1609.
He did not succeed in getting Jahangir’s permission to start a factory.
English traveller
Under Reign: Jahangir
Pal Canning(1615-1625)
English traveller
Visited under the reign of Jahangir
Italian Traveller
Under Reign of Jahangir
Franciso Palsaer (1620-1627 A.D.)
English Traveller
Under the Reign of Shahjahan.
Given a vivid account of Surat and Bombay.
Italian traveler
Visited during the reign of the Mughal Emperor, Shahjahan.
Gives valuable information about the living standard of the common people in the
Mughal Empire.
German traveler
Italian traveler
Got service at the court of Dara Shikoh.
Francois Bernier (1656- 1717 A.D.)
The book mainly talks about the rules of Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
Francois Bernier embarked on his twelve-year voyage to the East at the age of
36, covering Palestine, Egypt, Cairo, Arabia, Ethiopia, and India.
French traveler
Given an account of cities like Ahmadabad, Cambay, Aurangabad and
Golconda.