R.

KARTHICK REVISION FUNCTION 2

 What is direct reduced iron?

Direct reduced iron is iron ore in the form of lumps, fines

or pellets that have had the oxygen removed by using
hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Typical sources of carbon
monoxide are natural gas, coal gas, and coal. Other energy
inputs into the production process often include oil and
electricity.

Blended cement comes from a

mix of OPC (Ordinary Portland
cement) with additives such as
fly ash, slag or silica fumes.
These mineral admixtures result in
cement that's now widely
considered superior to common
cement. Usage of blended
concrete mix provides advantages
in two important ways: technical
and environmental.08-De

Cement that has no additives to modify its setting time or rheological properties.

What is Documents of Authorization as per Grain

code?

A document of authorization shall be issued for every ship loaded in accordance with the
regulations of grain Code either by the Administration or an organization recognized by it or
by a Contracting Government on behalf of the Administration. It shall be accepted as evidence
that the ship is capable of complying with the requirements of these regulations.
The document shall accompany or be incorporated into the grain loading manual provided to
enable the master to meet the requirements.
Such a document, grain loading stability data and associated plans may be drawn up in the
official language or languages of the issuing country. If the language used is neither English
nor French, the text shall include a translation into one of these languages.
A ship without such a document of authorization shall not load grain until the master
demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Administration, or of the Contracting Government of the
port of loading acting on behalf of the Administration, that, in its loaded condition for the
intended voyage, the ship complies with the requirements of grain Code.
Volumetric heeling moment is the product of the volume of grain that would shift multiplied by
athwartship distance through which it would shift. It is common practice to calculate and
tabulate the volumetric heeling moment of different compartments instead of weight heeling
moment
 What is Proof
Load ?
June 23, 20163,693 Views

When a component of a lifting gear is to be tested we cannot test it to its

breaking strength as this would destroy the component. We have to apply
a load on it, more than the safe working load sufficient to assure that
when it is loaded up to its SWL , it will safely bear this load , this load that
we apply more than the SWL & less than the breaking strength is called
the proof load.

The IBC Code provides an international standard for the safe carriage in bulk by sea of
dangerous chemicals and noxious liquid substances listed in chapter 17 of the Code.
 ▪

Inert Gas System Operation

The inert gas system comprises of the following components;

A source of inert gas

Gas Scrubbing

Inert gas circulation

A non-return mechanism

Source of Inert Gas

The gas can be sourced from the main diesel engine exhaust, the main boiler flue gases or a
designated inert gas plant.

Gas Treatment
This comprises of a scrubber which quenches and cools the gas by spraying seawater from
strategically placed nozzles onto it as it passes up through the scrubber tower. The gas exits
through the demister section at the top of the scrubber.

Inert Gas Pressurizing Component

This consists of two centrifugal fans or blowers which draw the inert gas through the scrubber
and discharge it into the non-return mechanism. A pressure control valve ensures a correct gas
pressure and also acts as an automatic shutdown mechanism in the event of a system failure.

Non-return Mechanism
This consists of a set of non-return valves and a water seal which prevents any hydrocarbon
fumes from returning to the oil tankers engine or boilers exhaust system.

From here the inert gas is piped to the cargo tanks via the inert gas distribution system.
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Q: What are TWA, PEL and REL?
A: The Threshold Limit Value (TLV(R) ) of a chemical substance establishes the reasonable level to which a worker may be
repeatedly exposed, day after day, over a working lifetime without adverse health effects. TLV(R) is a reserved term of the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)(R) . It is however sometimes loosely used to refer to
other similar concepts used in occupational health and toxicology. A list of current TLVs(R) and biological exposure indices (BEIs)
are published annually by the ACGIH(R) .
The Canada Labour Code and OH&S regulations of most of the provinces require monitoring to ensure that no worker is exposed
to a concentration of a chemical substance above the TLV established by ACGIH(R) .
A Time Weighted Average (TWA) is a TLV(R) based on a 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. For example the TWA for
carbon monoxide is 25 ppm. This means that an average of 25 ppm is considered to be the safe TLV(R) for an 8-hour workday.
A Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is a TLV(R) based on a 15 minute average.
A Ceiling is a TLV that should not be exceeded during any part of the work experience.
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a TLV(R) established by OSHA in the U S for exposure of an employee to
a substance or physical agent, and may differ from TLVs(R) in other jurisdictions. Permissible Exposure Limits are established by
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A PEL is usually given as a time-weighted average (TWA), although
some are Short Term Exposure Limits (STEL) or Ceiling Limits.
RELs or Recommended Exposure Limits are TLVs(R) established by NIOSH for exposure of an employee to a substance or
physical agent.