BM-486T Power Electronics

Course In-charge: Engr. Dr. Suhaib Masroor

Lecture # 07
AC Voltage Controller

17 Nov. 2023
 Introduction
• If a thyristor switch is connected between AC supply and load, the power flow can be controlled by varying
the rms value of ac voltage applied to the load; this type of power circuit is known as an AC voltage
controller.

• The most common applications of ac voltage controllers are industrial heating, on-load transformer
connection changing, light controls, speed control of polyphase induction motors, and ac magnet controls.

• For power transfer, two types of control are normally used:

1. On–off control
2. Phase-angle control

• In on–off control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a few cycles of input voltage and
then disconnect it for another few cycles. In phase control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac
source for a portion of each cycle of input voltage.

• The ac voltage controllers can be classified into two types: (1) single-phase controllers and (2) three-phase
controllers, with each type subdivided into (a) unidirectional or half-wave control, and (b) bidirectional or
full-wave control.

• Due to line or natural commutation, there is no need of extra commutation circuitry and the circuits for ac
voltage controllers are very simple
 Principle of ON-OFF Control
• The principle of ON-OFF control can be explained with a single phase full wave controller as shown
in Fig. 6.1a. The thyristor switch connects the AC supply to the load for a time 𝑡𝑛 , the switch is
turned OFF by a gate pulse inhibiting for time 𝑡𝑜 . The ON time 𝑡𝑛 , usually consist of an integral
number of cycles. The thuristors are turned ON at the zero voltage crossing of AC input voltage. The
pulses for thyristor 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 and the waveform for the input and output voltages are shown in
Figure 6.1b.

• For a sinusoidal input voltage 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡, if the input voltage is connected to a
load for 𝑛 cycles and is disconnected for 𝑚 cycles, then the r.m.s output (load) voltage can be found
from
1
2𝜋 2
𝑛
𝑉𝑜 = 2 𝑉𝑠 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 (𝑛 + 𝑚)
0
Or
𝑛
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑘 → (6.1)
𝑚+𝑛
𝑛
Where 𝑘 = and 𝑘 is called the duty cycle, 𝑉𝑠 is the r.m.s phase voltage.
𝑚+𝑛
Principle of ON-OFF Control Cont..

Fig. 6.1: ON-OFF control

 Principle of Phase Control
• The principle of phase control can be explained with reference to Fig. 6.2a. The power flow to load
is controlled by delaying the firing angle of thyristor 𝑇1 . Fig. 6.2b illustrate the gate pulses of
thyristor 𝑇1 and the waveforms for the input and output voltages. Due to the presence of diode 𝐷1 ,
the control range is limited and the effective r.m.s output voltage can only be varied between 70.7 to
100%.

• Since, the power flow is controlled during the positive half cycle of the input voltage, this type of
controller is also known as unidirectional controller.

• If 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡, is the input voltage and the delay angle of thyristor 𝑇1 is 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼,
then the r.m.s output voltage is found from
1
𝜋 2𝜋 2
1
𝑉𝑜 = 2 𝑉𝑠 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑠 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼 𝜋
1
𝜋 2𝜋 2
2
2𝑉𝑠
= (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 + (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
4𝜋
𝛼 𝜋
1
1 sin 2𝛼 2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 2𝜋 − 𝛼 + → (6.5)
2𝜋 2
 Principle of Phase Control Cont..
• The average value of output voltage is
𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 + 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼 𝜋
2 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 1 → (6.6)
2𝜋
• If 𝛼 is varied from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋, 𝑉𝑜 varies from 𝑉𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑠 2 and 𝑉𝑑𝑐 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 − 2 𝑉𝑠
𝜋.

Fig. 6.2: Single phase angle control

 1-Φ Bidirectional (Full Wave) Controller with R-Load
• A single-phase full-wave controller with a resistive load is shown in Fig. 6.3a. During the positive half-
cycle of input voltage, the power flow is controlled by varying the delay angle of thyristor T1; thyristor T2
controls the power flow during the negative half-cycle of input voltage. The firing pulses of T1 and T2 are
kept 180°apart. The waveforms for the input voltage, output voltage, and gating signals for T1 and T2 are
shown in Fig. 6.3b–e.

Fig. 6.3: Single-phase full-wave controller. (a) Circuit, (b) Input supply voltage, (c) Output voltage, (d) Gate pulse for T1, and (e) Gate pulse for T2.
 1-Φ Bidirectional (Full Wave) Controller with R-Load Cont..
• If 𝑣𝑠 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 is the input voltage, and the delay angles of thyristors T1 and T2 are equal (𝛼2 = 𝜋 +
𝛼1 ), the rms output voltage can be found from

→ (6.8)

By varying 𝛼 from 0 to 𝜋 , Vo can be varied from Vs to 0.

• In Fig. 6.3a, the gating circuits for thyristors T1 and T2 must be isolated. It is possible to have a common
cathode for T1 and T2 by adding two diodes, as shown in Fig. 6.4. Thyristor T1 and diode D1 conduct
together during the positive half-cycle; thyristor T2 and diode D2 conduct during the negative half-cycle.
Because this circuit can have a common terminal for gating signals of T1 and T2, only one isolation circuit
is required, but at the expense of two power diodes.
 1-Φ Bidirectional (Full Wave) Controller with R-Load Cont..

Fig. 6.4: Single-phase full-wave controller with common cathode.

• A single-phase full-wave controller can also be implemented with one thyristor and four diodes, as shown
in Fig. 6.5a. The gating-signal is shown in Fig. 6.5d. The four diodes act as a bridge rectifier. The voltage
across thyristor T1 and its current are always unidirectional. With a resistive load, the thyristor current
would fall to zero due to natural commutation in every half-cycle, as shown in Fig. 6.5c.
 1-Φ Bidirectional (Full Wave) Controller with R-Load Cont..

Fig.6.5: Single-phase full-wave controller with one thyristor. (a) Circuit, (b) Input supply voltage, (c) Output current, and (d) Gate pulse for T1.
 Sample Problems
Example 1: A single-phase AC voltage controller in Fig. 6.1a has a resistive load of R = 10𝛺 and the input
voltage is Vs = 120 V (rms), 60 Hz. The thyristor switch is ON for 𝑛 = 25 cycles and is OFF for 𝑚 = 75 cycles.
Determine (a) the rms output voltage Vo, (b) the input PF, (c) the average and r.m.s. currents of thyristors.

𝑛 25
Solution: 𝑅 = 10𝛺, 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉, 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉, 𝑘 = = = 0.25
𝑛+𝑚 100
(a) The rms value of the output voltage is
𝑛
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑘
𝑚+𝑛
25
𝑉𝑜 = 120 = 60𝑉
100
And the r.m.s load current is
𝑉𝑜 60
𝐼𝑜 = = = 6𝐴
𝑅 10
(b) The load power is
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅 = 62 × 10 = 360 𝑊
Since the input current is same as load current, thus the input volt-ampere rating is
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 120 × 6 = 720 𝑊
Thus, the input power factor PF is
𝑃𝑜 𝑛
𝑃𝐹 = = = 𝑘 → (6.2)
𝑉𝐴 𝑚 + 𝑛
360
𝑃𝐹 = = 0.5 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
720
 Sample Problems Cont..
(c) The peak thyristor current is
𝑉𝑚 169.7
𝐼𝑚 = = = 16.97𝐴
𝑅 10
The average current of thyristor is
𝜋
𝑛 𝐼𝑚 𝑛
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹
2𝜋(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝜋(𝑚 + 𝑛)
0

𝑘 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝐴 = → (6.3)
𝜋
Thus
16.97
𝐼𝐴 = × 0.25 = 1.33 𝐴
𝜋
The r.m.s current of thyristor is
1
𝜋 2
𝑛 2
𝐼𝑚 𝑛
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹
2𝜋(𝑚 + 𝑛) 2 𝑚+𝑛
0

𝑘 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑅 = → (6.4)
2
Thus
16.97
𝐼𝑅 = × 0.25 = 4.24 𝐴
2
 Sample Problems Cont..
Example 2: A single phase AC voltage controller in Fig. 6.2a has a resistive load of 𝑅 = 10Ω and the input
voltage is 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉, 60𝐻𝑧. The delay angle of thyristor 𝑇1 is 𝛼 = 𝜋 2. Determine (a) the rms output voltage Vo,
(b) the input PF, (c) the average input current.

Solution: 𝑅 = 10𝛺, 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉, 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉, 𝛼 = 𝜋 2

(a) The r.m.s value of output voltage is

1
1 sin 2𝛼 2 3
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 2𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 120
2𝜋 2 4
𝑉𝑜 = 103.93 𝑉
(b) The r.m.s load current is
𝑉𝑜 103.93
𝐼𝑜 = = = 10.39 𝐴
𝑅 10
The load power
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅 = 10.392 × 10 = 1079.94 𝑊
Since the input current is same as load current, thus the input volt-ampere rating is
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 120 × 10.39 = 1247.04 𝑉𝐴

Thus the input power factor PF is

1
𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜 1 sin 2𝛼 2
𝑃𝐹 = = = 2𝜋 − 𝛼 + → (6.7)
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑠 2𝜋 2
 Sample Problems Cont..
1079.94
𝑃𝐹 = = 0.866 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
1247.04
(c) The average output voltage is

2 𝑉𝑠 2
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 1 = −120 ×
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = −27 𝑉

And the average input current is

𝑉𝑑𝑐 27
𝐼𝐷 = =−
𝑅 10
𝐼𝐷 = −2.7 𝐴

The negative sign of 𝐼𝐷 signifies that the input current during positive half cycle is less than that during negative
half cycle.
 Sample Problems Cont..
Example 3: A single phase AC voltage controller in Fig. 6.3a has a resistive load of 𝑅 = 10Ω and the input
voltage is 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉 (𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠), 60𝐻𝑧. The delay angle of thyristor 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are equal i.e. 𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 𝛼 = 𝜋 2.
Determine (a) the rms output voltage Vo, (b) the input PF, (c) the average current of thyrsitor 𝐼𝐴 , and (d) the
r.m.s. current of thyrsitor 𝐼𝑅

Solution: 𝑅 = 10𝛺, 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉, 𝑉𝑚 = 2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉, 𝛼 = 𝜋 2

(a) The r.m.s value of output voltage is

1
1 sin 2𝛼 2 120
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 𝜋−𝛼+ =
𝜋 2 2
𝑉𝑜 = 84.85 𝑉
(b) The r.m.s load current is
𝑉𝑜 84.85
𝐼𝑜 = = = 8.485 𝐴
𝑅 10
The load power
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜2 𝑅 = 8.4852 × 10 = 719.95 𝑊
Since the input current is same as load current, thus the input volt-ampere rating is
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 120 × 8.485 = 1018.2 𝑊
Thus the input power factor PF is
1
𝑃𝑜 𝑉 1 sin 2𝛼 2
𝑃𝐹 = = = 𝜋−𝛼+ → (6.9)
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑠 𝜋 2
 Sample Problems Cont..
719.95
𝑃𝐹 = = 0.707 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
1018.2
c) The average current of thyristor is
𝜋
1 2 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝐴 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 1 → (6.10)
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
𝛼
Thus
120
𝐼𝐴 = 2 × = 2.7 𝐴
2𝜋 × 10
(d) The r.m.s current of thyristor is
1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
1 2 𝑉𝑠2
𝐼𝑅 = 2 𝑉𝑠2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ = 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋𝑅2 4𝜋𝑅2
𝛼 𝛼

1
𝑉𝑠 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 2
𝐼𝑅 = 𝜋−𝛼+ → (6.11)
2𝑅 𝜋 2
Thus
120
𝐼𝑅 = =6𝐴
2 × 10
 1-Φ Transformer Tap (Connection) Changer
• Thyristors can be used as static switches for on-load changing of transformer connections.

• The circuit diagram of a single-phase transformer changer is shown in Fig. 6.18. Although a transformer
may have multiple secondary windings, only two secondary windings are shown, for the sake of simplicity.

Fig. 6.18: Single-phase transformer connection changer.

 1-Φ Transformer Tap (Connection) Changer Cont..
• The turns ratio of the input transformer is such that if the primary instantaneous voltage is
𝑣𝑝 = 2 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 2 𝑉𝑝 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
the secondary instantaneous voltages are
𝑣1 = 2 𝑉1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
And
𝑣2 = 2 𝑉2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

• A connection changer is most commonly used for resistive heating loads. When only thyristors T3 and T4
are alternately turned on with a delay angle of 𝛼 = 0, the load voltage is held at a reduced level of 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 .
If full output voltage is required, only thyristors T1 and T2 are alternately turned on with a delay angle of
𝛼 = 0 and the full voltage is 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 .

• The gating pulses of thyristors can be controlled to vary the load voltage. The rms value of load voltage 𝑉𝑜
can be varied within three possible ranges:
 1-Φ Transformer Tap (Connection) Changer Cont..
• Control range 1: 𝟎 ≤ 𝑽𝒐 ≤ 𝑽𝟏 : To vary the load voltage within this range, thyristors T1 and T2 are turned
off. Thyristors T3 and T4 can operate as a single-phase voltage controller. The instantaneous load voltage
𝑽𝒐 and load current 𝑰𝒐 are shown in Fig. 6.19c for a resistive load. The rms load voltage that can be
determined from Eq. (6.8) load is

and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋

• Control range 2: 𝟎 ≤ 𝑽𝒐 ≤ (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 ) : Thyristors T3 and T4 are turned off. Thyristors T1 and T2 operate
as a single-phase voltage controller. Fig. 6.19d shows the load voltage 𝑽𝒐 and load current 𝑰𝒐 for a resistive
load. The rms load voltage can be found from

and the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋

 1-Φ Transformer Tap (Connection) Changer Cont..
• Control range 3: 𝑽𝟏 < 𝑽𝒐 < (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 ): Thyristor T3 is turned on at 𝜔𝑡 = 0 and the secondary voltage 𝑽𝟏
appears across the load. If thyristor T1 is turned on at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, thyristor T3 is reverse biased due to
secondary voltage 𝑽𝟐 , and T3 is turned off. The voltage appearing across the load is (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 ). At 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 ,
T1 is self-commutated and T4 is turned on. The secondary voltage 𝑽𝟏 appears across the load until T2 is
turned on at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼 . When T2 is turned on at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼, T4 is turned off due to reverse voltage 𝑽𝟐
and the load voltage is (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 ). At 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 , T2 is self-commutated, T3 is turned on again, and the cycle
is repeated. The instantaneous load voltage 𝑽𝒐 and load current 𝑰𝒐 are shown in Fig. 6.19e for a resistive
load.

A connection changer with this type of control is also known as a synchronous connection changer. It uses two-
step control. A part of secondary voltage 𝑽𝟐 is superimposed on a sinusoidal voltage 𝑽𝟏 .

• The rms load voltage can be found from

 1-Φ Transformer Tap (Connection) Changer Cont..

Fig. 6.19: Waveforms for transformer connection changer.

(a) Voltage for secondary 1, (b) Voltage for secondary 2,
(c) Output voltage for case 1, (d) Output voltage for case 2, and
(e) Output voltage for case 3.
 Cyclo-Converters
• The AC voltage controllers provide a variable output voltage, but the frequency of the output voltage
is fixed and the harmonic content is high.

• A variable output voltage at variable frequency can be obtained from two-stage conversions: fixed
AC to variable DC (e.g., controlled rectifiers) and variable DC to variable AC at variable frequency
(e.g., inverters). However, cycloconverters can eliminate the need of one or more intermediate
converters.

• A cycloconverter is a direct-frequency changer that converts AC power at one frequency to AC

power at another frequency by AC–AC conversion, without an intermediate conversion link.

• The majority of cycloconverters are naturally commutated and the maximum output frequency is
limited to a value that is only a fraction of the source frequency.

.
 Cyclo-Converters Cont..
1-𝚽 Cyclo-Converters:
• The principle of operation of single-phase/single-phase cycloconverters can be explained with the help of
Fig. 6.21a. The two single-phase controlled converters are operated as bridge rectifiers. However, their
delay angles are such that the output voltage of one converter is equal and opposite to that of the other
converter.

• If converter P is operating alone, the average output voltage is positive and if converter N is operating, the
output voltage is negative.

• Fig. 6.21b shows the simplified equivalent circuit of the dual converter. Fig. 6.21c-e shows the waveforms
for the output voltage and gating signals of positive and negative converters, with the positive converter on
for time 𝑇𝑜 2 and the negative converter operating for time 𝑇𝑜 2. The frequency of the output voltage is 𝑓𝑜 =
1
𝑇𝑜 .

• If 𝛼𝑝 is the delay angle of the positive converter, the delay angle of the negative converter is 𝛼𝑛 = 𝜋 − 𝛼𝑝 .
The average output voltage of the positive converter is equal and opposite to that of the negative converter.
𝑉𝑑𝑐2 = −𝑉𝑑𝑐1
 Cyclo-Converters Cont..

Fig. 6.21: Single-phase/single-phase cycloconverter. (a) Circuit, (b) Equivalent circuit, (c) Input supply voltage, (d) Output voltage, and (e) Conduction
periods for P and N converters.
 Cyclo-Converters Cont..
• Similar to dual converters in Sections 5.5 (1-Φ dual converter) and 5.10 (3-Φ dual converter), the
instantaneous values of two output voltages may not be equal. It is possible for large harmonic currents to
circulate within the converters.

• The circulating current can be eliminated by suppressing the gate pulses to the converter not delivering load
current.

.
 Sample Problem
Example 4: The input voltage to the cycloconverter in Fig. 6.21a is 120 V (rms), 60 Hz. The load resistance is
5Ω and the load inductance is 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝐻. The frequency of the output voltage is 20 𝐻𝑧. If the converters are
operated as semiconverters such that 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋 and the delay angle is 𝛼𝑝 = 2𝜋 3 . Determine (a) the rms value
of output voltage Vo, (b) the rms current of each thyristor 𝐼𝑅 , and (c) the input PF.

Solution: 𝑉𝑠 = 120 𝑉, 𝑓𝑠 = 60 𝐻𝑧, 𝑓0 = 20 𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 5 Ω, 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝐻, 𝛼𝑝 = 2𝜋 3 , 𝜔0 = 2𝜋 × 20 = 126.66

rad/s, and 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔0 𝐿 = 5.027 Ω.

(a) For 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋, the r.m.s. output voltage is given by Eq. (6.8) as

1
1 sin 2𝛼 2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 𝜋−𝛼+
𝜋 2
𝑉𝑜 = 53 𝑉

(b)
2 12
𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 = 7.09 Ω
𝑋𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1 = 45.20
𝑅
The r.m.s load current is
𝑉𝑜 53
𝐼𝑜 = = = 7.48 𝐴
𝑍 7.09
 Sample Problem Cont..
The r.m.s current through each converter is
𝐼𝑜 7.48
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑛 = = = 5.29 𝐴
2 2
And the r.m.s current through each thyristor is
𝐼𝑝 5.29
𝐼𝑅 = = = 3.74 𝐴
2 2
(c) The r.m.s. input current is
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼0 = 7.48 𝐴
the input volt-ampere rating is
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 897.6 𝑊

The output power is given as

𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 53 × 7.48 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠 45.20 = 279.35 𝑊
Thus the input power factor PF is
𝑃𝑜 279.35
𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.311 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑉𝐴 897.6

.
 Assignment # 2
Q.1(a). Solve the equations of following variables, for a 1-Φ full-wave AC voltage
controller given in Fig. 6.1, and in Fig. 6.3 respectively.
1. Input power factor PF,
2. Average thyristor current 𝐼𝐴 ,
3. R.m.s thyristor current 𝐼𝑅
Q.1 (b). Solve the output voltage equation for 1 − Φ transformer tap changer having a
control range of 𝑽𝟏 < 𝑽𝒐 < (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 ):

Date of Announcement: 24th Nov. 2023

Date of Submission: 01st Dec. 2023
Note: Please submit your assignments in file, with complete name, Batch,
Roll number, and other necessary details on the title page.
Any Questions?