SOUNDS

Module 3.2
Vowels - English speech sounds
produced without obstruction of the
breath stream by the articulators.
Graphemes - individual letters
and groups of letters that
represent single phonemes.
Writing words in International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is called
TRANSCRIPTION.
 Vowel Sounds
of the English Language
Often seen as the letter A

01 02 03
[e] [ ae ] [a]
As in Ape, Cake, As in Animal, As in Planet,
Rake, Flakes Back, Axe, Bad Warm, Armor,
March
 Graphemes that represent the [ e ] sound.
er
• e (Feyre)
• a (favor) [ f e v ɚ ]
• ee (puree)
• ai (gains)
• et (valet)
• ao (chaotic)
• ue (applique)
• au
• ei (sleigh)
• ea (great)
• ay (may)
Graphemes that represent the [ ae ] sound.
• a (absence)
• ai (said)
• au
Graphemes that represent the [ a ] sound.
• a
• o
• uo
• e
Words with the [ e ] sound.

Abraham [ e b r ə h æ m] Acquaint [ə k w e n t]
acorn [ e k ɚ n] bail [ b e l]
alias [ e l I ə s] bait [ b e t]
alien [elIən] braid [ b r e d]
jail [ʤ el] main [men]
Australia [‫ כּ‬s t r e l I ə] maize [ m e z]
affidavit [æ f I d e v I t] beefsteak [ b I f s t e k]
acre [ e k r] flirtation [ f l I r t e ∫n]
April [ e p r əl] Las Vegas [ l a s v e g ə s]
appraisal [ə p r e z,l] bakery [ b e k ə r I]
Words with the [æ] sound.
absence [ǽbsns] married [mǽrId]
afternoon [ǽftɚnun] back [bǽk]
bachelor [ b ǽ tʃ ə l ɚ ] pack bag [pǽkbǽg]
abandon [ə b æ n d ə n ] chance [ t∫ ǽn s ]
abdomen [æbdəmən] example [ Ig zæm p’l]
abscess [æbsεs] Catholic [ k æƟ l I k]
cabin [kǽbIn] catcher [ kæ ʧɚ ]
absolute [æbsəlut] accent [æksənt]
glamour [glǽmɚ ] assassin [ ə s æ s I n]
plaid [plǽd] laugh [ l æ f]
Words with the [a] sound.
armory [a r m ə r I] pardon [p a r d’n]
harbor [h a r b ɚ] parlor [p a r l ɚ]
large [l a r ʤ ] cartoon [k a r t u n]
march [m a r ʧ] charge [ʧ a r ʤ ]
artist [a r t I s t] dart [d a r t]
barber [b a r b ɚ] façade [f ə s a d ]
bazaar [b ə z a r] father [f a ðɚ ]
cartilage [k a r tI l I ʤ] participle [p a r t I s I p’l]
margin [m a r ʤ I n] quantity [k w a n t I t I]
parchment [p a r ʧ m ə n t] harbor [h a r bɚ]
 Vowel Sounds
of the English Language
Often seen as the letter E & I

01 02 03
[ɛ] [i] [I]
As in Get, Death, As in Little, We, As in Fist, Ribs,
Exit, Bread Since, Print Cheap, Civil
Graphemes that represent the [ ɛ ] sound.
• e
• ea
• a
• ai
• ie
Graphemes that represent the [ i ] sound.
• e • ae
• ea • oe
• ei • ay
• Ie
• I
Graphemes that represent the [ I ] sound.
• Ie
• I
• u
• ui
• ay
• a
Words with the [ɛ] sound.
eligible [ ε l I ʤ bl,] any [ε n I]
exit [ ε g z I t] many [ m ε n I]
strength [ s t r ε ɳΘ ] against [ ə g ε nst]
bread [ brεd] leopard [ l ε p ɚ d]
dreamt [ d r ε mt] friend [ f r ε n d]
healthy [ h ε l Θ I] meant [ m ε n t]
peasant [ pε znt] pleasant [p l ε z ə n t]
pleasure [ p l ε ƺ ɚ] dictionary [ d I k ∫ə n ε r I]
sweater [ s w ε t ɚ] special [ s p ε ∫ə l]
instead [ I n s t ε d] parent [ p ε r ə n t]
Words with the [ i ] sound.
amnesia [æmniƺə] media [midiə]
ballerina [ b æ l ə r i n ə] Novena [n o v in ə ]
coliseum [kalIsiəm] allegiance [ə l i ʤ ə n s ]
comedian [kəmidiən] believe [bilIv]
deodorant [ d i o d ər ən t] colleague [kalig]
elite [Ilit] debris [d ə b r i]
fatigue [ f ə t i g] even [ i v ə n]
fetus [ f i t ə s] female [ f i m e l]
key [ ki ] freedom [ f r i d’m]
lenient [ l i n i ə n t] meter [m i t ɚ]
Words with the [ I ] sound.
biscuit [bIskIt ] citizen [ sItIzən ]
children [t∫Ildrən ] civil [ sIvəl ]
chin [t∫In] busy [b I z I ]
rich [r I t ∫ ] minute [mInIt]
sit [s I t ] lettuce [ lє t I s ]
Christian [krIstIən] city [sItI]
civic [ s I v I k] delicate [ d ε l ə k I t]
digit [dIʤIt] distinctive [ d I s t I ɳ t I v]
Wish [ w I ∫] sickly [sIklI]
gift [g I f t] written [ r I t,n ]
 Vowel Sounds
of the English Language
Often seen as the letter O & U

01 02 03 04
[o] [ ‫]כּ‬ [u] [U]
As in So, Coat, As in Paul, Tall, As in Choose, As in Good, Book,
Boat, Roll Long, Cause Two, Move, Food Cook, Bush
Graphemes that represent the [ o ] sound.
• o • eau
• oa • oo
• ow • ew
• oe • au
• ou
Graphemes that represent the [ ‫ ] כּ‬sound.
• a
• au
• aw
• ou
• o
Graphemes that represent the [ u ] sound.
• oo • ue
• ou • u
• o • iu
• oe • ui
• ew
Graphemes that represent the [ U ] sound.
• u
• oo
• ou
• o
Words with the [ o ] sound.
doze [ d o z] program [ p r o g r ə m]
focus [f o k ə s] roll [rol]
Holy [h o l I] so [s o]
coat [kot] doughnut [ d o n ə t]
coast [ k o s t] chateau [∫æto]
loan [ l o n] soul [ s o l]
phone [ f o n] quote [ k o t]
woke [ w o k] float [ f l o t]
close [ k l o z] suppose [ s ə p o s]
Words with the [‫ ]כּ‬sound.

call [k ‫ כּ‬l] warm [ w ‫ כּ‬r m]

chalk [ʧ ‫ כּ‬k] wash [ w ‫]∫ כּ‬
halt [h ‫ כּ‬l t] water [w ‫ כּ‬t ɚ]
bought [b ‫ כּ‬t] sought [s ‫ כּ‬t]
fought [f ‫ כּ‬t] thought [Θ ‫ כּ‬t]
ought [‫ כּ‬t] caught [k ‫ כּ‬t]
because [ b I k‫ כּ‬z] audience [ ‫ כּ‬d i ə ns]
author [ ‫ כּ‬Θ ɚ] applaud [ ə p l‫ כּ‬d]
auditorium [‫ כּ‬d I t ‫ כּ‬ɚ i ə m] lawyer [ l‫ כּ‬j ɚ]
Words with the [u] sound.

afternoon [ ǽ f t ɚ n u n] group [grup]

blooming [blumIɳ] soup [sup]
boot [but] through [Ɵ r u ]
choose [ʧuz] tour [tur]
coup [ku] trousseau [truso]
swoon [swun] troopers [ t r u p ɚ z]
because [ b I k‫ כּ‬z] move [muv]
tooth [t u Ɵ ] lose [luz]
troop [t r u p ] do [du]
Words with the [U] sound.

bullet [b U l I t] brook [b r U k]
bullfight [b U l f a I t] cooking [ k U k I ŋ]
bully [ b U l I] crook [ k r U k]
bush [b U ∫] wooden [ w U d ,n]
butcher [b U ʧ ɚ] book [b U k]
cushion [k U ∫I ə n] wolf [w U l f]
full [f U l] hood [h U d]
pudding [p U d I η] shook [∫ U k]
pulley [p U l I] mistook [m I s t U k]
 Reading
Test
Read the following words, pronouncing the vowels properly.
1 [ f ə t i g] 12 [k U ∫I ə n] 23 [m a r ʤ I n]
2 [Ɵ r u ] 13 [mInIt] 24 [ f r i d’m]
3 [ b r e d] 14 [ s ə p o s] 25 [r I w ‫כּ‬r d]
4 [ʤ e l] 15 [ʧuz] 26 [ s p ε ∫ə l]
5 [ d o n ə t] 16 [kalig] 27 [p U l p I t ]
6 [b U l f a I t] 17 ‫] כּ‬d i ə ns] 28 [ lє t I s ]
7 [ b ǽ tʃ ə l ɚ ] 18 [ h ε l Θ I] 29 [ f l o t]
8 [k ‫כּ‬t] 19 [k w a n t I t I] 30 [sup]
9 [ l u k i m i ə] 20 [ f ‫כּ‬t] 31 [ f e v ɚ I t]
10 ‫]כּ‬l t ɚ n e t] 21 [krIstIən] 32 ‫] כּ‬Θ ɚ]
11 [b a r b ɚ] 22 [ k o s t] 33 [ Ig zæm p’l]
Production
Drill
“Imagine an imaginary menagerie
manager managing an imaginary
menagerie.”
“Brisk brave brigadiers brandished
broad bright blades, blunderbusses,
and bludgeons—balancing them
badly.”
“A tutor who tooted the flute tried to
teach two young tooters to toot.
Said the two to the tutor, ‘Is it harder
to toot, or to tutor two tooters to toot?'”
Betty Botter bought some butter
But she said the butter’s bitter
If I put it in my batter, it will make my
batter bitter. But a bit of better butter
will make my batter better. So ‘twas
better Betty Botter bought a bit of
better butter.
Terms to Remember:
1. Object Complement – a noun, a
pronoun, or an adjective that follows a
direct object to rename it or state what
it has become.
Terms to Remember:
2. Subject Complement - a noun,
pronoun or adjective that refers back
or complements the subject.
Terms to Remember:
3. Linking Verb - connects the subject
of a sentence to an adjective that
describes the subject.
Terms to Remember:
4. Intransitive Verb - a verb that does
not require a receiver of the action and
is complete by itself.
Terms to Remember:
5. Transitive Verb - a verb that needs an
object to receive the action.
Terms to Remember:
6. Direct Object - the receiver of the
action of the verb in the sentence.
Terms to Remember:
7. Indirect Object - noun phrase
referring to someone or something that
is affected by the action of a transitive
verb
Terms to Remember:
8. Modifier - a word, phrase, or clause
that gives information about another
word in the same sentence.
Terms to Remember:
9. Adjective - a word or group of words
that describes or modify a noun or a
pronoun.
Terms to Remember:
10. Adverb - typically express manner,
place, time, frequency, degree, level
of certainty, etc., answering questions
such as how, in what way, when,
where, to what extent.
Terms to Remember:
11. Been - past participle of to BE verbs
or the verb BE.
Terms to Remember:
12. Prepositions - a word or group of
words used before a noun, pronoun, or
noun phrase to show direction, time,
place, location, spatial relationships, or
to introduce an object.