SUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY-CRIM 11

MODULE 4 : CRIME TYPOLOGIES

INSTRUCTOR: BACACAO, JACKSON B. RCrim

OBJECTIVES:
 Explain what are the typologies of crime.
 Discuss how this crimes affect ones personality.
INTRODUCTION:

Regardless of the reason why person commits crime, their acts are defined by law as falling into crime
categories. Our book of crimes, the Revised penal code, classified it into fourteen titles such as crimes against
national security and the law of nations, crimes against the fundamental laws of the state crimes against public
interest relative to opium and prohibited drugs and crimes against public morals, crime committed by public
officer, crimes against person, crimes against personal liberty and security, crimes against property, crimes
against chastity, crimes against civil status of a person, crimes against honor, quasi offenses more over there are
crimes punishable by special law to supplement the revised penal code.

CRIME TYPOLOGIES

1. VIOLENT CRIMES:

There are number of competing explanations for violent behavior. Writers such as KONRAD LORENZ and
ROBERT ARDREY argue that humans have a killer instinct; and violence or aggression are inherently human
traits that can effect any person at any time; some said that violence-prone individuals may themselves have
been the victims of physical or psychological abnormalities; and some claimed that there are violence-prone
subcultures within society whose members value force and consider violence to have an acceptable place in
social interaction.

 MOST PROMINENT EXPLANATIONS FOR VIOLENT BEHAVIOR:

a) Personal Traits
b) Ineffective Families
c) Substance abuse
d) Human Instinct
e) Regional Values
f) Ganging
g) Cultural Values
h) Weapons Availability

TYPOLOGIES OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS(J. Conrad Spencer, 1966, Vetter and Silverman, 1978)

1. Culturally Violent Offenders – are individuals who live in subcultures (culture within a culture) in which
violence is an acceptable problem-solving mechanism). Eg. Low-income minorities, Slum environments in
Large Central Cities.

5
7. Embezzlers
8. White-Collar Criminals
9. Professional “Fringe Violators”
10. Personal Offenders “one-time
losers”
11. Psychopathic Assaultists
12. Statutory Rapist
13. Aggressive Rapist
14. Violent Sex Offenders
15. Non-violent Sex Offenders
16. Incest Offender
17. Male Homosexuals
18. Opiate Addicts
19. Amateur Shoplifters
TYPOLOGIES OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS
(J. Conrad Spencer, 1966, Vetter and Silverman, 1978)
1. Culturally Violent Offenders – are individuals who live in subcultures (culture within a culture) in which
violence is an acceptable problem-solving mechanism). Eg. Low-income minorities, Slum environments in
Large Central Cities.

2. Criminally Violent Offenders- Use violence as a means of accompanying a criminal act, such as (eg.
Robbery).

3.Pathological Violent Offenders- Are individuals suffering from mental illness or brain disorders or
psychopaths of mentally-disturbed criminals. (Eg. Criminoloids)

4. Situationally Violent Offenders- Commits acts of violence on rare occasions, often under provocation, such
as in domestic disputes, which get out of hand. (Eg. Chicago Spree Killing)

PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN VIOLENT CRIME:

1. Violent crime is primarily a phenomenon of large cities.

2. Violent crimes in the city is overwhelmingly committed by males
3. Violent crime in the city is concentrated among youths
4. Violent crime in the city is committed primarily by individuals at the lower end of the occupational
scale
5. Violent crime in the city stems disproportionately from the ghetto slum where most low incomes
live.
6. The victims of assaultive violence in the cities generally have the same characteristics as the
offenders: victimization rates are generally highest for males, youths and poor persons.
7. Unlike robbery, the other violent crimes of homicide, assault, and rape tend to be acts of passion
among intimates and acquaintances.
8. By far, the greatest proportion to all serious violence is committed by repeaters.
9. People generally are no strangers to violent crimes.

 MASS MURDER AND SERIAL KILLING:

“Mass murder” refers to the murder of several people at the same time, "serial killer" describes several
killings by the same perpetrator in a repetitive pattern.

TYPES OF SERIAL KILLERS BY JACK LIVEN AND JAMES ALLAN FOX

A. Thrill Killers: these killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. This is the most common form
of a serial murderer.
B. Mission Killers: these killers want to perform the world or have a mission that drives them to kill.
C. Expedience Killers: Killers who will kill out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived
threat.

TYPES OF MASS MURDERER BY JACK LIVEN AND JAMES ALLAN FOX

A. Revenge Killers: these killers seek to get even with individuals or society at large.
B. Love Killers: Motivated by warped sense of devotion. They are often despondent people who commit
suicide and take others, such as a wife and children with them.
C. Profit Killers: usually trying to cover-up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and carry out a criminal
conspiracy.
D. Terrorist killers: killers who are trying to send message. Gang killings tell rivals to watch out; cult killers
may actually leave a message behind to warn society about impending doom.

RAPE AS VIOLENT CRIME:

Rape (from the Latin rapere, to take by force) is defined in common law as “the carnal knowledge of a female
forcibly and against her will.” It is one of the most loathed, misunderstood, and frightening crimes [1]. Under
traditional common-law definitions, rape involves nonconsensual sexual intercourse that a male performs
against a female he is neither married to nor cohabitating with. There are of course other forms of sexual
assault, including male on male, female on female, and female on male sexual assaults, but these are not
considered within the traditional definition of rape. However, recognizing changing contemporary standards,
almost every state has now revised their rape statutes, making them gender neutral. In addition, states now
recognize that rape can occur among married couples and people who previously have been sexually intimate.

ACCORDING Republic Act 8353 or otherwise known as Anti-rape law of 1997 stated that Rape is committed:
By a man who shall have sexual intercourse with a woman under any of the following circumstances: Through
force, threat, or intimidation. When the victim is deprived of reason or is unconscious.
THREE TYPES OF RAPE:

1. Anger Rape: Rapists here use an excessive amount of force, whether or not victims resist. The
personalities of rapist are explosive and they often use abusive language and cause significant physical
injury.
2. Power Rape: The rapists generally use just enough force (e.g., verbal or physical force, threat of force)
to overcome victims' resistance and carry out their sexual assaults.
3. Sadistic rape: usually involves extensive, prolonged torture and restraint. Sometimes, it can take on
ritualistic or other bizarre qualities. The rapist may use some type of instrument or a foreign object to
penetrate their victim. Sexual areas of the victim's body become a specific focus of injury or abuse.
4. CATEGORIES OF RAPISTS
5. (GLASSER, 1978)
6. 1. Naïve Graspers – sexually inexperienced youths who posses
7. female arousal.
8. 2. Meaning Stretchers – “date rape” (from friends to rape).
9. 3. Sex Looters – “stranger precipitated rape”, considered women as sex objects.
10. 4. Group Conformers – “gang rapes” a group has a motion of demonstrating their masculinity
CATEGORIES OF RAPISTS (GLASSER, 1978)
1. Naïve Graspers – sexually inexperienced youths who posses female arousal.
2. Meaning Stretchers – “date rape” (from friends to rape).
3. Sex Looters – “stranger precipitated rape”, considered women as sex objects.
4. Group Conformers – “gang rapes” a group has a motion of demonstrating their masculinity

CHILD AND SPOUSE ABUSE:

CAUSE OF CHILD ABUSE:

a) Family violence seem to be perpetuated from one generation to another within families;
b) The behavior of abusive parents can often be traced to negative experiences in their own
childhood;
c) Blended families, which include children living with unrelated adult such us stepparent or
another unrelated neighbor; and
d) Isolation from friends, neighbors, and relatives who can help in times of crisis.

FACTORS THAT PREDICT SPOUSAL ABUSE:

a) Presence of alcohol and dangerous drugs

b) Hostility toward dependency
c) Excessive brooding
d) Social approval
e) Socioeconomic factors
f) Flashes of anger
g) Military service
h) Having been battered children
i) Unpredictability

CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND SEX OFFENDER TYPOLOGIES:

Child Sexual Abusers

Finkelhor (1984) provides the most comprehensive definition of child sexual abuse: Child sexual abuse is the
use of force/coercion of a sexual nature either when the victim is younger than age 13 and the age difference
between the victim and the perpetrator is at least five years, or when the victim is between 13 and 16 and the
age difference between the victim and perpetrator is at least 10 years. In this definition, coercion does not
necessarily imply a direct threat. Child sexual abusers often develop a relationship with a child to manipulate
him or her into compliance with the sexual act, which is perhaps the most damaging component of child sexual
abuse (John Jay College, 2004). Indeed, a defining feature of child sexual abuse is the offender's perception that
the sexual relationship is mutual and acceptable (Groth, 1983).
Differences Between Child Sexual Abusers and Rapists

Child sexual abusers have been difficult to classify as they vary in economic status, gender, marital status,
ethnicity and sexual orientation. They differ from rapists with respect to thought processes and affect, and
often describe their offending behaviors as uncontrollable, stable and internal; whereas rapists attribute their
offenses to external, unstable and controllable causes (Garlick, Marshall & Thorton, 1996). Indeed, Whitaker et
al.'s (2008) meta-analytic review of 89 studies indicates child sexual abusers have fewer externalizing behaviors
compared to rapists. Child sexual abusers display deficits in information-processing skills and maintain
cognitive distortions to deny the impact of their offenses (e.g., having sex with a child is normative; Hayashino,
Wurtele & Klebe, 1995; Whitaker et al., 2008). In contrast, rapists display distorted perceptions of women and
sex roles, and often blame the victim for their offense (O Ciardha, 2011; Polaschek, Ward & Hudson, 1997).
With respect to affect, child sexual abusers assault to alleviate anxiety, loneliness and depression. Rapists
typically assault as a result of anger, hostility and vindictiveness (Polaschek, Ward & Hudson, 1997). Many of
these characteristics have been incorporated into the typologies of rapists and child sexual abusers (Camilleri &
Quinsey, 2008; Groth, 1979; Knight & Prentky, 1990).

Types of Child Sexual Abusers

1. FIXATED OFFENDER: prefers interaction and identifies with children socially and sexually (Simon et
al., 1992). These individuals often develop and maintain relationships with children to satisfy their
sexual needs (Conte, 1991).

The majority of fixated child sexual abusers are individuals who sexually assault male children who are
not related.

2. REGRESSED CHILD SEXUAL ABUSERS: prefer social and sexual interaction with adults; their
sexual involvement with children is situational and occurs as a result of life stresses (Simon et al., 1992).

regressed child sexual abusers often consist of incest offenders or offenders who sexually assault female
adolescents (Priest & Smith, 1992).

VICTIM CHARACTERISTIC DISTINCTION

The gender of the victim remains an important distinction among child sexual abusers because this
factor has been shown to be a strong predictor of sexual reoffense (Hanson & Bussiere, 1998), although
exactly what can be predicted is unclear. One study showed that male child sexual abusers who assault
males are twice as likely to recidivate in comparison to offenders who abuse females (Quinsey, 1986).
Yet, contradictory findings have also been reported in the literature. Several studies found that child
sexual abusers who sexually assault females report over twice as many victims as same-sex child
offenders (Abel et al., 1981). More recent studies have shown that mixed-gender child sexual abusers
reported the highest number of victims (Cann, Friendship & Gozna, 2007; Stephens, Seto, Goodwill &
Cantor, 2016).

RAPISTS AND VIOLENT OFFENDERS

Rapists have been shown to resemble violent offenders or criminals in general. Similar to violent offenders,
Simon (2000) found that rapists displayed significant diversity in their offense records in comparison to child
sexual abusers and had committed equivalent proportions of drug-related offenses, thefts and burglaries. Harris,
Mazerolle and Knight (2009) suggest that rape can be explained by the general theory of crime. Rapists are
versatile criminals who engage in many different types of crime over time; sexual offending reflects only one
manifestation of an underlying antisocial condition (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990).

3. INTERNET OFFENDERS

The widespread availability of pornography on the internet has facilitated the development and maintenance of
sexual deviance (Delmonico & Griffin, 2008; Quayle, 2008). The internet has been used as a vehicle for child
sexual abuse in at least three ways: viewing pornographic images of children, sharing pornographic images of
children and luring or procuring child victims online (Robertiello & Terry, 2007). Individuals download
pornographic pictures of children to aid arousal and masturbation, as a collecting activity, as a way of
facilitating social relationships and as a substitute for child sexual contact (Quayle & Taylor, 2003).
4. CROSSOVER OFFENDERS
 In studies that examined the developmental risk factors of crossover offenders or indiscriminate
offenders (e.g., Heil & Simons, 2008; Simons, Tyler & Heil, 2005), findings indicate that indiscriminate
offenders report childhood histories of both violence and heightened sexuality. Indiscriminate offenders,
also known as mixed offenders, report sexually abusing both adults and children equivalently. With
respect to heightened sexuality, Simons, Tyler and Heil (2005) found that indiscriminate offenders were
less likely than child sexual abusers to be sexually abused, but they were more likely to report early
sexual experiences with peers (before age 10), to have witnessed sexual abuse as a child, and to have
had more frequent exposure to pornography before age 10. Similar to child sexual abusers (i.e., 62
percent), 58 percent of indiscriminate offenders reported an early onset (before age 11) and high
frequency of masturbation.

REFERENCES:
 LEYALEY, INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY WISEMAN’S BOOK TRADING, INC. 2021
 CASTILLO AND GUERRERO, INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY WISEMAN’S BOOK TRADING, INC. 2021
 https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/ateneo-de-naga-university/bs-psychology/chapter-
7/50126634
 http://cup.columbia.edu/book/mass-murder-and-serial-murder/9783838212241#:~:text=While
%20%E2%80%9CMass%20murder%E2%80%9D%20refers%20to,perpetrator%20in%20a%20repetitive
%20pattern.
 https://www.peertechzpublications.com/articles/FST-7-121.php
 https://pcw.gov.ph/faq-ra-8353-an-act-expanding-the-definition-of-crime-and-rape/#:~:text=Rape
%20is%20committed%3A,of%20reason%20or%20is%20unconscious
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/sartkit/about/about-sa-so-b.html#:~:text=age%20or
%20older.-,Anger%20Rapists,to%20their%20personalities%20or%20lifestyles
 https://smart.ojp.gov/somapi/chapter-3-sex-offender-typologies