HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM IN 3.

It safeguards democracy in the campus

THE PHILIPPINES level.

~According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History The word “journal” comes from the Latin
of Journalism in the Philippines Islands (1933) word “diurna” which means “daily”
and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Journalism- an occupation of writing for
Communication (1964), the history of campus publication in newspapers
journalism in the Philippines started when the -something that embraces all
University of Santo Tomas published El forms in which or through which the news and
Liliputiense in 1890. comments on the news reach public
~Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and
Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang Pamahayagan SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
(1985)…. Journalism may be divided into 3:
Argued that the history of campus journalism in 1. Written
the country started when the University of the 2. Oral
Philippines published The College Folio, now
3. Visual
The Philippine Collegian, in 1910.
Written Journalism- periodicals such as
~Philippine Normal University- The Torch newspapers and magazines fall under written
~Ateneo de Manila University- The Guidon journalism.
~University of Santo Tomas were also Periodical- publication that comes out at regular
published two years later- The Varsitarian interval-daily, weekly, etc.
~Carlos Romulo y Peña- edited The Coconut, Magazine- prints more news, has no special
the official student publication the Manila High cover and is printed on a special paper called
School, now the Araulo High School published “newsprint”.
in 1912 and considered as the first and oldest
EXAMPLES Under Print Media
school newspaper in the country.
1. Periodicals
~In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos
2. Brochures
Region published- The La Union Tab, the first
printed and regularly issue high school 3. Journals
newspaper in the country 4. Books
~Pampanga High School, 1925- The 5. Graphic arts
Pampangan
~Leyte High School, 1925- The Leytean Radio- an oral journalism
~Rizal High School, 1926- The Rizalian Visual journalism: 1.television, 2.movies,
~Tayabas High School, 1927- The Coconut 3.documentaries
~Batangas High School, 1927- The Volcano Radio and televisions are examples of broadast
media while movies and documentaries are
~La Union Trade School, 1928- The Toil
examples of film media.
~Samar High School, 1928- The Samarinian
FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMPUS PAPER
~Tarlac High School, 1929- The Melting Pot
Campus Paper- a publication, either
~Nueva Ecija High School, 1929- The Granary
mimeographed or printed/ put out by staff
~Torres High School, 1930- The Torres Torch members whose names appear in the masthead
~Cagayan High School, 1931- The Cagayan or editorial box
Student Chronicle FUNCTIONS
1. Aid to the students
In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the a. Provides an opportunity for
country had campus newspapers registered at
interesting writing
the Bureau of Public Schools.
b. Serves as an outlet and motivation for
In 1950, this number increased to 169; by 1954,
journalistic writing
to 253; by 1975, to 500; and by 1986, to more
2. Aid to the school community
than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino.
a. Informs the community on the work of
the school
Campus Journalism- carried out by
b. Develops right standard of conduct
university/college students on subjects relating
campus OTHER FUNCTIONS
The Campus Journalism Act of 1991- one of the 1. Information functions
strongest laws protecting the rights of the youth 2. Opinion function
3. Education function
THREE ADVANTAGES TO A FREE STUDENT 4. Watchdog function
PUBLICATION 5. Laboratory function
1. It trains the students on journalism and 6. Documentation function
provides an avenue to concretely 7. Entertainment function
practice truth, fairness, and balance. 8. Developmental function
2. It provides check and balance for the
administrators, the student councils, and
the students.
 NATIONAL AND CAMPUS PAPER
COMPARED
Daily- a paper which is published
everyday
Weeklies- papers published weekly
National paper- bought easily anywhere
in the country
NATIONAL PAPERS fall into 2
CATEGORIES:
A. Popular papers- lively fashion with
easy-to-read articles
B. Heavy or quality papers- emphasize
the more serious subjects
ETHICS AND LAWS OF THE PRESS
The Journalist’s Creed is a code of ethics
written around 1906 by Walter Williams
shortly after founding the Missouri School
of Journalism
THE CREED:
~I believe in the profession of Journalism.
~I believe that a journalist should write
only what he holds in his heart to be true.
~I believe that advertising, news and
editorial columns should alike serve the
best interest of readers
~I believe that the journalism which
succeeds the best-and best deserves
success-fears God and honors man
ETHICS
1. School paper should observe:
a. Accuracy
b. Fairness
c. Good taste in reporting events
2. No story should be published which is
based on humor gossip or
unattributed opinion.
3. Only statements of facts whose
authority or source is obvious will
need no attribution
4. Obscenity should be absolutely taboo
for the school paper
5. Words which show bias in the
handling of news stories or other
stories concerning race, color,
religious beliefs or class should be
avoided
6. Stories concerning the morale of the
individuals should be avoided
7. It should not as a rule print pictures
which offend the sensibility of the
general run of readers
SECTIONS/ PART OF A CAMPUS PAPER
Whether it is a community, metropolitan, or
national paer, its parts and sections are more or
less the same.
1. Front Page
a. Local news-news that take place
within the country
 Assignment: a particular job
 Back: one section of headline; often called
deck.
 Banner: A wide headline extending across
the entire page.
 Black propaganda: the dissemination of
scurrilous attack, concentrated on negative
aspects whether true or false.
 Byline: The reporter’s name, usually at the
beginning of a story.
 Cutline: A line or block of type providing
descriptive information about a photo.
 Deck: A small headline running below the
main headline; also called a drop head.
 Drop head: A small headline running below
the main headline; also called a deck.
 Flag: The name of a newspaper as it’s
displayed on Page One; also called a
nameplate.
 Folio: Type at the top of an inside page
giving the newspaper’s name, date and
page number.
 Grid: The underlying pattern of lines
forming the framework of a page; also, to
align elements on a page.
 Gutter: The space running vertically
between columns
 Headline: Large type running above or
beside a story to summarize its content; also
called a head, for short.
 Leading: Vertical spacing between lines of
type, measured in points.
 Subhead: Lines of type, often bold, used to
divide text into smaller sections.
 Tabloid: A newspaper format that’s roughly
half the size of a broadsheet newspaper.
 Bleed: cuts or pictures are “bled” when they
are displayed up to the edge of a page or
column -- a technique used chiefly in
magazine layout.
 Box: story enclosed by rules or other border;
heads are also sometimes boxed.
: refers to type that is framed in a border
to give it prominence.
 Byline: the author’s name appearing above
or below an article or news story.
 Budget: the lineup of news stories
scheduled for the next day’s newspaper
 Caption: text accompanying photos (cuts)
and other art; also called cutline.
 Center spread: the facing pages in the
center fold of the newspaper.
 Column: a vertical division of a page set off
by rules. Most tabloids are five columns
wide.
 Columnist: a person who writes a regular
column giving a personal opinion.
 Copy: manuscript prepared by the reporter
for publication.
 Copyreader- editing the copy or layout
 Crop: to remove a part of parts of a photo
or an illustration to be reproduced.
 Dateline: the line at the beginning of a story
giving the town and the date.
 Dummy: a rough layout of a page, showing
approximate location of all copy, heads, and
cuts.
 Proof: ready for printing.
 Editor: a journalist who works closely with
reporters, giving out assignments and
deadlines and helping them craft their
stories.
 Filter: an extra illustration or piece of copy,
kept on hand to fill space on a page or
column.
 Flag: the heading, usually in a corner of the
editorial page, that gives the name of the
publisher, editors, staff, moderators,,
subscriptions rates and other information
about the paper, also called the masthead.
 Libel: a malicious untruth published in
 paper.
 Lead: the first few sentences or the first
paragraph of a story. A tip that may lead to
a story.
 Newsroom: an office where journalists
work.
 Mashead or folio- written are the names of
EB.
 Proof: a page on which newly set copy is
reproduced to make possible the correction
of errors.
 Proofreader: one who reads proof pages
and marks errors for corrections.
 Source: a person who gives information to
a reporter or editor, supplier of information,
such as a person, book, survey, etc.
 Scoop: an advantage gained over
competitors by publishing a news item first.
Often, a news item itself is called a scoop
when no one else has that news item.
 Side bar- another story from the bigger
setting
News
~an accurate and timely account of an idea,
issue or event that affects a significant number
of people
~accurate because it is based on facts not
fiction
~timely because otherwise it would be called
“odds”
An oral or written report of a past, present, or
future event. It should be actual, truthful,
accurate, unbiased, and interesting.
News is an oral or written report of an event that
happened, is happening, will happen in the
North, East, West, or South that is of interest to
the reader and which should be reported.
An “idea” becomes newsworthy when it is the
opinion of a prominent person, when it transform
into policy or when it is a good idea that could
improve a system.
An “issue” becomes newsworthy when it affects
a great number of people, especially among the
target audience of the paper. 1 1. Conflict -This may involve physical or mental
An “event” becomes newsworthy for the school
paper when it involves the school, its
administration, faculty, students, and alumni.
News is an “account” because it is the first
historical record of that idea, issue or event that
may be used as a source of information by
 Folios: the heading at the top of all pages
but the first, giving the paper’s name, date,
and page; the page number.
 Font: complete assortment of type of one
size and face.
 Head: headline
 Jump: to continue a story to another page
is to jump it.
 Jump head: the head of the continuation.
 Kill: to destroy a story or part of one before
it is published. Or delete the whole area.
chroniclers of history of your campus, your town
or your generation.
 Timeliness- when did the event happen?
 Significance- who’s affective, affecting, it
should be given.
 Prominence- well-known people, talking
about famous people
 Proximity-consider the location of event in
relation to the target audience,this news
happen rear the audience (where).
 Oddity- queerness always help to make
facts interesting unique, odd and
novel/event. (this never will happen).
Types of News
 Hard news- stories are also sometimes
called “straight News” because it sticks to
the bare facts of the story.
 Soft News- stories are human interest
stories that do not always possess all the
news attributes, except for the fact that an
unusual, dramatic or inspiring event took
place.
 News features- an account or article that
need not to be about recent event but
continues to be timely because of the
season or an anniversary of the event.
 In-depth story- a news story that goes
beyond the day’s facts and seeks to analyze,
interpret, and uncover facts related to an
issue or event.
 Follow-up story- a story that takes off from
previous news reports and looks at the story
from another angle
Sidebar- a more focused story that
accompanies the bigger story.
Polls- thanks to social media, and more
specifically to websites like buzzfeed, polls have
become a popular form of news feature writing
Elements of News
conflict – man vs man, man vs animals, man vs
nature, or man vs himself.
2. Immediacy or timeless- It emphasizes the
newest angle of the story.
3. Proximity or nearness -Refers to
geographical nearness as well as to nearness of
kinship or interest.
4. Prominence -Some people are more News Story Structure- answers both the fast
prominent than others by reasons of wealth, delivery of news
social position or achievements. This may also Journalism Structure- more popular known as
refer to place or things. the “inverted pyramid” format
5. Significance - Whatever is significant to the Inverted Pyramid- refers to a story structure
life of an individual is interesting to him. where the most important information is
6. Names - Important names make important presented first
news. ~it can be a challenging format
7. Drama- This adds color to the story. Anything
that moves a reader to tears or to laughter is THREE MAIN PARTS OF INVERTED
good news. PYRAMID STRUCTURE
8. Oddity or unusualness- This refers to 1. The Lead- opening paragraph
strange or unnatural events, objects, persons, Two types of lead
and places.
a. Traditional lead- give a quick
9. Romance and adventure- Romance may be summary
experienced with other things.
10. Sex- Since the dawn of history, sex has b. Alternative lead- the author explore
always interested man. Stories of sex are more creative and eccentric methods
usually related to stories of romance, marriage, 2. The Body-main section of the newspaper
divorce and the varied activities of men and article, it will include lots of important
women. information
11. Progress- The onward and forward march 3. The Tail- contains less important
of civilization on the progress of a country is information
chronicled step by step in the newspaper. The
News Gathering- the secret of a good
trend today is towards development
journalism
communication. Reports on the significant
changes in the established order and on ~refers to the act of collecting information
scientific achievements are in order. about the government, daily events,
12. Animals - Stories of animals, especially scientific discoveries
those with talents are good in reading matter ~done by analyzing and collecting
because of their human interest value. information from sources
13. Number- Sweepstakes numbers, vital News source- traditionally defined as a
statics, election results, scores in games, person, publication, or document…..
casualties, fatalities, price of goods and ages of
women make good news. Beats- part of the newspaper’s structure to
ensure that all important event are covered
14. Emotion- The various responses such as
innate desire for food, clothing, shelter; the ~Major beats are identified as: police, city
universal interest in children, animals, future, hall, the congress, justice, and
and the natural feeling of love, sympathy and Malacanang(Office of the President).
generosity, of fear, hatred and jealousy. TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE BEAT COVERAGE
NEWS STORY STRUCTURE 1. Get to know the organizational structure
Structure- guiding principles behind story of the government offices under your
organization beat
~should lead the reader from complex idea to 2. Make a courtesy call to the heads of each
idea which is simple and clear division or department in your beat.
News Story Structure- the way a news story is 3. Keep a little black book of sources’ direct
written landlines cell phone numbers.
TWO FORMS OF WRITING 4. Get to know the stakeholders in the
private sector or affiliated non-
English Literary Structure- the author builds the government organizations.
story before it rises to the climax. It started with
the introductory part going down to the climx. 5. Get to know your colleagues in the beat.
~Intro 3 BASIC METHODS OF NEWS
GATHERING
~Details
1. Observation- primary method of
~Climax newsgathering
Journalism Structure- it begins with the climax 2. Interviewing- provide a quick source of
and ends with the least important detail expertise
~Climax 3. Researching- nothing more than digging
~Details out information from files and reference
works. Used to verify and amplify facts
~Secondary details
Lead
Lead is an opening paragraph that gives the
audience the most important information of the
news story and at the same time serves as its
climax.
Kinds of lead
Conventional or Summary Lead
This kind of lead used in straight news, answers
right away all or any of the 5 W’s and/or the H.
1.WHO lead- what group or the person is the
story about?
2.WHAT lead- it is used when the event or what
took place is more important than the person
involved in the story. What happened? What is
the issue, problem or conflict?
3.WHERE lead- it is used when the place is
unique and no prominent person is involved in
the story.
4.WHEN lead- day, date and time.
5.WHY lead- used when the reason is more
prominent or unique than what had happens.
6.HOW lead- how did it happen?
Grammatical Beginning Lead- used to
emphasize a feature
1.Prepositional Phrase Lead- preposition is a
word used to link nouns, pronouns and phrases
to other words within a sentence. Some
examples of prepositions are words like “in”,
“at”,”on”, “of”, “to”,”with” and etc.
Sample: With brooms and other cleaning
equipment, boy scouts from the Manila Public
High Schools cleaned the City Markets in
consonance with Mayor Lito Atienza’s CLEAN
and Beautification Drive.
2.Infinitive Phrase Lead- an infinitive verb is a
verb form that takes a ‘to’ before the base form,
as in ‘to make’, ‘to bring’, ‘to exercise’, etc.
Sample: To encourage tourism balikbayans are
given a warm welcome by their fellow Filipinos.
3.Participial Phrase Lead- present participle -
end in “ing”, past participle -end in -ed, -en, -d, -
t, or -n.
Sample: Hoping to cop first place, the PNU
wood-pushers honed up for the chess
championship games. (Present participle)
Dress like a priests, robbers were able to enter
the bank. (Past participle)
4.Gerundial Phrase Lead-it is introduced by a
gerund (a verbal noun ending in ing)
Sample: Winning the development
communication trophy, during the national press
conference was Arrullo High School’s best
achievement of the year.
5.Clause Lead- the lead begins with the clause
which may either be independent or subordinate,
or may either be a noun or an adjectival or
adverbial clause.
Sample: Because September 9 was Osmena
Day, all lessons dealth with the life of the late
President Sergio Osmena Sr. (Subordinate,
adverbial)
Novelty Leads- written in a way that they attract
the attention or carry out a definite purpose
1.Astonisher Lead- uses an interjection or an
exclamatory sentence. 3 or more words ending
in !
Sample: Champion of District 1!
Better look your best this week!
2.Contrast Lead- describes two extremes or
opposites for emphasis. The sharper the
contrast, the more effective the lead will be.
Sample: Four months before the beautification
and cleanup drive, zone 15 Tondo Manila was
the dirtiest district. Three months after, it won
first place in the CLEAN contest sponsored by
the Department of Community and Local
Government.
3.Epigram Lead- opens by quoting a common
expression, verse, or epigram, at least familiar
in the locality.
Sample: Like father, like son. ……
4.Picture Lead-describes a person
Sample:The new principal although only on his
early thirties, is already silver-haired.
5.Background Lead-describes the
place/setting

6.Descriptive Lead- describes the event
Sample: Dressed in white Polo Barong, and with
Diploma in their hands, 1500 graduates
marched down the stage to the tune of Osmena
High March.
7.Parody Lead- consist of a parody of a well-
known song, poems or lines.
Sample: Water, water , water everywhere, but n
water to drink.
8.Punch Lead- a short forceful word or
expression. It is rarely used. 2 words ending in !
Sample: Hooray! Magsaysay High School
celebrated on March 18 its fifth Victory in the
city-wide journalism contest.
9.One Word Lead- One word ending in !
Sample: March!
10.Quotation Lead-starts with “and ends with “
Sample: “The youth in the new Republic…….”
11.Question Lead- has a ?
Sample: Who will reign as Miss Intramurals this
year?
Alternative Lead-does not follow the summary
lead format
Journalists- are called “alternatives”
1.Direct Address Lead or Direct Appeal
Lead- It addresses the reader as “you” and tries
to engage them in the topic of the news story.
~directly speaks to the reader
2.Literary Allusion Lead- refers to a well-
known literary work, such as a book, a poem, a
play, or a song, that is related to the topic of the
news story. It can be used to create interest,
humor, or irony in the reader.
3.Anecdotal lead: This lead starts with a story
or an example that illustrates the main point of
the news story.
THE BODY- parts of a news story that follows
the lead paragraph/, only contain one major
idea/, reporter believes the readers
~organized in a logical and clear way
Active voice- ‘someone did something’
Passive voice- ‘something was done by
someone’
CAMPUS BEAT- focuses on the events, issues,
and people related to a specific college
Campus journalists-report on topics
WRITING A LEAD
The five W’s and H- ask the fundamental
questions of newswriting
Keep it Simple- the best lead is one that is
concise and clear.
Don’t bury your lead- your lead is your hook
The ABCs of journalism- remember your ABC
which are Accuracy, Brevity, and Clarity
HOW TO WRITE A LEAD SENTENCE OR
PARAGRAPH
1. Determine your hook.
2. Be clear and succinct.
3. Write in the active voice
4. Address the reader as “you”
5. Put attribution second.
How NOT to write a lead sentence
1. Don’t make your readers work too hard
2. Don’t try to include too much
3. Don’t be cliché
4. Don’t have any errors
5. Don’t state the obvious.
EFFECTIVE NEWS WRITING
5C’s
1. Clarity-depends on 3 basic things: the
logical order of the story; the simplicity of
the words used; and the correctness of
the sentence structure
2. Conciseness- written with brevity
3. Correctness- understand by two
perspective:
1. Technical correctness- refers
to the stricture, grammar…
2. Conceptual correctness-refers
to the accuracy of the data
presented in the story
4.Credibility and completeness- factual for a
news story
Credibility- established overtime/, strives to
be fair and not biased
Completeness- story has all necessary facts
MOBILE JOURNALISM CHALLENGES OF MOBILE JOURNALISM
Mobile Journalism- type of multimedia news 1. Working alone
gathering 2. Limited audio
~journalists use small, network-connected 3. Limited camera
devices 4. Data dependence
Mobile Journalists- use apps on their mobile 5. Battery
devices 6. Storage capacity
Mobile journalist or MOJO- freelance or staff
reporter
BACKGROUND OF MOJO
~In 1925- The Leica 1 gave photographers and
reporters freedom of movement
~In 1953- WalkieLookie from RCA- the first truly
portable camera- that reporters could go out and
move among the people
~In 2007- The releases of the iPhone changed
everything
WHY MOBILE JOURNALISM MIGHT BE
GOOD FOR YOU?
~Its easy
~Its fast
~Go unnoticed
~Go closer
~Break Barriers
~Save Costs
THINGS YOU NEED FOR GOING MJO
~ A completely new workflow
~ smartphone
~ tripod
~ microphones
~ video light
~ powerbank
~ rig
~ cables and connectors
~ backpack or messenger bag
~ apps
~ training
~ and practice
BENEFITS OF MOJO
1. It’s affordable
2. It’s flexible
3. It’s empowering
4. It’s discreet
5. It’s friendlier
6. It’s safer