21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 1

Literature - deals with thoughts, ideas, and emotions of a man

PROSE POETRY

- Latin “prosa” means straightforward - form of literature with highly controlled

- composed freely manner
- autobiography (self-written), biography - elegy (funeral), ode (nature), song
(written by a diff. person), essay, editorial - own style of writing with meters, stanza,
syllable, rhyme scheme

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

❖ Pre-Colonial Period (BC - 1564) - longest period and oral in nature
- Oral, folktales, folk songs

❖ Spanish Colonization (1565 - 1863) - transition: oral to written (religious)

- Myths, Fables, Legends, Proverbs, Epics
- Riddles, Lullabies
- Religious and Courtship Songs

❖ American Period (1910 - 1945) - English is adopted as official medium of

instruction
- Education is the foremost contribution

❖ Japanese Period (1942 - 1944) - rejected English; redefine Ph. language

- Liwayway Arceo, Macario Pineda
- Lorenzo Dilag Fajardo
- Genoveva Edroza - Matute

❖ Post-War Period (1960 - 1986) - Marcos regime

- English texts and vernacular works are
both abounded
- Publications: shutdown Ph Graphic &
Free Press (dictatorship - Manila Bulletin)
- Pamphlets & Anthologies: used by
writers to create underground literature

❖ Post-Edsa (1986 - present) - extension of recognition to more works

a. English novels & short stories flourish
b. National & International Texts
c. Palanca Awards
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/LITERATURES
I. Spanish Colonization
A. Doctrina Christiana - 1st published book in the Philippines (The Christian Doctrine)
by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva in xylography
Contained:
- Pater Noster (Our Father) - Ave Maria (Hail Mary)
- How to Confess - The Catechism
- The Seven Mortal Sins - Regina Coeli
- The 10 Commandments of God
- The Commandments of the Catholic Church
B. Nuestra Senora del Rosario - 2nd book printed by Fr. Blancas de San Jose
C. Pasyon - most popular religious literature (passion & death of Jesus Christ)
D. Senakulo - re-enactment of Pasyon (holy week)
E. Moro-moro - earliest known form of organized theater in Philippines
F. Awit - popular narrative metrical tale and poetry (chivalry) that forms ballad
(dodecasyllabic 4-line stanza)
G. Korido - octosyllabic 4-line stanza (Ibong Adarna)
II. American Period
A. Child of Sorrow (Zoilo Galang) - 1st Philippine novel in English
B. Dead Stars (Paz Marquez-Benitez) - 1st popular short story in English
C. A Modern Filipino (Araulo & Castillejo) - 1st Philippine play in English

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 2

Canonical - group of books like poetry and novels that are very important to society
- statistically excellent, highly effective, controversies of their time period with long-term
influence on society
National Artist Award - is an honorary title which recognizes excellence in the fields of music, dance,
theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture of allied arts.
- conferred by means of Presidential Proclamation
INSIGNIA OF THE NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD (MEDALLION)
Blue Red White Katotohanan Kabutihan Kagandahan

Contribution - article or piece of writing for publication in collection

Librettist - a person who writes the text of an opera or other long vocal work
Satirical - criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way, especially in order to make a political point
Drama - emerged in Spanish period (did not exist during pre-colonial period)
Baybayin - old system of writing that existed during pre-colonial period in the Philippines
Animism - spiritual tradition dominant among early Filipinos (pagan); praising structures/elements
 AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS
Amado V. Hernandez
- Filipino poet, playwright, writer, novelist
- Development of Tagalog prose of its
ornate character
Jose Garcia Villa
- comma poet (apostrophe)
- finest contemporary poet (Filipino poets)
- literary critic, short story writer, painter
Nick Joaquin/Quijano de Manila (anagram)
- Doveglion (dove, eagle, lion)
- Joaquinesque - explored Spanish colonial
past and social changes evident in
country
Edith L. Tiempo
- Mother of Modern Filipino Literature
- a Filipino writer in English
Virgilio Almario
- Rio Alma
Carlos P. Romulo
- writers about Filipino, patriotism, political
themes
- 1st Asian to serve as President of General
Assembly
Dust Devils - derived from tornado that occurs in deserts
Regional Department - Department of region located in cities because provinces has less people
Works
- Mga Ibong Mandaragit/Birds of Prey
(written in Japanese prison)
- Luha ng Buwaya (clash between sectors
of society)
- Isang Dipang Langit
- Kung Tuyo na Ang Luha mo Aking Bayan
Works
- Footnote to Youth (ignorance of youth,
phases of life, and fear and interaction
- The Fence
- The Anchored Angel
- The Emperor’s New Sonnet
- I Walked with Hewes
Works
- May Day Eve
- A Portrait of Artist as a Filipino - explores
family conflict between 2 sisters and their
painter father before the WW2 in
Intramuros, Old Manila
- The Woman Who Had Two Navels
Works
- Bonsai (hybrid tree of man-made &
natural materials that talks about how
one has ability to seize huge thought and
compact then to something small)
- Lament for the Littlest Fellow
- The Allen Corn: A novel
- The Builder
Works
- Palipad Hangin
- Retold Ibong Adarna (3 bros; Mt. Tabor)
Works
- I Walked With Heroes - I Am a Filipino
- I Saw the Fall of Ph - I See the Ph Rise
- Doktrinang Anak Pawis
- The Magsaysay Story
 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 3
LITERARY REGIONS
1. Ilocos Region - historic sites and well-preserved Spanish
a. Pedro Bukaneg (Biag ni Lam-ang) colonial city of Vigan
Literary Works:
a. Riddles - Itugtugot na ti balay na (Turtle)
b. Folk Songs - Pamulinawen (woman
courting a girl; jealousy)
c. Prose

2. Cagayan Valley - Home of Pancit Batil Patung in

Tuguegarao City
- The Chicharabao (carabao chicharon)
- River
Literary Works:
a. Lullaby - Isinay Baliwayway
b. Ibanag Proverbs - Wealth is useless if
character is worthless.
c. Poetry - The Wedding Dance by Amador
T. Daguio
d. Biag ni Lam-ang by Pedro Bukaneg

3. Central Luzon - Home of Mt. Pinatubo Volcano, Subic Bay,

- occupies the central portion of Mt. Arayat
Luzon - Philippine International Hot Air Balloon
- “Rice Bowl of the Philippines” Fiesta near Clark Air Base
Literary Works
a. The Legend of Alitaptap
b. The Legend of Pinatubo
c. Suan, The Good Guesser - Macaria Garcia
d. Florante & Laura - Francisco Balagtas
Baltazar

4. NCR (National Capital Region) or Metro - Quezon City (was a capital)

Manila (Manila) Literary Works
a. Dead Stars - Paz Marquez-Benitez
b. Jose Palma y Velasquez - lyricist of
Philippine National Anthem
c. My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken - Alejandro
R. Roces
 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 4
BICOL
- Home of Mt. Mayon
- Cagsawa Ruins - atmospheric remnants of
16th century Franciscan Church
- Mariano Perfecto - well-known author
made headway in 1890
CEBU
- has several islands; Bantayan,
Malapascua and Camotes
- Ferdinand Magellan - explorer who
discovered the Philippines
- Vicente Y. Sotto - Father of Cebuano
Literature
- Elena - 1st Cebuano play
- Maming - 1st short story in
Cebuano published in 1901 in
newspaper “Ang Suga” (reflected
realities at that time)
WESTERN VISAYAS
- Kinaray-a: language of 10 datus of Borneo
to whom Panay Island has been sold
- Pasyon - depicting sufferings of Christ
- Flores de Mayo - Catholic festival (May)
express gratitude to Virgin Mary
EASTERN VISAYAS
- 2 Languages popularly used in Visayas
- Waray - rich oral literature (evident in
historical accounts of Francisco Ignacio
Alzina) (Hiligaynon, Aklanon, Cebuano)
- Jesuit Priest: Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzina
MUSLIM (diverse)
Ethno-Linguistic Group of Muslim Communities
- Jama Mapuns - Molbogs
- Iranons - Samas
- Kaagans - Sangils
- Maguindanaos - Tausugs
- Maranaos - Yakans
- Palawanons - Bangingis
Bicolano Literature
- An Parabareta (biggest contribution)
- First Printing Press (developed tool)
- Johannes Gutenberg (Bible)
- Imprenta de Nuestra Señora de
Peñafrancia
Cebuano Literature
- Gateway to a Thousand Journeys
- Balak - poem (baybay/metaphor)
- Tigmo - riddle (kung mo-tingdog
mo-mubo kung mulingko mo-taas =
- Panultihon - proverbs; Garay - verses
- Balitaw - debate (man & woman to
improvise and sing lines)
- Maming - devoted Catholic couple (Their
obedience & respect to men of church
resulted in seduction of daughter to
Spanish friar.
Rodrigo de Villa - popular korido of Ilonggo
- In Castille, Queen Isabella & Lozano, a
noble collaborator with invading Ottoman
forces, took over the palace led to the
arrest of King Alfonso and his men
including Rodrigo de Villa. (Indonesian &
Filipino)
Candu - poem/songs about history
Awit - Waray poem used in activities (rowing
boat, weaving, walking home from fields)
Ambahan - multitude, song sung by community
Balac - courtship song - stringed musical
performed man & woman dealt with love affairs
Folk Literature
Myth Legends
- Kapunopuno (Kagan) - Oman-oman
- Katakata (Jama Mapun) - Uduhan
- Totol (Tausug) - Usulan
- Toltol (Maranao) - Totolan
(Yakan) - Usul
(Maguindanao and Iranon) - Tudtolan
Muslim LIterature
- Sarimanok
- Legend of Maria Cristina Falls
 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 5
Conventional Literature - covers ancient stories that was preserved through oral tradition

3 MAIN GENRES
Prose Poetry Drama
- Conversational language - follows rhyming, - Intended to be
presented orally or in rhythm, and meter performed on stage/on
writing motion pictures

TYPES OF PROSE
Fiction Nonfiction
- represents real-life experiences situation - deals with facts and real events
in imaginary narratives

SUBGENRES

Novel - long narrative w/ very complicated plot Autobiography - account of own life

Short Story - written in simple linear plot Biography - account of someone’s life written
showcasing singular, simple setting by another person

Legend - more often secular than sacred, and Essay - narrative about certain theme, topic, or
principal characters are human (Epic - heroes) information

Myth - story explains origin of the world, Diary - personal record of a person’s daily
humanity, death, or natural phenomenon activities

Fable - story about animals that behave like Journal - logs of events that happen to a person
humans (personification) or group

Parable - contains symbols that teach life lesson Memoir - narrative of an episode in one’s life
according with Christian faith and teaching

SUBGENRES OF DRAMA
Tragedy Historical Melodrama Musical
uses plot that will lead took place in particular presents strong singing, dancing during
to a tragic ending time in history emotion execution of drama

SUBGENRES OF POETRY
Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry Dramatic Poetry
- poem that describes - any short poem that is - tells stories in a form of
important details in songlike dialogues with poetic
order of events whether elements
real of imaginary
 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 6

LGBT-Themed Literature Manga

- intended to dwell in life of LGBT people - Japanese word for comics; generic term
Text-Talk Novel for all comic books and graphic novels
- stories told almost entirely in dialogue originally published in Japan
stimulating social network exchanges

Chick Literature (Devil Wears Prada) Graphic Novels

- humorous, lighthearted fiction which - narratives told in comic-strip formats and
addresses issues of modern womanhood published as a book

Science Fiction Speculative Fiction (Divergent, Hunger Games)

- often explores potential consequences of - wide range of genres which speculate
scientific and other innovation and has about worlds different from what we
been called “literature of ideas” regard as real

Illustrated Novel Flash Fiction

- story or narrative told through words - story narrated extremely brief; offers
complemented by illustrated images plot, charac develop, implies larger story

Digi-Fiction (audio books) Doodle Fiction (Diary of Wimpy Kid)

- Triple Media Literature that uses - literary presentation where author
combination of 3 media: book, incorporates doodle writing, drawings,
movie/video, and internet website handwritten graphics in traditional font

Creative Nonfiction Blog (Wattpad, Quora, Reddit)

- genre of writing that uses literary styles - shortened form of weblog; website
and techniques to create factually containing short articles called posts
accurate narratives updated regularly

Hyper Poetry Visual Poetry

- digital poetry uses links and hypertext - uses words in lines and stanzas to form
markup images

TYPES OF MANGA VARIETIES OF FLASH FICTION

● Shonen - Boy’s Manga - Six-word 6 words
● Shojo - Girl’s Manga - Minisaga 50 words
● Seinen - Men’s Manga - Twitterature 280 words
● Josei - Women’s Manga - Microfiction 100 words
● Kodomo - Children’s Manga - Sudden Fiction 750 words

Catalog - collection of literatures

 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 7

Literary Devices Figures of Speech

- specific methods to convey messages - express meanings in nonliteral way

CATEGORIES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH

Figures of Relationship Figures of Emphasis Figures of Sound
- Metonymy - Oxymoron - Alliteration
- Synecdoche - Paradox - Assonance
- Euphemism - Irony - Anaphora
- Allusion - Satire
- Allegory - Understatement
- Litotes

FIGURES OF RELATIONSHIP
Metonymy - in place of another with which it is Euphemism - inoffensive word in substitution
closely related to an offensive one
[The pen is mightier than the sword.] [His family is economically disadvantaged.]

Synecdoche - part in representing the whole Allegory - story/picture with hidden meaning
[Forbes wants to interview me!] [The Lion and the Mouse (weakest & strongest)]

Allusion - references a person, place, thing, event, or other literary work

[His smile is like kryptonite to me.]

FIGURES OF EMPHASIS/CONTRADICTION
Oxymoron - links 2 opposing ideas at once Irony - opposite of literal meaning
{This is another fine mess you’ve got us into.] [A police station is robbed (situational).]

Paradox - contradicting statements to express Satire - humor, irony, exaggeration/ridicule to

possible truth criticize and expose people for incompetence and
The more you’re afraid to fail, the more you’ll fail foolishness.

Understatement - speaker makes situation Litotes - utilizes negative wording/terms to

seem less important or severe than what it is express positive assertion or statement
“It was OK” - student with the highest score [You can’t say I didn’t warn you.]

FIGURES OF SOUND
Alliteration - repeated initial Assonance - repeats internal Anaphora - repeats same word
consonant sound vowel sounds in successive phrases/sentences

Onomatopoeia - formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

 LITERARY DEVICES
Cliffhanger Stream of Consciousness
- arouse curiosity among readers by ending - attempts to capture character’s thought
a chapter/story abruptly process in realistic way

Foreshadowing Humor
- gives a hint/clue indicating a future event - elicit a funny notion

Suspense Deus Ex Machina

- raising key questions that pique reader’s - hopeless situation is suddenly solved by
curiosity unexpected occurrence

Juxtaposition In Media Res (In the middle of things)

- contrast 2 ideas to emphasize their - plot device where story begins in the
difference middle

Imagery
- visually descriptive technique to concretize a picture
- Gustatory (taste); Olfactory (smell); Tactile (touch)

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE | WEEK 8

TEXT CONTEXT

refers to words written to create a literature ideas that text, writer, and reader connect with
each other in understanding literature

Textual Reading - involves looking at text as it is Contextual Reading - understands reason/s why
text is written

TEXT STRUCTURES
Prose - narrative in nature Poetry - line and stanzas Drama - dialogue

CONTEXTUAL READING
Text’s Context Society’s Context
- focuses on language used and how it is - Where text was produced or the
used to convey meaning character resides
Levels of Comprehension a. Norms
a. Literal Comprehension - reading lines - socially acceptable
b. Evaluative - read beyond the lines b. Taboo
c. Inferential - read between the lines - socially unacceptable

Reader’s Context Writer’s Context

- readers relate story to their knowledge - author’s personal views and experiences
and experience influenced the text