BASIC CALCULUS

MR. APRIL M. SUAN

Mathematics Coordinator
Adamson University
BASIC CALCULUS

❖ LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

❖ DERIVATIVES
❖ INTEGRALS
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
a. Definition:
i. The derivative 𝑓′(𝑥) of a function 𝑓 at a number 𝑥 in its domain is:
𝑓(∆𝑥 + 𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim ,
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
provided that the limit exists.
ii. The definition is sometimes called the limit definition of the derivative of a function.
b. Remarks:
i. The derivative is used to determine the instantaneous rate of change (or simply the rate of change) of one
variable with respect to another.
ii. The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.
iii. Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, we can also denote 𝑓′(𝑥) as 𝑦′.
iv. The derivative can also be denoted as follows:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑦′ = = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ PROOF
1. What is a tangent line?
2. What is a secant line?
3. What is the formula for slope of a line?
Example: Secant Line
What is the slope of the secant line?
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DERIVATIVES
Find the derivative of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 5 using the limits.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ APPLICATION
Application (PHYSICS): Since derivatives are used to find instantaneous rates of change, use the
limit definition of the derivative to solve problems involving rates of change.
Suppose an object is moving and its position (in 𝑚) is represented by the equation
𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡, where 𝑡 is time in seconds.

i. What is its speed at 𝑡=1?

ii.What is its speed at 𝑡=3?
iii.What is its average speed from 𝑡=1 to 𝑡=3?
iv.What is its instantaneous speed at 𝑡=3?
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DIFFERENTIABILITY
a. How do you determine if a function is differentiable at a point?
b. How do you determine if a function is differentiable at an interval?
Question: If the derivative is defined from limits, and limits can be one-sided, what happens when left and right-hand side
limits are not equal?
𝑓(∆𝑥+𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(∆𝑥+𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(∆𝑥+𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Remark: The derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 of a function 𝑓, lim exists if lim −
= lim . That
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 + ∆𝑥
is, the derivative from the left is equal to the derivative from the right.

Definition:
i. A function 𝑓 is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if its derivative 𝑓′(𝑐) exists.
ii. A function 𝑓 is differentiable on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] when
i. it is differentiable on 𝑎, 𝑏 ,
ii. the derivative from the right at 𝑎 exists, and
iii.the derivative from the left at 𝑏 exists.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ THEOREM
If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
a. Remarks:
i. Differentiability implies continuity.
ii. If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then it does not necessarily mean that 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 =
𝑐.
iii.If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

b. Questions:
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 1
i. Is the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
2𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1
ii. Is the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ SELF CHECK
Read and analyze each statement carefully. Evaluate if the statement is TRUE or FALSE.
1. If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
2. If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
3. If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
4. Given the position function 𝑓(𝑥), the instantaneous rate of change can be found using 𝑓′(𝑥).
𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥
5. The derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by lim .
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ BASIC DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Theorem: (The Constant Rule) The derivative of a constant function is 0. That is, if 𝑐 is a real
number, then
𝑑
𝑐 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4. 3𝑎
𝑑𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ BASIC DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Theorem: (Power Rule) If 𝑛 is a rational number, then the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 is differentiable
and
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
3. (negative exponents)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 3 2
4. 𝑥 (radicals)
𝑑𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ BASIC DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Theorem: (Constant Multiple Rule) If 𝑓 is a differentiable function and 𝑐 is a real number,
then 𝑐𝑓 is also differentiable and
𝑑
𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 5𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DIFFERENTIATION RULES ON OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS

Theorem: (Sum and Difference Rule) The sum (or difference) of two differentiable functions
𝑓 and 𝑔 is itself differentiable. Moreover, the derivative of 𝑓 + 𝑔 (or 𝑓 − 𝑔) is the sum (or
difference) of the derivatives of 𝑓 and 𝑔.
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ± 𝑔′(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 3𝑥 2 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥4
2. − + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑 3𝑥 −𝑥+1
3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DIFFERENTIATION RULES ON OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS

Theorem: (Product Rule) The product of two differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 is itself
differentiable. Moreover, the derivative of 𝑓𝑔 is the first function times the derivative of the
second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥)(5𝑥 2 )
𝑑
2. 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )(5 + 4𝑥)
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DIFFERENTIATION RULES ON OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS

𝑓
Theorem: (Quotient Rule) The quotient of two differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 is itself
𝑔
𝑓
differentiable at all values of 𝑥 for which 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0. Moreover, the derivative of is given by
𝑔
the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative
of the denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔 𝑥 ]2

EXAMPLES:
𝑑 2𝑥+1
1. 𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 2
𝑑 3𝑥+4
2.
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−1
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ SELF CHECK
Read and analyze each statement carefully. Evaluate if the statement is TRUE or FALSE.
1. Given the position function 𝑓(𝑥), the instantaneous rate of change can be found using 𝑓′(𝑥).
𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥
2. The derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by lim .
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
3. Given the function ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 , its derivative ℎ′(𝑥) is defined by 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 .
4. The derivative of a constant function is 1.
sin 𝑥
5. The expression lim is equivalent to 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥
6. The expression sin2 𝑥 +cos 2 𝑥 is equal to 1.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Theorem: The derivative of the natural exponential function, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , is
𝑑 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

The derivative of the general exponential function, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , is

𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 5 + 7𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 30𝑥 − 𝑥 30
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑒𝑥
3. 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +2
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Theorem: The derivative of the natural logarithmic function, 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥, is
𝑑 1
ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
The derivative of the general logarithmic function, 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥, is
𝑑 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎

EXAMPLES:
𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑥
7 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. 5𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

DERIVATIVES
INTEGRALS

❖ DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Theorem:
𝑑
1. sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 EXAMPLES:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
2.
𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 1. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑 2. 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
3. tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑 3. 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
4. cot 𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 4. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
5. sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 5. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
6. csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥