MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

GASES - have very small volumes

compared to the volume of the
THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER container they occupy.
 The energy an object has because - have kinetic energies that
of its motion is called kinetic increase with an increase in
energy. temperature.
- According to the Kinetic theory
of matter, says that all matter is INTRODUCTION TO GASES
composed of particles that
have a certain amount of PROPERTIES OF GASES
energy that allows them to
We can predict the behavior of gases
move at different speeds
based on the following properties:
depending on the temperature
 Pressure
(energy).
 Volume
 The particles in a gas are usually
 Amount (Moles)
molecules or atoms.
 Temperature
Kinetic Theory and A Model for
Gases
PRESSURE
1. The particles in a gas are Pressure is defined as
considered to be small, hard the force the gas exerts
spheres with an insignificant on a given area of the
volume. container in which it is contained.
- Within a gas, the particles are
relatively far apart compared
with the distance between BAROMETER
particles in a liquid or solid. - measures
- Between the particles, there is
empty space.
- No attractive or repulsive
forces exist between gas
particles.

2. The motion of particles in a gas

is rapid, constant, and random.
- Gases fill their containers
regardless of the shape and
volume of the containers.
- An uncontained gas can
spread out into space without
limit.
- The rapid, constant motion of
particles in a gas causes them
to collide with one another and
with the walls of their container.
3. A gas consists of small particles
that:
- move rapidly in straight lines.
- have essentially no attractive
or repulsive forces.
- are very far apart.
atmospheric pressure.
MANOMETER
- Device used for measuring the
pressure of a gas in a
container.
UNITS OF PRESSURE
 At Standard Atmospheric Pressure
(SAP)
 101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
 1 atm (atmosphere)
 760 mm Hg (millimeter Hg)
 760 torr
 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
 Standard Temperature & Pressure
(STP)
 0°C or 273 K

GASES | 1
 MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 101.325 kPa or 1 atm - no volume = lots of empty

space
VOLUME  Gases undergo diffusion & effusion
- Volume is the amount of 3D space (across a barrier with small holes).
a substance or object occupies. - random motion
- A volume is a derived unit,
depending on 3 quantities: length,
width, and height.
- Avogadro’s hypothesis states that
equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain
equal numbers of particles.

MOLES CONCEPT CHECK

- The mole is a convenient unit to use
because of the great number of
atoms, molecules, or others in any
substance.
- A mole is defined as 6.02214076 ×
1023 of some chemical unit, be it
atoms, molecules, ions, or others.
TEMPERATURE
- The temperature of a gas is a
measure of the average translational
kinetic energy of the molecules. In a
hot gas, the molecules move faster
than in a cold gas; the mass remains
the same.
- As the temperature increases, there
gas particles move faster, and thus
kinetic energy increases.
You are holding two
balloons of the same
volume. One contains
helium, and one contains
hydrogen. Complete each
of the following statements
with “different” or “the
same” and be prepared to
justify your answer.
 The pressures of the gas in the two
balloons are __________.
 The temperatures of the gas in the two
balloons are __________.
 The numbers of moles of the gas in
the two balloons are __________.
 The densities of the gas in the two
balloons are __________.

GAS LAWS
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
1. BOYLE’S LAW
– at constant
temperature
and mass. The
pressure and
volume of a
gas are
 Gases expand to fill any container. inversely proportional (as one
- random motion, no attraction increases, the other decreases,
 Gases are fluids (like liquids). and vice versa.
- no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
- no volume = lots of empty
space
 Gases can be compressed.

GASES | 2
 MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

- Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the

mathematical expression:
*Assuming volume remains
constant.

- Boyle’s Law leads to the

mathematical expression:
*Assuming temp is constant.
4. COMBINED GAS LAW

- The combined gas law makes use

Where: of the relationships shared by
P1 = initial pressure pressure, volume, and
V1 = initial volume temperature:
P2 = final pressure the variables
V2 = final volume found in
2. CHARLES’ LAW other gas
- at constant laws, such
pressure and as Boyle's law, Charles' law and
mass, the Gay-Lussac's law.
volume and
absolute
temperature 5. AVOGADRO’S LAW
(K) of a gas are directly - st
proportional (an increase in temp
at
leads to an increase in volume)
e
- Charles’ Law leads to the s
mathematical expression: that the volume of a gas is directly
*Assuming pressure remains proportional to the number of
constant. moles of gas.

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a

3. GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW volume of 22.4 L at STP.

- at constant mass
& volume. The 6. IDEAL GAS
pressure and – Gases whose behavior can be
absolute predicted by the kinetic molecular
temperature (K) theory are called ideal, or perfect,
of a gas are gases. No gases are truly ideal
directly proportional (as because no gas totally obeys all
temperature rises, so does the gas laws.
pressure)

GASES | 3
 MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

– An ideal gas is an imaginary gas – In a mixture of gases, each gas

that is perfect and does follow
everything perfectly.
– Is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good
approximation of the behavior of
many gases under many
conditions.
– The P is the pressure of the gas, V
is the volume taken up by the gas,
8. REAL GASES
T is the temperature of the gas, R
is the gas constant, and n is the
number of moles of the gas and
are related by a simple formula
called the ideal gas law.
exerts a certain pressure as if it
were alone. The pressure of each
one of these gases is called the
partial pressure. The total pressure
of a mixture of gases is the sum of
all of the partial pressures.
 Particles in a REAL gas…
– have their own volume
– attract each other
 Gas behavior is most ideal…
– at low pressures
– at high temperatures
– in nonpolar atoms/molecules

Real gas law or Van der Waal’s

APPLICATION OF THE IDEAL GAS
LAW
The molar mass and density of gasses
m
 d= V Equation
nM
mass  d= V
density =
volume PVM
 d= RTV
Where:
MP
 d=
RT  P is the Pressure in atmospheres
m (atm)
 M=
n  V is the Volume in Liters (L)
mass
Molar mass=  m=nM  n is the Number of moles (mol)
moles
dRT  R is the gas Constant and is
 M=
P 0.0821Latm/molK
PV =nRT  T is the absolute Temperature in
Kelvin (K)
PV
n=
RT

7. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL

PRESSURE

GASES | 4
MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

GASES | 5
 MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
2. I have added 1500 mL of air to a
CONVERSION EXAMPLES balloon at sea level (1.0 atm). If I take
1. Given that the air pressure inside an the balloon with me to Denver, where
automobile tire is 34.0 psi, express the the air pressure is 850 mmHg, what
pressure in each of the following units: will the new volume of the balloon be?

(a) atm
(b) mmHg
(c) torr
(d) kPa

3. Fluorine gas exerts a pressure of

1.18atam. When the pressure is
changed to 1.5atm, its volume is
0.25L. What was the initial volume?

CONVERTING BETWEEN KELVIN AND

CELSIUS

CHARLES’ LAW
1. A container holds 50.0 mL of nitrogen
at 25° C and a pressure of 736 mm
Hg. What will be its volume if the
temperature increases by 35° C?

BOYLE’S LAW
1. If I have 5.6 liters of gas in a piston at
a pressure of 1.5 atm and compress
the gas until its volume is 4.8 L, what
will the new pressure inside the piston
be?

GASES | 6

2. Oxygen gas is at a temperature of 40°
C when it occupies a volume of 2.30
liters. To what temperature should it be
raised to occupy a volume of 6.50
liters?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
1. Hydrogen gas was cooled from 150 °
C to 50 ° C . Its new pressure is 75.0
torr. What was its original pressure?
2. A sample of argon gas is cooled, and
its pressure went from 380atm to
250atm. If its final temperature was -
55°C, what was its original
temperature?
COMBINED GAS LAW
1. 2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0 °C
and 745.0 mmHg. What is the volume
at STP?
MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2. A sample of gas at an initial volume of
8.33 L, an initial pressure of 1.82 atm,
and an initial temperature of 286 K
simultaneously changes its
temperature to 355 K and its volume to
5.72 L. What is the final pressure of
the gas?
AVOGADRO’S LAW
1. 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain
0.965 mol. If the amount of gas is
increased to 1.80 mol, what new
volume will result (at an unchanged
temperature and pressure)?
2. A 4.8L sample of helium gas contains
0.22mol of helium. How many
additional moles of helium gas must
be added to the sample to obtain a
volume of 6.4L?
GASES | 7
 MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

IDEAL GAS LAW

1. 5.0 g of neon is at 256 mm Hg and at 3. What is the density of nitrogen gas
a temperature of 35º C. What is the (N2) at 248.0 Torr and 18º C?
volume?

2. What is a gas’s temperature in Celsius

when it has a volume of 25L, 203 mol,
143.5 atm?

GASES | 8

REAL GASES OR VAN DER WAAL’S
EQUATION
1. 1.00 mol of ammonia fills a 7.00-liter
bottle at 350 K. What does the van der
Waals equation predict that the
pressure will be? For ammonia, a =
4.17 L 2 atm mol-2 and b = 0.0371
L/mol.
MODULE 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2. Carbon dioxide gas (1.00 mole) at 373
K occupies 536 mL at 50.0
atmosphere pressure. What is the
calculated value of the pressure using
(i) Ideal gas equation (ii) Van der
Waals equation? @ a = 3.61 L2 atm
mol-2 ; b = 0.0428 L/ mol
GASES | 9