OpjectvE To find the HCF of two numbers experimentally based on Euclid Division Lemma. Matera Required Cardboard sheets, glazed papers of different colours, scissors, ruler, sketch pen, glue etc. Memo oF ConstRucTION 1. Cut out one strip of length a units, one strip of length 6 units (6 — Fig. 5 —— — a Mahematies 188Sager units —> 7 Polynomial » finding the number Of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, Points on the graph Paper should be joined by a free hand curve only, elOry. ManualOBJECTIVE Mareriat Requirep To verify the conditions of consistency/ Graph papers, pencil, eraser, tency for a pair of linear cardboard, glue, equations in two variables by graphical method. Metuop oF Construction 1, Take a pair of linear equations in two variables of the form ax + by +0, =0 a) ag + by +c, = 0, (2) where a, b,, @,, b,c, and c, are all real numbers; 4y b,, a, and b, are not simultaneously zero. ‘There may be three cases : CaseT: £25 a, Case Mi: &! a. Case III: . Obtain the ordered pairs satisfying the pair of linear equ: for each of the above cases. ions (1) and (2) 3. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a graph paper on it, Draw two perpendicular lines X’OX and YOY’ on the graph paper (sce Fig. 1). Plot the points obtained in Step 2 on different cartesian planes to obtain different graphs [see Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig3 Mathematics =<¥ a Fig.3 Demonstranion Casel: We obtain tt At One point P. Coxg; Pair of linear equati he graph as shown in Fig. S are imersecting dinates of the point P (wy) give the unique solution for the ‘ons (1) and (2). 1. The wo line: b Therefore, the pair of linear equations with St. & is consistent and h; Ly as the % unique solution, We obtain the grap graph as shown in Fig. 2. The {Wo lines are Coincident, Thus, the pair of linear Cquations has infinitely Many solutions, . . ith {4 Therefore, the Pair of linear equations With — = z =+ is also Consistent as ay 2 ey Well as dependent, Mathematics ~q two lines are Paraly Gise HE We obtain the graph as shown in Fig. 3. The each other, : ir of equations W f 7 ae solution, i.e., the pa id ; This pair of quations has no solu tek is inconsistent, % be Onstrvarion 1. a Avruication Conditions Solution (5) of consistency help to check whether a pair of line: oF not. In case, Solutions ‘XiSts, to find Whether the Solution js unique OF the solutions are infinitely many, 7 ‘Ar equations have ‘olution existe:in Sly Ongecnve: Marertar Reguirep To identify Arithmetic Progressions Cardboard, white paper. pen/pencil, in some given lists of numbers scissors, squared paper, glue. (patterns). Merton oF ConstRucTION 1. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. 2. Take two squared papers (graph paper) of suitable size and paste them on the cardboard. Fig. 2 Marhematics3. Let the lists of numbers be ‘| (i) 1,2) 5,9) oe (ii) 1, 4, 7, 10, ...... 4 4. Make strips of lengths 1, 2, 5, 9 units and strips of lengths 1, 4, 7, 10 unit; and breadth of each strip one unit. 5. Paste the strips of lengths 1, 2, 5, 9 units as shown in Fig. 1 and paste the strips of lengths 1, 4, 7, 10 units as shown in Fig. 2. DEMONSTRATION 1. In Fig. 1, the difference of heights (lengths) of two consecutive strips is not same (uniform). So, it is not an AP. 2. In Fig, 2, the difference of heights of two consecutive Strips is the same (uniform) throughout. So, it is an AP. OBSERVATION In Fig. 1, the difference of heights of first two strips = the difference of heights of second and third strips = the difference of heights of third and fourth strips = Difference is (uniform/not uniform) So, the list of numbers. 1, 2, 5, 9 form an AP. (does/does not) Write the similar observations for strips of Fig.2. Difference is (uniform/not uniform) So, the list of the numbers 1, 4, 7, 10 form an AP. (does/does not) APPLICATION - This activity helps in understanding the concept of-arithmetic progression. Observe that if the left top comers of the strips are joined, they will be in a straight Tine in case of an AP, tI —— Laboratory ManualOBJECTIVE Materiat Requrep To find the sum of first n natural Cardboard, coloured papers, while numbers. paper, cutter, adhesive. Metnon oF Construction and paste a coloured paper ind breadth 10 units. 1, Take a rectangular cardboard of a convenient si on it. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length 1 un v . Divide this rectangle into unit squares as shown in Fig. 1. w . Starting from upper left-most corner, colour one square, 2 squares and so on as shown in the figure. DEMONSTRATION 1, The pink colour region looks like a stair case. 2. Length of Ist stair is 1 unit, length of 2nd stair is 2 units, length of 3rd stair 3 units, and so on, length of 10th stair is 10 units. D Mathematics — TOs SS(1) "Ajed of the shaded region = > gion = > (area of rectangle ABCD) =x10x je as obtained in (1) above Ss 11, which is sam btained in (1) above. This sh 1 1 is shows that sum of the first 10 natural numbers is >x10x1]=—x + fi mb 3 10(10+1) This can be generalised to find the sum of first 1 natural numbers Sas 1 S,==n(n+1) (2) OBSERVATION E Forn=4,S, Forn= 12,8, = For 2 = 50, S, For n = 100, 8, =~ ymbers: APPLICATION Result (2) may of first n terms of the list of nu 1. 17.2% By ae be used to find the sum ee Tabaatey Mant!Opsective Material REQUIRED To find the sum of the first n-even Cardboard, thermoco! balls, pins, natural numbers. pencil, ruler, white paper, chart : paper, adhesive. Metuop of Consrruction \, Take a piece of cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. mx ILem). 2. Draw a rectangle of suitable size on it (10 cI 3. Divide this rectangle into unit squares. 4, Fix a thermocol ball in each square using pin as show 5. Enclose the balls as shown in the figure. nin the Fig. 1. (ldIO (olor)! OlOIOlOlOlo! DemonsTRATION Starting from the uppermost left corner, Mathematics Taeis ny the number of balls in first enclosure = 2.(= 1 x2) the number of balls in first wo enclosures = 2 + 4 =6 (= 2 x3), the number of balls in first three enclosures = 2 +4 + 6 = 12 (= 3 x4), the number of balls in first six enclosures = 2444648 +104 12=42(=6%7) the number of balls in first ten enclosures = 2-44 +648 + «.-+ 20110 (=10x 11) This gives the sum of first ten even natural numbers. This result can be generalised for the sum of first 7 even natural numbers us S\=244464..4 eux (nd) (1) ObseRvation Forn=4in(1),S, = For n =7 in QQ) S, For 1 = 40 in (1), S, For n = 70 in (1), §, For n = 100 in (1), S,= APPLICATION The formula S, = n (n+1) is numbers. in finding out the sum of the first n even Laboratory ManualOnJECTIVE Mareriat Required To establish a formula for the sum of Cardboard, coloured drawing first n terms of an Arithmetic sheets, white paper, cutter, Progression. adhesive. Merion or ConstRUCTION 1, Take a rectangular cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length (2a+9¢) units and breadth 10 units. 2. Make some rectangular strips of equal length a units and breadth one unit and some sips of length d units and breadth 1 unit, using coloured drawing sheets. 3. Arrange/paste these strips on the rectangle ABCD as shown in Fig. 1, D Teter Ja +dfurea) ja+ 2d . at ad _ jar ad la+ sd a+ 6d ic << 9d > Fig. 1 DEMONSTRATION 1. The strips so arranged look like a stair case, 2. The first stair is of length a units, the second stair is of length a+d (units), third of «+2d units and so on and each is of breadth | unit, So, the areas (in sq. units) of these strips are a, a +d, @ + 2c, ....., a+9d, respectively. Mathemanes3. This ar 3. This arrangement of strips gi gement of strips gives pattem a, a + dat 2dat 3d, which is al . Alsthe aa a swith frst term «and the commman aiference ” u areas ¢ areas (in square units) of these striPS sar (at d) 4 (er 2d) + on 4 (a+ 9d) = LO + ASA ap) §. Area of the desi, 1¢ designed formed by the stair case = 3 (area of rectangle ABCD) 1 = 3(10)(20+94) =( ich i (10a + 454), which is the same a5 ‘obtained in (1) above- Thi is shows thal the sum of first 10 terms of the AP= Zvoy(ea+oe) (10) fea+(10-1)4] = 2 This can be further generalised 10 ns of an AP AS find the sum of first m term n Sz [2a+(n-)4] OBSERVATION On actual measurement: d= aeoowcrT 50, 53-5 [-+@e-)-1- APPLICATION ind the sum of first 7 terms of the list of numbers : This result may pe used 10 fi 2. B23 died in Class XI. = ee — Taberatry Manu!OBJECTIVE MarteriAt REQUIRED To verify the distance formula by Cardboard, chart paper, graph paper, graphical method. glue, pen/pencil and ruler. MetiHon oF Construction 1. Paste a chart paper on a cardboard of a convenient size. 2. Paste the graph paper on the chart paper. 3. Draw the axes X’OX and Y/OY on the graph paper [see Fig. 1]. joi ta 4. Take two points A(q, b) and B(c.d) on the graph paper and join them to get line segment AB [see Fig. 2]. Fig. 1 Mathematics FITfey) “ I. Fig. 2 DEMONSTRATION 1. Calculate the distance AB using distance formula. 2. Measure the distance between the two points A and B using a ruler, 3. The distance calculated by distance formula and distance measured by the ruler are the same. OnSERVATION 1, Coordinates of the point A are Coordinates of the point B are 2. Distance AB, using distance formula is 3. Actual distance AB measured by ruler is 4, The distance calculated in (2) and actual distance measured in (3) are . APPLICATION ‘The distance formula used in proving a number of results in geometry. 18 — 7 Laboratory Manual