Anglican Church in Japan

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai (Japanese: 日 本 聖 公 会 ,

Nippon Sei Ko Kai
romanized: Nippon Seikōkai, lit. 'Japanese Holy Catholic Church'),
abbreviated as NSKK, sometimes referred to in English as the
Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan, is the national Christian
church representing the Province of Japan ( 日本管区 , Nippon
Kanku) within the Anglican Communion.

As a member of the Anglican Communion the Nippon Sei Ko Kai

shares many of the historic doctrinal and liturgical practices of the
Church of England, but is a fully autonomous national church
governed by its own synod and led by its own primate. The
Nippon Sei Ko Kai, in common with other churches in the
Anglican Communion, considers itself to be a part of the One,
Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church and to be both Catholic and
Reformed.
Classification Protestant
With an estimated 80 million members worldwide, the Anglican Orientation Anglican
Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world,
Scripture Holy Bible
after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
Churches. The Nippon Sei Ko Kai has approximately 32,000 Theology Anglican doctrine
members organised into eleven dioceses and found in local church Polity Episcopal
congregations throughout Japan.[1]
Primate Luke Ken-ichi
Muto, Bishop of
History Kyushu
Headquarters 65 Yaraicho,
Background (1549–1846) Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo
Jesuit Saint Francis Xavier together with Portuguese explorers and Territory Japan
missionaries first brought Christianity to Japan in the 16th century.
Members 32,000[1]
In 1587, the Christian faith and life were outlawed and Christians,
Japanese and foreign, were openly persecuted. In memory of these Official website www.nskk.org (ht
early Japanese Christians, and in common with the Roman tp://www.nskk.or
Catholic Church, the Nippon Sei Ko Kai commemorates the g/)
Martyrs of Japan every February 5 for their life and witness.

All foreigners were subsequently expelled in 1640 as Japan began

two centuries of self-imposed isolation and Christian communities
were driven into hiding. When foreigners were eventually allowed
back into the main islands of Japan in the 1850s, they found
thousands of Christians who had maintained their Christian faith
and identity through centuries of persecution.

Depiction of the Nagasaki Martyrs

Early mission church (1846–1900)
(16th century)
Anglican church mission work in Japan started with the British Loochoo Naval Mission on the outlying
Ryukyu Islands in May 1846.[2] George Jones, a United States Navy chaplain traveling with the
Expedition of Commodore Perry, led the first recorded Anglican burial service on Japanese soil at
Yokohama on 9 March 1854.[3][4] More permanent mission priests of the Episcopal Church, John Liggins
and Channing Moore Williams, arrived in the treaty port of Nagasaki in May and June 1859.[5][6] After the
opening of the port of Yokohama in June 1859, Anglicans in the foreign community gathered for worship
services in the British consul's residence. A British consular chaplain, Michael Buckworth Bailey, arrived in
August 1862 and after a successful fundraising campaign Christ Church, Yokohama, was dedicated on 18
October 1863.[7]

Due to government restrictions on the teaching of Christianity and a significant language barrier, the
religious duties of clergy were initially limited to serving as ministers to the American and British residents
of the foreign settlements. The first recorded baptism by Williams of a Japanese convert, a Kumamoto
samurai named Shōmura Sukeuemon, was not until 1866.[8]: 37 [9]: 73

Liggins and Williams were followed to Nagasaki in January 1869 by George Ensor, a priest representing
the Church Mission Society of the Church of England. Following 1874, he was joined by H. Burnside at
Nagasaki, C. F. Warren at Osaka, Philip Fyson at Yokohama, J. Piper at Tokyo (Yedo), H. Evington at
Niigata and W. Dening at Hokkaido.[10][11][12][13] H. Maundrell joined the Japan mission in 1875 and
served at Nagasaki.[14] John Batchelor was a missionary priest to the Ainu people of Hokkaido from 1877
to 1941.

After the Meiji Restoration, significant new legislation relating to

the freedom of religion was introduced, facilitating in September
1873, the arrival in Tokyo of Alexander Croft Shaw and William
Ball Wright as the first missionary priests sent to Japan by the
Society for Propagation of the Gospel. Williams, appointed
Episcopal Bishop of China and Japan in 1866, moved first to reside
in Osaka in 1869, then subsequently relocated to Tokyo in
December 1873.[15]

By 1879, through cooperative work between the various Anglican

missions, the largest part of the Book of Common Prayer had been
translated and published in Japanese. A full version of the text Nippon Sei Ko Kai Clergy (c.1888)
being completed by 1882. [16] On Palm Sunday 1883, Nobori
Kanai and Masakazu Tai, graduates of the Tokyo theological
school were ordained by Bishop Williams as the first Japanese deacons in the church.[17] In 1888, the
Anglican Church of Canada also began missionary work in Japan, later mainly focusing on Nagoya and
Central Japan.[18]

In addition to the work of ordained church ministers, much of the positive public profile enjoyed by
Anglican Church in Japan during this early mission period was due to the work of lay missionaries working
to establish schools, universities and medical facilities. Significant among this group were missionary
women such as Ellen G. Eddy at St. Agnes' School in Osaka, Alice Hoar at St. Hilda's School and
Florence Pitman at St. Margaret's School, both located in Tokyo. Hannah Riddell who established the
Kaishun Hospital for peope with leprosy in Kumamoto and Mary Cornwall-Legh who ran a similar facility
in Kusatsu, Gunma, were both honored by the Japanese Government for their work.[19]

The first synod of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai met in Osaka in February 1887. At this meeting, instigated by
Bishop Edward Bickersteth and presided over by Bishop Williams, it was agreed to unite the various
Anglican missionary efforts in Japan into one autonomous national church; the Nippon Sei Ko Kai. The 17
 European and American participants at the first Synod were
outnumbered by 14 other clergy and 50 Japanese lay delegates.[20]

Total Nippon Sei Ko Kai church membership in 1887 was estimated

to be 1,300.[21] John Toshimichi Imai, ordained deacon in 1888 and
raised to the priesthood by Bishop Bickersteth in 1889, was the first
Japanese to become an ordained Anglican priest.[22]

In 1890, J. G. Waller, a Canadian Anglican priest, arrived in Japan

with his wife Lydia. 1892, they moved to Nagano where he
established churches in Nagano City in 1898,[23] which was
nationally registered as an important tangible cultural property in
2006.[24] Waller helped establish a tuberculosis sanatorium in Obuse,
Nagano funded by donations from Anglicans in Canada.[25]
John Toshimichi Imai
Continued growth and wartime challenges
(1900–1945)

By 1906 the Nippon Sei Ko Kai was reported to have grown to

13,000 members, of whom 6,880 were communicants with a
Japanese led ordained ministry of 42 priests and 22 deacons.[26]
Henry St. George Tucker, President of St. Paul's College and in
1913 appointed Bishop of Kyoto, was one of the foremost
missionary leaders of the period who advocated that an
independent, Japanese-led and self-supporting church was the only
way in which Christianity could be carried to the wider population
of Japan. Initiatives were put in place to help grow the financial
self-sufficiency of church congregations and the first Japanese
bishops, John Yasutaro Naide, Bishop of Osaka and Joseph
Sakunoshin Motoda, Bishop of Tokyo, were consecrated in
1923.[27]

During the 1930s, as overseas funding and the number of foreign

Anglican missionaries in Japan declined, new challenges arose for Plaque in Ely cathedral
Nippon Sei Ko Kai church leadership and laity from the increasing commemorating Gordon John Walsh,
focus on Shinto as a state prescribed religion and the growing Bishop of Hokkaido
influence of militarism in domestic and foreign policy. Christianity
was portrayed by many nationalist politicians at the time as
incompatible with the loyalty of Japanese subjects. In response the Nippon Sei Ko Kai issued periodic
statements in support of the Imperial Army.[28] And the first half of the 20th century saw NSKK's overseas
expansion. Taiwan Sheng Kung Hui was established, several Japanese-language churches, such as Dalian
Sheng Kung Hui Church, were built in Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui's Northern China Diocese in
Manchuria, and the Anglican Church of Korea was absorbed by the NSKK.

A more active period of government persecution began in 1937, particularly for Christian denominations
such as the Salvation Army with its commitment to social reform, and for the NSKK with its historic links
to the Church of England.[29]: 241 Archbishop Lang's condemnation in October of Imperial Japanese Army
actions in China, provoked hostile scrutiny of the NSKK and caused some in the church leadership to
publicly disassociate themselves from links with the wider Anglican Communion.[30]
During World War II, the majority of Protestant churches in Japan
were forcibly brought together by the Japanese wartime
government to form the United Church of Christ in Japan, or
Kyodan. Reflecting the distinctive doctrinal character of the
Anglican Communion, many individual Nippon Sei Ko Kai
congregations refused to join. The cost of resistance to and non-
cooperation with the government's religious policies was
harassment by the military police and periods of imprisonment for
church leaders such as Bishops Samuel Heaslett, Hinsuke Yashiro
and Todomu Sugai, as well as Primate Paul Shinji Sasaki.[31] St. Andrew's Cathedral, Diocese of
Tokyo
St. Andrew's Tokyo, now the Cathedral church for the Diocese of
Tokyo, was one such congregation that resisted government
pressure, struggling to retain its land, church buildings and Anglican identity to the war's end in 1945.
However, like many urban Nippon Sei Ko Kai churches, medical and educational facilities, St. Andrew's
buildings were lost in the 1945 Allied incendiary bombing.

Post WW II period (1945–)

The pressure of an extended war caused damage to both internal church unity and the physical
infrastructure of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai; 71 out of a total of 246 churches had been destroyed, others were
in bad repair due to neglect, requisition by the military or vandalism.[32]

Through individual and larger communal acts of reconciliation, and with the support of an Anglican
Commission sent out by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop Fisher in 1946; the Nippon Sei Ko Kai
was organizationally reordered in 1947, with a leadership consisting of Japanese bishops at the head of
each diocese, renewing its life and mission for the Christian Gospel in Japan.

Attending the 1948 Lambeth Conference, Presiding Bishop Yashiro took with him a finely embroidered
silk cope and mitre, presented to Archbishop Fisher as a gesture of thanks from members of the Nippon Sei
Ko Kai for the bonds of fellowship that continued to hold members of the Anglican Communion together,
in the aftermath of wartime hostilities. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wore the cope at the
opening service of the Lambeth Conference that year and again in 1953 at the Coronation of Queen
Elizabeth II.[33]

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai became a financially self-supporting Province of the Anglican Communion in
1972.[34]

Adopting a formal Statement of War Responsibility at the General Synod in 1996, and reflecting on the
Japanese occupation of China and Korea prior to the Second World War, the NSKK has been active in
multi-year projects promoting peace, reconciliation, and youth exchange programs between East Asian
nations.[35]

Two decades after becoming the first woman deacon, Margaret Ryoko Shibukawa was ordained the first
woman priest in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai in December 1998.[36]

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai celebrated the 150th anniversary of continuous Anglican Christian witness in
Japan in 2009. The occasion was marked with a series of church and community events and visits by both
the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in
the United States of America at the time, Katharine Jefferts Schori.[37]
In 2013 the NSKK co-hosted with the Anglican Church of Korea, the 2nd Worldwide Anglican Peace
Conference in Okinawa.[38]

The NSKK is a member of the National Christian Council in Japan.

Nathaniel Makoto Uematsu, Bishop of Hokkaido was the primate of the Anglican Church in Japan from 23
May 2006 until November 2020.[39]

Present
Luke Ken-ichi Muto, Bishop of Kyushu, was installed as the current Primate of Nippon Sei Ko Kai on 5
November 2020.[40]

Today the Nippon Sei Ko Kai continues its traditions of ministry and Christian witness in Japan through
church congregational life, hospitals, schools, social advocacy, and support for non-profit organizations.

The church, at both a national and local level, works to support disadvantaged, marginalized, or
discriminated against communities in Japan,[41][42] as well as communities in Tohoku impacted by the 2011
Great East Japan earthquake, tsunami and subsequent crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear generating
plant.[43]

The NSKK also engages in field-based mission work overseas, such as in the Philippines.

Eight of the NSKK's dioceses ordain women to the diaconate and priesthood. The NSKK has ordained
women to the priesthood since 1998.[44] Women have been ordained to the diaconate since 1978, and the
first woman to be ordained a deacon and, later, as a priest was Margaret Shibukawa Ryoko.[45] In 2021, the
Diocese of Hokkaido elected Grace Trazu Sasamori as bishop, making her the first woman to be elected
bishop in the church.[46]

Worship

The Book of Common Prayer used in worship is the Ki Tō Sho ( 日本聖

公会祈祷書 , 1959) that includes in its latest 2000 revision the Lord's
Prayer wording, common between the Nippon Sei Ko Kai (NSKK) and
the Catholic Church in Japan.

The Bible reading at the church is now mostly from the Japan Bible
Society Interconfessional Version (2018), replacing the Japanese New
Interconfessional Translation Bible (1987).

The Japanese Hymns Ancient and Modern has been replaced by Sei Ka
Shū, the NSKK Hymnal ( 日本聖公会聖歌集 , 2006).

Dioceses and notable churches

The inner cover of Ki Tō Sho,
There are currently eleven dioceses in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai and over the Japanese Book of
three hundred church and chapel congregations spread across the country. Common Prayer (1990)
Notable churches in each diocese from north to south include:
Hokkaido
Christ Church Cathedral (http://nskk.org/hokkaido/sapporo-chri
st/english/english.html), Sapporo

Tohoku
Christ Church Cathedral, Sendai

The cover of Sei Ka Shū, the

Kitakanto NSKK Hymnal (2006)

St. Matthias' Cathedral (http://nskk-kitakanto.org/facilitie

s/maebashi-christ.html), Maebashi

Tokyo

The Diocese of Tokyo was established in its modern form in May

1923. There are 33 churches and 9 chapels in the Diocese, many
having been first established in the second half of the nineteenth St. John's Church, Hakodate
century.

St. Andrew's Cathedral, Minato-ku, Tokyo

St. Alban's, Minato-ku, Tokyo, an English language
based NSKK congregation located adjacent to St.
Andrew's Cathedral.
St. Luke's Chapel (http://www.nskk.org/tokyo/church/luk
e/), Chuo-ku, Tokyo located in the Old Building of St.
Luke's International Hospital. One of the very few NSKK
church buildings in central Tokyo to have survived the
Second World War
Christ Church, Yokohama

Yokohama
St. Andrew's Cathedral, Yokohama
Christ Church, Yokohama landmark church located in
Yamate overlooking the Port of Yokohama, hosting both
English and Japanese language based congregations.
St. Andrew's Church, Kiyosato, Yamanashi

Chubu St. Andrew's Church, Kiyosato,

Yamanashi
St. Matthew's Cathedral (http://nskk.org/chubu/church/01
matthew/), Nagoya
 Nagano Holy Saviour's Church, Nagano, built by J. G.
Waller, nationally registered as an important tangible
cultural property in 2006.[24]
St. Mary's College, Nagoya, whose origin is the Child
care workers' school established by Margaret Young
(1855 - 1940), a missionary from Anglican Church of
Canada.

Nagano Holy Saviour Church Nagano

Kyoto
St. Agnes' Cathedral, Kyoto

Osaka
Christ Church Cathedral (http://www.nskk.org/osaka/chur
ch/kawaguchi/), Kawaguchi, Osaka the cathedral seat of
the Bishop of Osaka.
St Agnes Cathedral, Kyoto

Kobe
St. Michael's Cathedral (http://www.kobe-michael.org/), Kobe

Kyushu
St. Paul's Cathedral (https://web.archive.org/web/20131012151807/http://www1.bbiq.jp/d-ky
ushu/pauro/), Fukuoka

Okinawa
Cathedral of St. Paul and St. Peter (http://anglican-okinawa.jp/church/mihara.htm), Mihara,
Naha, Okinawa

Related facilities
Nippon Sei Ko Kai affiliated educational, medical and social
welfare institutions in Japan number over two hundred.
Comprehensive lists of affiliated institutions are available on the
official NSKK website (http://www.nskk.org).

Seminaries
Central Theological College, Tokyo Founded in 1908 Rikkyo University, Tokyo
from the amalgamation of three older Japanese Anglican
 seminaries.
Williams Theological Seminary, Kyoto

Religious orders
Community of Nazareth, Tokyo. An Anglican religious
order first established in 1936 under the guidance of the
English Community of the Epiphany.

St. Luke's International Hospital,

Universities and colleges Tokyo

Rikkyo University, Tokyo (立教大学 Rikkyō Daigaku),

also known as St. Paul's University
St. Margaret's Junior College, Tokyo (立教女学院短期大学 Rikkyō Jogakuin Tanki Daigaku)
St. Mary's College, Nagoya
Momoyama Gakuin University, Osaka ( 桃山学院大学 Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku), also
known as Saint Andrew's University.
Heian Jogakuin University, Kyoto and Osaka, also known as St. Agnes University
Poole Gakuin University, Osaka
Poole Gakuin Junior College, Osaka
Kobe International University, Kobe
Kobe Shoin Women's University, Kobe

Hospitals
St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo
St. Barnabas' Hospital, Osaka

Notable people

Early mission church (1859–1900)

Channing Moore Williams (1829-1910), Episcopal Bishop of China and Japan, founder of
Rikkyo University
John Liggins (1829-1912), first missionary and ordained representative of the Anglican
Communion in Japan
Alexander Croft Shaw (1846-1902), missionary, founder of St. Andrew's Church in Tokyo
and Archdeacon of North Japan
Edward Bickersteth (1850-1897), First Bishop of South Tokyo
John Batchelor (1854-1944), missionary to the Ainu communities of Hokkaido
John McKim (1852-1936), Bishop of North Tokyo
William Awdry (1842-1910), Second Bishop of South Tokyo
Arthur Lloyd (1852-1911), missionary, academic and translator
Philip Fyson (1846-1928), Bishop of Hokkaido. Member of the Church Missionary Society
 John Toshimichi Imai (1863-1919), First Japanese born Anglican priest, ordained in 1889

Continued growth and wartime challenges (1900–1945)

Paul Shinji Sasaki, (1885-1946) Bishop of Mid-Japan, later Bishop of Tokyo and Presiding
Bishop of the Nippon Seikokai
Todomu Sugai, (1883-1947) Bishop of South Tokyo and Presiding Bishop January 1947 to
August 1947
Henry St. George Tucker, (1874-1956) Bishop of Kyoto, later Presiding Bishop of the
Episcopal Church
Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda, (1862-1928) Bishop of Tokyo
John Yasutaro Naide, (1866-1945) Bishop of Osaka
Peter Yonetaro Matsui, Bishop of Tokyo
Rudolf Teusler, (1876-1934) Medical lay missionary, founder of St. Luke's International
Hospital, Tokyo
Mary Cornwall Legh, (1857-1941) Missionary to the leprosy communities of Kusatsu,
Gunma.
Samuel Heaslett, (1875-1947) Fourth Bishop of South Tokyo
Walter Weston, (1860-1940) Missionary and Japan Alpine Mountaineer
Sidney Catlin Partridge, First Bishop of Kyoto
Hiromichi Kato, Bishop of Tohoku
Norman S. Binsted, First Bishop of Tohoku elected 1928
Arthur Lea, Bishop of Kyushu or South Japan
Philip Kemball Fyson, Bishop of Hokkaido
Charles S. Reifsnider, (1875-1958), Suffragan Bishop of North Kanto, President of Rikkyo
University
Kenneth Abbott Viall, Assistant Bishop of Tokyo
Michael Hinsuke Yashiro, Bishop of Kobe, elected Presiding Bishop in 1947
Paul Rusch, (1897-1979) Lay missionary, educator, founder of Seisen Ryo (KEEP),
Yamanashi Prefecture
Masayoshi Ōhira, (1910–1980) Prime Minister of Japan from 1978 to 1980[47]

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45. "first woman priest ordained by japan anglican church" (https://www.ucanews.com/story-arch
ive/?post_name=/1998/12/23/first-woman-priest-ordained-by-japan-anglican-church&post_i
d=12720). ucanews.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
46. Conger, George (2021-12-04). "First woman bishop for Japan" (https://anglican.ink/2021/12/
03/first-woman-bishop-for-japan/). Anglican Ink © 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
47. Ikehara, Mariko (2011). Doak, Kevin M. (ed.). Xavier's Legacies: Catholicism in Modern
Japanese Culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rr6CRwj9aAC). Vancouver,
Canada: UBC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7748-2022-6. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

Relevant literatue
Tucker, Henry St. George. The History of the Episcopal Church in Japan. New York: Charles
Scribners' Sons, 1938.

External links
Official website (http://www.nskk.org/)
Brief info (http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church.
aspx?church=japan) from official Anglican Communion website
Japanese Anglican liturgical resources (http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Japan/inde
x.htm) in English and Japanese
Anglicanism in Japan (http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/jp/) historical resources from Project
Canterbury
More links to the Anglican churches in Japan (Anglicans Online) (http://www.anglicansonlin
e.org/world/japan.html)

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