GEC 21.

1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

Name : ROCHANN R. REAMUCIO Course/ Year: BSED English 2B

Worksheet Activity No.4

Human Population

1. List the density-dependent growth-limiting factors faced by humans during the hunter-gatherer period.
a. Competition for food
b. Availability of water
c. Risk of predation
d. Spread of disease

2. What is Fertile Crescent and why is it important?

The Fertile Crescent is the boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East that was home to some of the earliest human
civilizations. Also known as the “Cradle of Civilization,” this area was the birthplace of a number of technological
innovations, including writing, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation.

3. Define agriculture - Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes
the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of
the world's food and fabrics.

a. What was the role of plowing?

Plowing loosens up soil for planting.

b. What was the role of artificial selection?

Artificial selection has long been used in agriculture to produce animals and crops with desirable traits.

4. What growth-limiting factors did agriculture help to lessen?

Agriculture reduced the impact of food availability as a growth limiting factor.

a. How did this affect the human population?

Population grew at a fixed, or consistent rate, of about 0.1% per year.

5. What transition took place during the Industrial Revolution?

Transition from a rural, agrarian society to an urbanized one dominated by machine manufacturing took place during
the Industrial Revolution.
 GEC 21.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

6. Describe each medical discovery made during the Industrial Revolution.

a. Germ Theory – Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

b. Vaccines – Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease.
c. Antibiotics – Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.
d. Water Treatment – Filtration and chlorination of water to remove microorganisms and toxins.

7. Define each of these types of growth experienced by the human population.

a. Fixed – Population grew at a fixed, or consistent rate, of about 0.1% per year.
b. Exponential – Population grew exponentially – an increasingly rapid rate.

8. Label fixed growth, exponential growth, and the Industrial Revolution on the human population graph.

Industrial Revolution

Exponential growth

Fixed growth

9. Give the formula for calculating doubling time.

Td= 70/r (current % growth rate)
 GEC 21.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

10. Complete the doubling time data table.

Year Growth Rate Doubling Time

1543 0.10% 700
1737 0.12% 583
1803 0.28% 250
1928 0.56% 125
1975 0.92% 76
1987 1.89% 37

Human Demographics

11. Developing countries tend to be:

a. Older or Younger?
b. Poor or wealthy?
c. Growing in population size or shrinking?

12. Developed countries tend to be:

a. Older or Younger?
b. Poor or wealthy?
c. Growing in population size or shrinking?

13. Which type of country is primarily responsible for the exponential growth of the human population?
Globally, less-economically developed countries in Africa and Asia have the highest growth rates, leading to
populations consisting mostly of younger people.

14. What does demographics study?

Demography is the statistical study of human populations. Demographers use census data, surveys, and statistical
models to analyze the size, movement, and structure of populations

15. Define each of these demographic variables:

a. Life Expectancy – Life expectancy measures how long an average newborn will live.
b. Total Fertility Rate – Total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
c. Replacement Level – Replacement level is the amount of fertility needed to keep the population the same from
generation to generation. It refers to the total fertility rate that will result in a stable population without it
increasing or decreasing.
 GEC 21.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

16. What is gross domestic product (GDP)?

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all finished goods and services made within a country during a
specific period. GDP provides an economic snapshot of a country, used to estimate the size of an economy and growth
rate.

a. What is GDP per capita?

GDP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person.

17. The Genuine Progress Indicator is meant to be an improvement over GDP. What different factors does it include?
The Genuine Progress Indicator is measured by 26 indicators which can be divided into three main categories:
Economic, Environmental, and Social.

18. Define emigration. Which type of country is more likely to experience emigration?
Emigration is when people leave an area, decreasing population. More likely to occur in developing countries.

19. Define immigration. Which type of country is more likely to experience immigration?
Immigration is when people move into an area, increasing population. More likely to occur in developed countries.

20. What two variables are displayed in a population pyramid?

Population pyramids show the distribution of age groups separated by male and female.

21. Label the types of growth shown by these pyramids.

Stabilizing Growth Negative Growth
Initial Stability

Demographic Transition Model

22. What is the demographic transition model?

Demographic transition is a model used to represent the movement of high birth and death rates to low birth and
death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
 GEC 21.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

a. What changes occur during each of the stages of the model?

-During the preindustrial stage, birth rates and death rates are both high, 33 keeping the population stable.
-During the early transition stage, death rates fall rapidly as access to food and 34 medicine improve. Birth
rates remain high due to cultural norms, causing the population to grow exponentially.
-During the late transition stage, birth rates gradually fall through a series of 36 social changes. The population
continues to grow, but at a slower rate.
-During the industrial stage, birth rates reach equilibrium death rates, and the 38 population stabilizes.
-During the post-industrial stage, birth rates continue falling due to a series of 40 antinatalist forces. The
population begins to shrink.

23. Describe the birth rate, death rate, and changes in societal conditions for countries in each of the stages of the
demographic transition:

a. Pre-industrial Births high Deaths high Pop. Growth: stable

b. Early transition Births high Deaths decrease Pop. Growth: increase

c. Late transition Births decrease Deaths - Pop. Growth: increase, slow

d. Industrial Births equal Deaths equal Pop. Growth: stable

e. Post-industrial Births decrease Deaths - Pop. Growth: decrease

24. Pre-industrial countries have many pronatalist pressures. Describe each.

Pronatalist pressures increase the likeliness of individuals within a population to have more children.
a. Source of support for elderly parents.
b. Aid in supporting family income.
c. Counteracting high child mortality rates.
d. Social status – importance of having a son.

25. What changes in the early transition stage to cause the population to grow so fast?
Access to food and medicine makes death rates drop.

26. What efforts take place in the late transitional stage to slow down population growth?
a. Birth control and sex education become socially accepted.
b. Women gain an equal role in family planning decisions.
c. Educational and professional opportunities for women grow.

27. The length of time a country spends in the early and late stages determines how large its population will grow.

28. Label the preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial stages on this graph.
 GEC 21.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 2ND SEM2021-2022

Preindustrial Transitional Industrial Post-industrial

29. What is an antinatalist policy?

An anti-natalist policy is a population policy which aims to discourage births. This can be done through education on
family planning and increased access to contraception, or by law (China—One Child Policy.)

a. Give an example.
China’s One- and Two-Child Policy. China used a program of birth quotas, regulations, and enforcements to
rapidly pass through the demographic transition and reduce population growth.

b. What has been an unintended consequence of these antinatalist policies?

The China’s One- and Two Child Policy resulted in a disproportionate number of males and elderly.

30. Give the year 2100 population size projections.

a. Low: 7.5
b. Medium: 11.5
c. High: 17