1

Ambient refers to Open-air

to differentiate from indoor or workplace air

quality

Indoor air pollution

Pollution of the workplace air such as factory

buildings (generated by the pollutants emitted during
the process)

Household air pollution refers to the air pollution in

houses from indoor sources.

2
Sometimes pollution level of the indoor air might be
higher than that of the outside air.

If there are no sources in the house than indoor air

quality should be better than that of ambient air,

surfaces in the houses can absorb or react with

gaseous pollutants and retain particles.

But, there are some indoor sources ..........

Furniture, carpets, wall paints, Most important .........

Kitchen
3
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutants

Air quality monitoring stations Figure

What parameters ............

Demage to humans

Demage to ecosystem

Demage to buildings

Where to measure .........

Sensitive receptors
4
How frequently to measure
 Alert, Nunavut CANADA
Jungfraujoch, İsviçre Ny –Alesund, Norveç

Mouna Loa Hawaii

Cape – Güney Afrika

Wlaguan, Çin

Cape – Güney Afrika

Mace Head - Ireland

Güney Kutbu

Mace Head - Ireland

Samoa
 Figure 4.1
7
6 Rapid response instrument
5
4 (a)
3
2

An air pollution record 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

measured by a rapid 5
Time (hours)

15 min integration time

response instrument is
4
3
(b)
2

given in (a). 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

Same records 5
4 1-hr integration time

recorded by
3
2
(c)
1
instruments with 15 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

min, 1 hr, 6 hr
Time (hours)
5
4 6-hr integration time
averaging times are 3
2 (d)
shown in (b) (c) and (d) 1
0 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
 Figure 4.1
7
6 Rapid response instrument
5
You can construct the figures 4
3
(a)

b, c, and d from figure a, but 2

1

converse is not true

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
5
15 min integration time
Time intervals involved in
4
3
(b)
2

these measurements are 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
called “averaging times”.
Time (hours)
5
4 1-hr integration time

3
(c)
Averaging times is 2
1

determined by the
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

regulations.
5
4 6-hr integration time
3
2 (d)
1
0 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
 Figure 4.1
7
6 Rapid response instrument

Generally continuous 5
4 (a)
3
records such as that 2
1

given in Figure 4-1 (a) is 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

not very useful for 5

4 15 min integration time
3
regulatory purposes. 2
(b)
1
0

E.g., the Turkish Air

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
5
1-hr integration time
Quality Regulation have
4
3
2
(c)
two different standards, 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

namely short term 24 hr 5

Time (hours)

average and long-term

4 6-hr integration time
3
2 (d)
annual average. 1
0 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
 Figure 4.1
7
6 Rapid response instrument
5
4 (a)
Your averaging times
3
2
1

should reveal information 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

for these and 5

4 15 min integration time

measurements should at
3
(b)
2
1

least be able to give 24 hr 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

average. 5
4 1-hr integration time

3
2
(c)
Most typical 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
measurements is hourly. Time (hours)
5
4 6-hr integration time
3
2 (d)
1
0 11
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
 Figure 4.1
7
6 Rapid response instrument
5
4 (a)
3

Most modern 2
1

instruments can
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

measure with few

5
4 15 min integration time
3
(b)
second averaging times. 2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Measurements shorter
Time (hours)
5
4 1-hr integration time

than 1 hr averaging time 3

2
(c)
can be important for
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

scientific purposes 5
Time (hours)

4 6-hr integration time

3
2 (d)
1
0 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
Pollutant concentrations show some typical cyclic
behavior. It is important to understand these:

To assess the effects on the receptors

To determine the averaging times of the

instruments.

13
Diurnal cycle (day-night)

Due to diurnal changes in the emissions

(emissions from all sorts of anthropogenic
sources are lower at night).

Due to diurnal variation in transport

Due to diurnal variation in diffusion.

E.g., Typical central city diurnal variation in CO

concentration is given in Figure

Week-end, week-day cycle.

Associated with variations in source strength. 14

Seasonal cycles.

Due to seasonal variations in the climate and weather.

E.g., Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter

concentration is given in Figure

50
g m-3

0
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration

15
Year-to-year (long term trends).

Source strengths may increase or decrease in time.

E.g., If population in an area will increase emissions will

increase. If effective control measures are taken,
emission decrease in time. These increasing and
decreasing changes in time are called trends.

E.g., Air pollution in Ankara decrease with time.

SO42- levels in Çubuk decrease with time.

The figure shows trends in CO air quality indicators

16
 Substances directly emitted from sources are
called primary pollutants.

Pollutants produces in the air are called

secondary pollutants.

E.g., Acid rain formed from SO2, O3 produced from

reaction of HC’s and NO2

Primary and secondary pollutants is given in Fig

17
 Primary pollutants that react to form secondary
pollutants are called precursors

Primary pollutants are more visible, hence attract

more attention.

E.g., A black plume coming out from stack is the primary

concern.

18
 Although, primary pollutants are not harmless,
most of the adverse effects of air pollution is
produced by the secondary pollutants.

E.g., Plant, forest or lake damage due to acid rain,

eye irritation as a result of photochemical smog are
all produced by the secondary pollutants

19
Refer to the concentration values of pollutants that are
being regulated.

Poor air quality for a particular day indicate that the

concentrations of pollutants are high in that
particular day

Good air quality indicate concentrations are low in

that day.
20
High or low relative to what?

Air quality levels are related to the

standards that are effective.

Which Pollutants?

21
Usually the ones that have;

→ health effects on humans,

→ adverse effects on:

→ animals,

→ Plants

→ material.
22
 and are used to monitor air pollution
originating from combustion of fossil fuels.

 , and are used to monitor pollution

originating from motor vehicles,

 is used to monitor photochemical smog.

23
 :

Ease of measurement,

represeantativeness.

Eg. There is many more organic compounds

generally in the form aldehydes, ketones
produced in photochem smog formation, but
their measurements is diffcult.

24
 such as Pb, and Cd are used to monitor
heavy metal pollution from motor vehicles and
combustion sources, respectively.

Some of the pollutants are monitored where their

emissions are high because of their . Eg.
and at busy streets.

Table 1 gives parameters that should be monitored

according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation.

25
Air quality data consists of 1-hr or 24-hr averaged
concentration values of various parameters that are
being monitored.

These values should be summarized in tables and

figures so that they indicate

26
Typical presentation of data includes:

Time series plots to show short-term variations,

frequency of episodes Figure 4.8

Time-series of SO2 in Ankara

600
SO2 conc (g m-3)

500
400
300
200
100
0
20222430 2 4 6 232527 3 5 7 242628 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 13
212325 1 3 5 22242614 2 4 6 232527 6 8 10 8 1012101214
Day

27
 Hourly averages in a day – to show day-time,
night-time (diurnal) cycles

Hourly average O3 concentrations in Ankara

160

150
Ozone conc (ppbv)

140

130

120

110

100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hours of day
28
 Monthly averages which is good to show
seasonal variations

Monthly average SO2 concentrations in Ankara

80
70
60
Conc ng m-3

50
40
30

20
10
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

29
 Yearly averages (if you have long enough data) – to
show long term trends

Ankara SO2
500

400

300
ug m-3

200

100

0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

SO2 PM
30
Pollution rose – to show sources effecting the
monitoring station SO2

0
337,5 22,5
30
315 25 45
20
15
292,5 67,5
10
5
270 90

247,5 112,5

225 135

202,5 157,5
180

Figure 9. SO2 Pollution rose 31

Çakmaklı
2 km

F5
1
35 36 2
2 3
34 4
33 5
32 1.5 6
31 1 7
30 8
29 0.5 9
28 10
27 11
Horozgediği 26 12

0.4 km
25 13
24 14
23 15
22 16
21 20 17
19 18

Kozbeyli
3.4 km
 N

NW NE

W E

SW SE

S
The median is a concentration value such that 50% of the
measured concentrations are higher than it

(naturally 50% of the measured concentrations are lower

than the median)

34
E.g., If following SO2 concentrations (in µg m-3) are
measured in a monitoring program:

73, 35, 46, 23, 136, 45, 68, 34, 95, 103, 76.

List then from high to low

136, 103, 95, 76, 73, 68, 46, 45, 35, 34, 23

Since there is 11 measurements value #6 which is 68 µg

m-3.

35
This may look like arithmetic mean but median is not
equal to average. It is equal to average only if the
distribution of the data is normal (Gaussian). But
atmospheric concentrations of all sorts show a
lognormal distribution.

36
Gaussian Distribution:

Bell shaped distribution.

Represented by 1
arithmetic mean
2
(average).
3
Standard deviation () is
the range where 1/3 of x 1 (33%)

the values occur x 2 (66%)

(between x -  and x + ).

x 3 (99%)

Indicated as (x  ).
37
Lognormal distribution:

Skewed distribution.

Linear line when plotted

on log-probability paper.

If you take the logarithm

of all data then plot
frequency distribution it g

will be bell shaped curve.

Median
x

38
Log normal distribution is
represented by geometric
mean (xg) and geometric
standard deviation (g).

xg = (x1 • x2 • x3 • ……….. • xn)1/n

1/3 of data is between (xg •

g) and (xg/g) g

Median
x

39
Air quality is strongly dependendt
on meteorlogy

Which meteorological parameters?

Stability (vertical ventilation)

Mixing height

Wind speed

Wind direction

Temperature
40
Rain
100

0.10
10 100 1000

41
 N
N
100
100
NW 75 NE
NW 75 NE
50
50
25
25
W 0 E
W 0 E
Keçiören Keçiören

SW S SE S
SW SE
S
S

N N
100 100
NW 75 NE NW 75 NE
50 Çankaya 50 Çankaya
25 25
W 0 E W 0 E

SO2 Winter PM-10 Winter

SW SE SW SE

S S

42
 14
12
10

As conc (ng·m¯³)
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1200 Temperature

1000
Al conc (ng·m-3 )

800
600
400
200
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 43
Temp (°C)
44
 7
6 Rapid response instrument

Figure 4.1 5
4 (a)
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
5
4 15 min integration time
3
(b)
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
5
4 1-hr integration time

3
2
(c)
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
5
4 6-hr integration time
3
2 (d)
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 45
Time (hours)
12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Spring Summer Fall Winter

Figure 4.2. Typical central city diurnal variation in CO concentration

46
 50
g m-3

0
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration

47
 500

400

300
g m-3

200

100

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Milan Brussel Tokyo Ankara

Figure 4.4 Urban trends in SO2 concentrations

48
Variation of SO42- ion concentration at Çubuk station between 1993 and 1998

10

1
S;O4 (ug m-3)

0,1

0,01

0,001
93 94 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98
93 94 94 95 96 96 97 97 98 98

49
 TYPE OF Primary Secondary Unpolluted
REACTION pollutants pollutants Atmosphere
Acid gas

Simple Salt
reaction Particle
Alkaline particle

SO2 O2

Oxidation H2SO4
Reaction
Particulate catalyst* H2O

(NH4)2SO4
NH3

NO O2 and natural O3
NO2

Pollutant HC* Natural HC*

Solar energy
O3
Photochemical
Chain NO
reaction O2
Free
radicals
Higher
Molecular
Weight HC
Ans sulfur-
Containing
Droplets and
particles
S (eg., SO2)
50
Figure 4.6. Primary and secondary pollutants. *Reaction can occur without catalysis
Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation.

Parameter Unit LTL STL

1. Sulphur dioxide (SO ) Including Sulphur Trioxide
2
a) General (μg/m3) 150 400 (900)
b) Industrial zone (μg/m3) 250 400 (900)

2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) (μg/m3) 10000 30000

3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO

2) (μg/m3) 100 300

4. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) (μg/m3) 200 600

5. Chloride (Cl2) (μg/m ) 100 300

6. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and (μg/m3) 100 300

7. Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and (μg/m3) - 10 (30)

Inorganic fuorine in gaseous
form (F?)

8. Ozone (O3) and photochemical oxidants - (240)

9. Hydrocarbons (HC) (μg/m3) - 140 (280)

10. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (μg/m3) - 40 (100)

51
*Values in parenthesis are for maximum hourly reference limit values.
Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation (cnt’d).

Parameter Unit LTL STL

11. Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM) (particles with diameter
less than 10 micron)
a) General (μg/m3) 150 300
b) Industrial zone (μg/m3) 200 400
12. Lead (Pb) in SPM 2 -
13. Cadmium (Cd) in SPM -
0.04
14. Settleable dust (including
particulates with diameter
greater than 10 micron)
a) General (mg/m2day) 350 650
b) Industrial zone (mg/m2day 450 800
)
15. Lead in settleable dust (mg/m2 500 -
day)
16. Cadmium (Cd) in settleable (mg/m2 7,5 -
dust day)
17. Thallium (Tl) in settleable dust (mg/m2 10 -
day)

*Values in parenthesis are for maximum hourly reference limit values. 52

 Table 4.1
Air Quality Measurement

Measure of Cyclic Factor Measurement of Effect with same

Averaging Measured method with same averaging time
Time averaging time
Year Annual trend Metal specimen Corrosion

Month Seasonal cycle Dustfall Soiling

Day Weekly cycle Hi-vol Human health

Hour Diurnal cycle Sequential sampler Vegetation

damage

Minute Turbulence Continuous Irritation (odor)

instrument
53
Table 4.2 Air Pollution Concentration at united States Sites, 1980

54
CO concentration (ppm) 10

0
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Max 8 hr 2nd max 95th perc 70th perc 50th perc

Trends in CO air quality indicators (US EPA 1992)

55
56
 Table 4.3
Mean chemical composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Matter sampledby
the US EPA inhalable particle and natural National Air Surveillance Networks-g m-3 and
percentage of total mass sampled, 1980

57
Table 4.3
Continued

58
Table 4.4 distribution of cities by population class and particulate matter concentration, 1957-1967

59
 Monthly average SO2 concentrations in Ankara
80
70
60
Conc ng m-3

50
40
30

20
10
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

60
 Ankara SO2
500

400

300
ug m-3

200

100

0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

SO2 PM

61
 SO2

0
337,5 22,5
30
315 25 45
20
15
292,5 67,5
10
5
270 90

247,5 112,5

225 135

202,5 157,5
180

Figure 9. SO2 Pollution rose

62