Deep Learning for Skin Disease Diagnosis with

End-to-End Data Security

1st Shriya Pingulkar
Dept. of Information Technology
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
Mumbai, India
shriya.pingulkar@somaiya.edu
2nd Diti Divekar
Dept. of Information Technology
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
Mumbai, India
diti.divekar@somaiya.edu
3rd Aryaman Tiwary
line 2: Dept. of Information Technology
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
Mumbai, India
aryaman.tiwary@somaiya.edu

Abstract—Skin diseases, particularly skin cancer, pose
significant health risks, necessitating accurate and timely
diagnosis. Traditional manual analysis methods, however, are
subject to errors and can be time-consuming. To address these
challenges, we propose an automated classification system for
skin disease detection that leverages deep learning algorithms to
accurately diagnose skin lesions. This system facilitates secure
sharing of diagnostic information among healthcare
professionals, promoting collaborative treatment planning.
Recognizing the critical importance of data security and
confidentiality in the healthcare industry, our system employs
state-of-the-art security measures to protect sensitive patient
data whilst medical data transfer. By maintaining the integrity
of patient information and adhering to regulatory requirements,
our skin disease classification system provides healthcare
professionals with fast and accurate diagnosis, and the
confidence that patient privacy is upheld at all times.
This research aims to develop a comprehensive skin lesion
classification system using CNNs to address these issues. The
objectives are to:
 Design and train an accurate CNN model using
publicly available skin image datasets.
 Develop a user-friendly diagnostic platform to
integrate the model implement security measures for
encrypting and sharing diagnostic reports while
maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality.
 The results of this study could streamline
dermatological workstreams, improve diagnosis of
potentially life-threatening conditions, and
ultimately contribute to better patient care and
outcomes.

Keywords—Skin disease classification, skin lesions, image II. LITERATURE REVIEW

classification, deep learning, data privacy and security, CNN,
Firebase cloud database, SMTP, medical documentation
I. INTRODUCTION
Accurate and timely diagnosis of skin diseases is crucial
given the potential health implications. However, traditional
visual examination methods rely heavily on the expertise of
dermatologists and pathologists, which can lead to errors,
variability in diagnosis, and delays in treatment. The
development of an automated skin lesion classification system
has the potential to address these issues by providing a more
reliable, efficient and standardized approach to diagnosing
skin cancer and other diseases.
Deep learning algorithms such as convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) have shown promising results in automating
medical image analysis tasks. By learning visual features from
large skin image datasets, CNNs can potentially achieve
diagnostic accuracy on par with or exceeding human experts.
An automated CNN-based system could significantly improve
disease detection workflows by augmenting rather than
replacing the skills of medical professionals. By quickly
analyzing images and producing standardized reports,
pathologists may be able to devote more attention to complex
cases and other clinical responsibilities.
However, developing such a system presents technical and
practical challenges. Large annotated image datasets suitable
for training deep learning models are required but scarce in the
dermatology domain. Ensuring data security, privacy and
regulatory compliance is also imperative given the sensitive
nature of medical information.
Skin cancer poses a significant public health concern, and
timely detection and prevention are essential for effective
treatment. It can become hazardous when they progress to an
invasive stage. Deep learning and computer vision techniques
have demonstrated potential in enhancing skin cancer
diagnosis and early detection by understanding complex
patterns precisely. This includes the application of
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which have achieved
expert-level precision in diagnosing skin cancer[15].
Nonpigmented and non-melanotic skin cancers are the most
prevalent types and are more challenging to diagnose. A
study compared the accuracy of a CNN-based classifier with
physicians at varying experience levels. The CNN-based
model was trained on over 7,800 dermoscopic and close-up
images of skin lesions excised at a primary skin cancer clinic.
The combined CNN (cCNN) was evaluated on a set of 2,072
unknown cases and compared to the results from 95 human
raters, including 62 board-certified dermatologists, with
differing levels of experience. The cCNN achieved a higher
percentage of correct specific diagnoses compared to human
raters but not compared to experts[1]. Another study utilized
deep neural networks to categorize skin lesion images as
benign or malignant. The researchers trained a CNN on a
dataset of 129,450 clinical images, representing 2,032
distinct diseases, which is two orders of magnitude larger
than earlier datasets. The CNN’s performance was tested
against 21 board-certified dermatologists using biopsy-
proven clinical images. This system’s accuracy in detecting
malignant melanomas and carcinomas was comparable to
that of trained dermatologists[2].

979-8-3503-4383-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

Another research effort proposed two deep learning methods
to tackle three primary tasks in skin lesion image processing:
lesion segmentation, dermoscopic feature extraction, and
lesion classification. A deep learning framework comprising
two fully convolutional residual networks was proposed to
generate both segmentation and coarse classification results
simultaneously. Additionally, a lesion index calculation unit
was employed to refine the results. The proposed framework
demonstrated promising accuracies across all tasks[3].
A further research project proposed a convolutional neural
network (CNN) model with two convolutional layer blocks
and a dense layer for classification. The model was trained on
a dataset of skin lesion images and achieved high accuracy in
skin cancer classification[4]. In another study, a hybrid
approach was proposed for detecting melanoma skin cancer
using a combination of deep learning and traditional machine
learning techniques. The proposed system relied on a
convolutional neural network and two classical machine
learning classifiers trained with a set of features describing
the borders, texture, and colour of a skin lesion. These
methods were then combined using majority voting to
enhance performance. This system can be used to examine
suspicious lesions and can assist doctors and even normal
people in determining specific diseases[5].
Another paper presented a computer-aided method for
detecting melanoma skin cancer using image processing
techniques. The proposed system takes a skin lesion image as
input and, through novel image processing techniques,
analyses it for the presence of skin cancer. The system checks
for various melanoma parameters, and the extracted feature
parameters are used to classify the image as normal skin or
melanoma cancer lesion. The system’s performance
demonstrated promising accuracy in detecting melanoma
skin cancer[6]. Another study suggests a new method for the
early detection of skin cancer using an optimal Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) optimized with an improved whale
optimization algorithm. The whale optimization algorithm
can be employed to optimize the network’s hyperparameters,
such as the number of filters, filter size, learning rate, and
dropout rate. This study compared the proposed method with
different methods on two datasets, finding that it had superior
performance to the other methods[7].
An advanced research introduces a system for classifying
skin diseases using 25,331 clinical images, focusing on eight
specific skin conditions. By leveraging the capabilities of the
Residual Neural Network (ResNet), this study achieved high-
accuracy diagnosis reports, representing them as confidence
scores[8]. Furthermore, the rise of Teledermatology was
marked by the introduction of a system classifying skin
diseases from dermoscopic images using the MNIST
HAM10000 dataset. This system employed two pre-trained
CNN models, MobileNet v1 and Inception V3. It was
observed that the Inception V3 model boasted a predictive
accuracy of 72%, distinctly outperforming the MobileNet v1
model, which settled at 58%[9]. Facial skin disease
identification also took a significant step with the
introduction of an automated method that used a pre-trained
deep convolutional neural network (CNN). This model
displayed proficiency in classifying images into eight distinct
facial skin diseases, a "normal skin" class, and a "no-
face"class, with an impressive accuracy benchmark of
88%[10]. In a unique stride, a novel multi-classification
method using a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a
nested residual structure was unveiled. This was aimed at
classifying skin diseases from dermoscopy images. By
harnessing the power of transfer learning, this model
commendably classified six types of skin diseases and
achieved accuracies of 65.8% and 90% in multi-class and
binary classifications, respectively[11].
Notably, a diagnostic system for melanoma was developed
by researchers using hyperspectral data (HSD) and
GoogLeNet, a known convolutional neural network. The
inherent challenge was the compatibility of traditional CNNs
like GoogLeNet with three input channels. To surmount this,
a "Mini Network" layer was innovated to condense the HSD's
84 channels to a mere three. With the added advantage of data
augmentation, this system achieved a 72.3% sensitivity,
81.2% specificity, and a 77.2% accuracy, with aspirations for
future enhancements to the Mini Network and an expansion
in the sample size[14]. Another study made a mark by
presenting a deep learning approach utilizing a Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) dedicated to the early and precise
diagnosis of melanoma types. With an accuracy rate of
88.83%, this CNN model expertly distinguished between
lesion maligna, superficial spreading, and nodular melanoma.
It was observed that this model outstripped other machine
learning classifiers like DT, RF, and GBT in diagnostic
accuracy, albeit with the limitation of its method being tested
on only one dataset, signifying the potential for broader
validation[13]. Lastly, the field witnessed the inception of a
method to classify skin diseases using advanced deep
learning networks. The unique combination of MobileNet V2
with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) was deployed for
this purpose. Evaluated using the HAM10000 dataset, this
approach stood out, outpacing other models with an accuracy
exceeding 85% while requiring significantly fewer
computations. A highlight of this paper was the introduction
of a mobile application designed for early-stage skin disease
identification. This invaluable tool aims to assist both patients
and dermatologists in obtaining efficient diagnoses, thereby
forestalling further complications[12].
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Dataset
The HAM10000 dataset[16] is a widely used collection of
skin lesion images that serves as a valuable resource for
training and evaluating Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
models in the field of skin lesion classification. This dataset
contains a total of 10,015 images, each representing a skin
lesion from various individuals. The primary goal of utilizing
the HAM10000 dataset is to develop accurate and robust
algorithms that can aid dermatologists and healthcare
professionals in diagnosing skin conditions. The dataset is
categorized into seven different classes, with each class
corresponding to a specific type of skin lesion. These classes
are:
 Melanocytic nevi (NV): Commonly referred to as
moles, melanocytic nevi are benign growths that
 occur due to the accumulation of melanocytes in the
skin.
 Melanoma (MEL): Melanoma is a malignant form of
skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, the cells
responsible for producing the skin pigment melanin.
 Benign keratosis-like lesions (BKL): This category
includes various non-cancerous growths that exhibit
features similar to keratosis, such as seborrheic
keratosis or solar lentigo.
 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): Basal cell carcinoma is
another type of skin cancer that originates from the
basal cells within the skin's outermost layer.
 Actinic keratoses (AKIEC): Actinic keratoses are
precancerous growths that develop on skin that has
been frequently exposed to the sun's ultraviolet (UV)
radiation.
 Vascular lesions (VASC): This class encompasses
vascular skin lesions, including angiomas and
hemangiomas, which involve abnormal blood vessel
growth.
 Dermatofibroma (DF): Dermatofibromas are benign
skin tumors that arise in the deeper layers of the skin.
Fig 1: Plotting initial dataset classes.
Each image in the dataset is accompanied by pixel
data. This data is represented in a structured CSV file
where every row corresponds to an individual image, and
columns denote specific pixels. These pixels are further
categorized into their respective red, green, and blue color
channels. A preliminary visualization of the dataset was
executed to discern potential patterns, trends, or
anomalies. This involved plotting the distribution of
images across the seven classes, which was instrumental
in identifying class imbalances.
Fig 2: Image classification in dataset after application of
‘RandomOverSampler’
B. Data Preprocessing and Augmentation
1) Addressing Class Imbalance: The visualization
revealed a glaring imbalance, especially pronounced in class
number 4. Such imbalances can detrimentally impact the
model's training, leading to biased outcomes. To counteract
this, the 'RandomOverSampler' technique was harnessed.
This method, rather than merely duplicating
underrepresented classes, intelligently augments them by
creating synthetic samples based on existing data, ensuring a
balanced and diverse dataset.
2) Data Reshaping for Model Compatibility: Post-
augmentation, the dataset underwent a transformation to
align with the CNN model's requirements. The Data variable
was reshaped into a 4-dimensional array, specifically (-1, 28,
28, 3). This transformation ensures that the data is not only
compatible with the CNN model but also optimally structured
to leverage the model's capabilities.
C. Designing the CNN Model
1) Architectural Overview: The CNN model, crafted
using the TensorFlow Keras library, is a testament to modern
machine learning design. Its multi-layered structure includes:
 Input Layer: Tailored to process a 28x28 pixel
single-channel image, this layer serves as the
gateway to the model.
 Convolutional Layers: These layers, equipped with
ReLU activation functions and He normal weight
initialization, are the workhorses of the model,
extracting features from the input data. The 'same'
padding ensures spatial consistency across layers.
 Max Pooling Layers: These layers condense the
data, reducing spatial dimensions by half, thereby
focusing on the most salient features.
 Batch Normalization Layers: Integrated to stabilize
and expedite the learning process, these layers
normalize the activations of neurons in the network.
 Dense Layers: These layers, with their ReLU
activation functions and He normal weight
initialization, serve as the neural network's core,
driving its learning capability.
 Dropout Layer: A regularization technique, set at a
rate of 0.2, it \item randomly deactivates certain
neurons during training to prevent overfitting.
 Output Layer: A Softmax layer with seven units, it
provides the final classification output,
corresponding to the seven distinct classes in the
dataset.
Fig 3: Example of a Convolution Layer
 2) Compilation, Training, and Optimization: The model's
compilation was a meticulous process, leveraging the
categorical cross-entropy loss function paired with the Adam
optimizer. The training regimen, spanning 25 epochs with
batches of 128 images, was designed for optimal learning.
The 'learning\_rate\_reduction' callback, a dynamic tool, was
integrated to adjust the learning rate in real-time, ensuring
that the model's training remained on an optimal trajectory.
 Accuracy and Loss Graphs: These plots, charting the
model's performance trajectory, offer insights into
its consistency and reliability across training and
testing phases.
 Advanced Metrics Table: The table I showcases
metrics like F1-score, recall, precision, and support
for each skin cancer class. This granular breakdown
offers a deep dive into the model's performance
nuances, highlighting its strengths and areas of
improvement.

Lesions and avg precision Recall F1-score support

score
('akeic', 'Actinic 0.99 1.00 1.00 1667
Keratosis and
intraepithelial
carcinomae')
('bcc', 'basal cell 1.00 1.00 1.00 1689
carcinoma')
('bkl', 'benign 0.97 0.99 0.98 1651
Fig 4: Final architecture of CNN model keratosis-like
lesions')
('df', 1.00 1.00 1.00 1629
'dermatofibroma')
D. Model Evaluation
('nv', 0.99 0.92 0.95 1663
1) Key Performance Metrics: Once training concluded, 'melanocytic
the model underwent rigorous testing. It showcased a loss of nevi')
('vasc', 'pyogenic 1.00 1.00 1.00 1680
0.0558 and an accuracy of 0.9881. These metrics, while granulomas and
standalone impressive, were further dissected to understand hemorrhage')
their implications on the model's predictive capabilities. ('mel', 0.96 0.99 0.97 1751
'melanoma')
micro avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734
2) Visualization and In-depth Analysis: A series of macro avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734
visualizations were employed to provide a holistic weighted avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734
understanding: samples avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734

TABLE I
TABLE FOR F1-SCORE, PRECISION, RECALL AND SUPPORT

E. Data Security and Encryption in Medical Reports

Given the sensitive nature of personal images and data
involved in the implementation of the CNN model, especially
in the medical domain, ensuring data security is paramount.
The methodology incorporates robust measures to safeguard
the privacy and integrity of medical reports.

1) Password Generation and Encryption System: A

Fig 5: Plot of training and testing accuracy
sophisticated system is proposed that randomly generates an
alphanumeric password for each medical report. This
password then serves a dual purpose: as a unique identifier
and as an encryption key. By using this dynamically
generated key, each medical report is encrypted, ensuring its
contents remain confidential and inaccessible to unauthorized
individuals. The encryption algorithm chosen is of the highest
standard, ensuring that without the correct password,
decryption is virtually impossible.

2) Secure Email Transmission: Once encrypted, the

medical reports are prepared for transmission. They are
attached to an email and dispatched to the intended recipient,
typically the consulting doctor. The encryption ensures that
even if an unauthorized entity were to intercept or access the
Fig 6: Plot of training and testing loss
email, the contents of the report would remain secure and model achieved high F1 scores for melanocytic nevi, even
unreadable. though they can exhibit similarities to melanomas.
The model excelled in identifying the 'akiec' (actinic
3) Password Delivery via API: To bolster security keratoses), 'bcc' (basal cell carcinoma), 'df' (dermatofibroma),
further, the delivery of the decryption password is handled and 'vasc' (pyogenic granulomas) classes, achieving flawless
separately from the email. The system integrates the Twilio precision, recall, and F1-scores of 1.0, thereby correctly
API, a secure communication platform, to transmit the identifying all cases within the test set. The 'bkl' (benign
password directly to the doctor's registered phone number. keratosis-like lesions) class demonstrated strong performance
This method ensures that the password reaches only the with scores of 0.97 precision, 0.99 recall, and 0.98 F1-score,
intended recipient, minimizing the risk of interception or indicating near-optimal performance.
unauthorized access. Although slightly weaker, the model still exhibited
commendable performance for the 'nv' (melanocytic nevi) and
4) Decryption and Access by Authorized Personnel: 'mel' (melanoma) classes. For 'nv', precision was 0.99, recall
Upon receiving the encrypted medical report and the was 0.92, and the F1-score reached 0.95. For 'mel', precision
decryption password, the doctor can then decrypt the report was 0.96, recall was 0.99, and the F1-score was 0.97.
to view its contents. This dual-layered security measure Moreover, the model achieved a high F1-score of 0.97 for
ensures that only those with the correct password (i.e., melanocytic nevi, demonstrating its ability to differentiate
authorized individuals) can access the sensitive medical them from melanomas. The model displayed a precision of
information within the report. 0.96 and recall of 0.99 for melanomas, indicating effective
identification with minimal false positives.
IV. RESULTS
The confusion matrix, as illustrated in Fig 7, offers a
The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model designed comprehensive analysis of the model's efficacy. It reveals that
for classifying skin lesions into seven distinct categories the model proficiently categorized the majority of images,
exhibited remarkable accuracy and robustness, as evidenced exhibiting only a minimal number of errors that were
by the precision, recall, and F1-scores presented in Table II. proportionally dispersed among various classes. This suggests
Lesions and avg precision Recall F1-score support a consistent performance across different categories without
score any significant bias or difficulty in particular classes.
('akeic', 'Actinic 0.99 1.00 1.00 1667
Keratosis and
intraepithelial
carcinomae')
('bcc', 'basal cell 1.00 1.00 1.00 1689
carcinoma')
('bkl', 'benign 0.97 0.99 0.98 1651
keratosis-like
lesions')
('df', 1.00 1.00 1.00 1629
'dermatofibroma')
('nv', 0.99 0.92 0.95 1663
'melanocytic
nevi')
('vasc', 'pyogenic 1.00 1.00 1.00 1680
granulomas and
hemorrhage')
('mel', 0.96 0.99 0.97 1751
'melanoma')
micro avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734
macro avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734 Fig 7: Confusion Matrix
weighted avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734
samples avg 0.99 0.99 0.99 11734 The results underscore the model's capability to learn
discriminative features capable of capturing nuanced
TABLE I distinctions among various skin lesion types. The employed
convolution blocks effectively extracted features at multiple
TABLE FOR F1-SCORE, PRECISION, RECALL AND SUPPORT scales, while the incorporation of dropout and batch
normalization mitigated overfitting. The model's architectural
The micro-average F1-score achieved by the model was design was well-suited for this multi-class classification task.
an impressive 0.99, signifying its exceptional accuracy in
In comparison to traditional machine learning methods such
categorizing diverse skin lesions. This superior performance
as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), K-Nearest Neighbors
can be attributed to several factors, including the sophisticated
(KNNs), and Random Forests (RFs), the CNN exhibited
model architecture, incorporation of dropout layers, batch
significantly superior performance. Unlike these methods that
normalization, and prudent choices of activation and weight
necessitate extensive feature engineering, the CNN
initialization functions.
automatically learned discriminative features from input
The model demonstrated adeptness in accurately classifying images, reducing the reliance on handcrafted features and
lesions with visual resemblances, notably actinic keratoses, enhancing classification accuracy.
basal cell carcinomas, and benign keratosis. Remarkably, the
Furthermore, when compared to other deep learning-based
approaches such as ResNet, VGG, and Inception, the CNN
showcased comparable or superior performance. This feature
rendered the CNN computationally efficient and conducive
for deployment in resource-constrained environments.
The exceptional performance of the CNN model can be
attributed to its deep architecture, utilization of dropout layers
for regularization, batch normalization, and astute choices in
activation and weight initialization functions. The precision
and recall scores underscore the model's robust predictive
capacity and clinical applicability. The model demonstrated
exceptional classification prowess across all categories,
making it a promising tool for facilitating the diagnosis and
classification of skin lesions.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the skin lesion disease detection system
developed using CNN technology, along with its associated
medical data transfer security system, is an innovative and
reliable solution to the challenges faced by medical
professionals in diagnosing skin lesions accurately and
securely. The use of CNN technology enables pathologists to
diagnose skin lesions with high probability, improving patient
outcomes and reducing the time needed for diagnosis. The
system also allows pathologists to generate instant
standardized medical reports, making the system more user-
friendly and allowing for seamless integration into existing
healthcare systems. Furthermore, the system ensures the
security of sensitive medical data through encrypted storage
and secure password-protected email communication between
pathologists and doctors. This approach to medical data
transfer security is crucial in maintaining patient privacy and
confidentiality and adheres to ethical and regulatory
standards. The system has been designed and developed using
a range of technologies and their use has allowed the system
to be developed to the highest standards, with attention paid
to regulatory and ethical requirements. Overall, this project
has the potential to improve the quality of healthcare
significantly, and its impact will be substantial. We believe
that it will make a positive impact on the lives of patients and
medical professionals alike.
REFERENCES
[7] Thurnhofer-Hemsi, K., & Domínguez, E. (2021). A convolutional
neural network framework for accurate skin cancer detection. Neural
Processing Letters, 53(5), 3073-3093.
[8] Gouda, N., & Amudha, J. (2020, October). Skin cancer classification
using ResNet. In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on
Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA) (pp. 536-541).
IEEE.
[9] Purnama, I. K. E., Hernanda, A. K., Ratna, A. A. P., Nurtanio, I.,
Hidayati, A. N., Purnomo, M. H., ... & Rachmadi, R. F. (2019,
November). Disease classification based on dermoscopic skin images
using convolutional neural network in teledermatology system. In 2019
international conference on computer engineering, network, and
intelligent multimedia (CENIM) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[10] El Saleh, R., Bakhshi, S., & Amine, N. A. (2019, October). Deep
convolutional neural network for face skin diseases identification. In
2019 Fifth International Conference on Advances in Biomedical
Engineering (ICABME) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[11] Zhou, H., Xie, F., Jiang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, S., & Zhu, C. (2017,
October). Multi-classification of skin diseases for dermoscopy images
using deep learning. In 2017 IEEE international conference on imaging
systems and techniques (IST) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[12] Srinivasu, P. N., SivaSai, J. G., Ijaz, M. F., Bhoi, A. K., Kim, W., &
Kang, J. J. (2021). Classification of skin disease using deep learning
neural networks with MobileNet V2 and LSTM. Sensors, 21(8), 2852.
[13] Allugunti, V. R. (2022). A machine learning model for skin disease
classification using convolution neural network. International Journal
of Computing, Programming and Database Management, 3(1), 141-
147.
[14] Hirano, G., Nemoto, M., Kimura, Y., Kiyohara, Y., Koga, H.,
Yamazaki, N., ... & Nagaoka, T. (2020). Automatic diagnosis of
melanoma using hyperspectral data and GoogLeNet. Skin Research
and Technology, 26(6), 891-897.
[15] Wu, Z. H. E., Shuang Zhao, Yonghong Peng, Xiaoyu He, Xinyu Zhao,
Kai Huang, Xian Wu et al. ”Studies on different CNN algorithms for
face skin disease classification based on clinical images.” IEEE Access
7 (2019): 66505-66511.
[16] https://towardsdatascience.com/beginners-guide-to-understanding-
convolutional-neural-networks-ae9ed58bb17d
[17] https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kmader/skin-cancer-mnist-
ham10000

[1] Esteva, A., Kuprel, B., Novoa, R. A., Ko, J., Swetter, S. M., Blau, H.
M., & Thrun, S. (2017). Dermatologist-level classification of skin
cancer with deep neural networks. nature, 542(7639), 115-118.
[2] Tschandl, P., Rosendahl, C., Akay, B. N., Argenziano, G., Blum, A.,
Braun, R. P., ... & Kittler, H. (2019). Expert-level diagnosis of
nonpigmented skin cancer by combined convolutional neural networks.
JAMA dermatology, 155(1), 58-65.
[3] Dildar, M., Akram, S., Irfan, M., Khan, H. U., Ramzan, M., Mahmood,
A. R., ... & Mahnashi, M. H. (2021). Skin cancer detection: a review
using deep learning techniques. International journal of environmental
research and public health, 18(10), 5479.
[4] Daghrir, J., Tlig, L., Bouchouicha, M., & Sayadi, M. (2020,
September). Melanoma skin cancer detection using deep learning and
classical machine learning techniques: A hybrid approach. In 2020 5th
international conference on advanced technologies for signal and
image processing (ATSIP) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[5] Jain, S., & Pise, N. (2015). Computer aided melanoma skin cancer
detection using image processing. Procedia Computer Science, 48,
735-740.
[6] Zhang, N., Cai, Y. X., Wang, Y. Y., Tian, Y. T., Wang, X. L., &
Badami, B. (2020). Skin cancer diagnosis based on optimized
convolutional neural network. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 102,
101756.