Cathode

#
Rays : -

$0011
→ cathode
rays discovered by Sir widen .

properties of cathode rays

by E and B
• These are stream of e-
affected
KE C
Y Im v2 • These ar
independent of the nature of
gas and material
¥
E E EE '
universal particle
"

⇐m)
cathode
using ray
5. 5. Thomson measured radio
•

Emigacy tween too "

me_ = i. 759×10
¥
=
constant for all
gases .

It cathode
#
rays subjected to FI and Es ,
such that , ELI
Fe =
-

Fo ; 9E = 9 v13
v→ potential di Herren ce
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.

v=r÷ ; Fn
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 # Plank's Quantum
Theory
: -

→ A beam of EM wave is a stream of des Crete packets of energy

called photons ; proved by photoelectric eltect .

Energy of photon ; ho
¥ speed of light ( 3m Is )
→
→ F- = =

h = 6. 63×10-34 Is
↓ Fainting thot light
F- =
¥, →
(E)
frequency of light YET .

¥0TE : Energy of photon is not continuous but in

packets quanta
,

I. 5h0
*
Energy of photon = notpossible

*
Energy of photon = nho
*
no 01 -

photons
n = 1, 2, 3 -
-
- - -

linkt.ee
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 m-aisen-esg.yequi-v-al-ence.si#tin-e'sequ-dio-n
*

8 Ppi P P
; F- = me
O
F
di da
of photon is
Ig
rest mats

Ood Pi
Mals of photon ; m =
É =
h¥ =

not defined
R Pz
d p pyo
Momentum of photon ; to = me =
E- =

4-
JPY0 same P → same d but
¥→
→ .
•

: D= same d not besame P

vector quantity →
may on
may
.
→

exhibit
.

matter
used
by De -

Broglie →
according to this
theory ,

for matter wave .

wave nature .

→
wavelength of a
particle of mais (m ) and
moving with
velocity d)

D=
F- ¥ = -

,
=

y¥mE =

"
I

* Ñ↳ potential de Hennie .

Kinetic energy
linktree MSLIVE
 → For electron :
"

de= m ④ de =

?¥÷ñ idea
#
For proton : For deuteron
→ → : → for ✗ -

particles

dp=÷- A
dd=0¥÷A° da
-_%¥_ A
special-NEEDSÉ→ De-

Broglie wavelength of neutron is thermal equi . at K) .

d=÷ :
1<=3-151 :
d=y÷µ=
2. same veto Lv ) Same KE Same 11
proton deuteron
.

Attn 4m
d ✗
Em d ✗
Ém .

Mq 2mg
29

linktree MSLIVE
 #
Intensity of light : -

d- =

÷A :
Ef =P
*
; I
__PA- For constant P .

power
E. =
enesgy incident in 't
' I ✗
A- ✗
¥2 ✗
↳ distance tramline =

it snore
noot photon incident 't
'
.

N= in disttrom
point source
A=4Zd2
n=¥=no of photons :
°

perce . since
light spread spherically , for points nine .

.
•
: A -_ 2hr1 → for tiresome
I=N(hI=nhˢ P¥
E- =/¥12
t.tt A

photons __n=¥= ¥4
got
→

persecond

linktr.ee MSLIVE
A- Radiation Force and pressure : -

Tuisiberoiher)
possesses momentum ,
so exert force on the object .up_on strike .

f- =
AP
=
change in momentum
It
-- - -
-

time of collision like perfect black body)

*
absorbed
:) it radiations
completely by object ( surface) .

% Dp =p =

tf =
E- =
IAc☐t_
ÉÉ Radiation pressure
E-
Dogg
:
IcA_
=

Pf = 0 p= = =

Power
ii) it angle 0 with
the radiation is
perfectly reflected at an normal .

7¥;
at 0=0 : cos 0=1

p =

Daft = ?IAaI
a
=
2PYˢ p=
2T¥ =
2¥
P→ tower
linktree MSLIVE
 Instantaneous process takes losses .

→ proved that
light also behave as particle .

> Greater than threshold

frequency which
→ minimum
frequency
below
does not
photo
emissions

take-over

E-
- hot more than work function) .

t.gr/
°

☐ Es
ki
•
kmax .
A

Kz
Es

F- A

-11
+
$
-

ENTITY
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1 -
 :

material dependent property

wo=∅=hoo
→ .

=
◦
=

: 10=3 ex and A- =7ev .

> then
E- of = 4ev

>
mÑ lost in

collision

04km
E
ho hootkm
ho hoo
3- mum:*
- -

Bt-=_qÑ
1ms LIVE _
 :÷k%
÷ .
it

÷:÷÷::÷÷ .ir?.: --gfB-BS3

-

→
ejected photo e- will have more KEI thus
,
.

reaching at ⑨ .

→
saturation current Ixnoot photoelectrons
→ when all the e-

Emitted reached ④
hen
of photo e- ↑-→ PEC F
.

IF → no

Is > It
.

-
*_-→%
✗
MS LIVE
 → km -
- ho -
hoo - ex ;
V◦=h¥ h¥ _

y = MR -1C "
pyo
"

m=8lop= ¥ -
constant
km-a.hu -

h0◦=e saturation current

"

Vo= ¥0 ¥00 -
↑
is - -
- - - -
same 1- and Metallo)
-

talk -_
f- =
const .

go go
"

"
no photoelectric eltut
BI
ULUO
-_

•
: ho < ∅ .

: vo=ʰe°--ʰ¥- ; Kmox __h÷ hog -

=ʰ¥-÷e
*
threshold wavelength (maximum wavelength above which
o-oo-q-E.az
)
µ
MISLIKE no Photoemission
-
*
Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle : -

→ it is not possible to measure both position (a) and momentum (P)

of particle at the time , with absolute precision

any same .

DR .
Ap ≥ 2kg
→ it DX = 00 ; then AP → 0

d-
not possible because e- is localised in same volume

→ Max Born's
probability interpretation
probability ¥ easily A2 amplitude
=

probability of finding particle in volume at = A? AH

=

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 0ft particle from
-

nucleus .

Atomic root Atom charged -

particle
a-
PI ↑ *
charge otnvckus
E- 91¥
>

ro ✗
.

: ✗

*
Atom

enesyott
kinetic -

particle
>
Nootx particle detected
-

by an

angle .

1
Na

sin "( E)
0=162220-5 0=3660

N, ; Nz

=E: ÷
ENTITY
MISLIKE
✗ -
 into
→ " "" ʳʰᵈ " •••• Messy and will face

!I
nucleic .

1. Electrostatic interaction provides centripetal force .

m → mais Ote
-

of e-
v→
velocity
r→ radius of orbit
2- → atomic no .

2. Angular momentum of e- ( L) is integer multiple of Ja

3 .

Bt--EEqÑ
MS LIVE
1 _
-5=-0%-4
MS LIVE
µ _
 PII

;rxÉ

⊖ ; V2
In

§
proportional to
$ ←

/
PE = -2k£

g)
ᵗʰ= -
"€ =
ᵗÉ

*_t-q
MS LIKE
1 -
frequency of photon
Emitted or absorbed .

✗
wave no .
→ no of waves
→
per unit length

no .
of spectral lines in transition from nz→ ni

=
Chini ) ( na -
ni -11 )

Bt--EEoq
MS LIVE
µ _
 "
"
important
very very

Mics to ni=2
last line / series limit .

NEW ton I -_

last line / series limit

→
frequently used •→-
1ms LIVE _
( Protons + Neutrons )

otnwdeus-XA-malsno.lnootprotons-nutronsJZN-n.no
→ Representation

of nations -_(A -
Z )
*
Atomic no .(nootprotonsinlhe nucleus )

PIC

= constant lsametorall nucleus )

.MG?HsamekA-z
→ in

% ?N .
, #
,

±
same A ; %Ar
,
Yak , Ffa
Bt-=_qÑ
MISLIKE
✗ _
 PIE
AM -_
Zmpt CA 7) Mn
- -

M→ mats of nucleus
d- *
malsotproton malsotnutrons

PINCH 1ms LIVE _

* Variation of Binding energy per nucleon with mats no .
A :→

per nucleon
→ BE is

same with
roughly
30 < A < 170

0
◦ •
→
8
O
O

° O O
O °
O O
O O

short neighbours
→ Nuclear force is
range force ,
and
only altects .

MSLIVE
 PII

24
-N--ETqÑ
MS LIVE
µ _
# Be
decay : -
Oc cures when ¥ is low ; i. e more 7 and
lets
,

N .

P → n +
'
e- + u → neutrinos .

*
positron
M = me and 9 = +e

N and
high
more
A- B- duty : -
occures when
Nz is ; i. e
lets Z
,

n → p + e- + J → anti nutrino
IT
Electron

101€ : -

of proton is possible inside nucleus because it has

Decay ,

smaller mats and extra is available

energy required
inside nucleus not outside while its not the
only .
case

of Iron to proton
decaying .

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 (t '
2
, When )
-
_

ENTITY
MS LIVE
✗ -
-

←m_--%Ñ
MS LIVE
✗ -