TEST CODE 02207020

FORM TP 2010143 MAY/JUNE 2010

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY

UNIT 2 – PAPER 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in two sections. Answer ALL questions.

2. For Section A, write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. For Section B, write your answers in the space provided at the end of each
question in this booklet.

4. The use of silent non-programmable calculators is allowed.

Copyright © 2009 Caribbean Examinations Council®.

All rights reserved.
02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 2 -

SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this answer
booklet.

1. (a) (i) In the space below make an annotated schematic drawing of a chloroplast.

[ 4 marks]

(ii) Identify and describe the TWO parts of the chloroplast that are important in the
process of photosynthesis.

[ 4 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 3 -

(b) Figure 1 is a diagram of the nitrogen cycle.

Gaseous nitrogen in atmosphere

Plants on land
F
D Animals on land
A
A C
C

Humus Nitrates in soil

Ammonia, ammonium in soil
E B

B Nitrites in soil

Figure 1. Nitrogen cycle

(i) Identify the processes in Figure 1 represented by the letters A, B, C, D, E and F.
A _________________________________________________________________
B _________________________________________________________________
C _________________________________________________________________
D _________________________________________________________________
E _________________________________________________________________
F _________________________________________________________________
[ 3 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 4 -

(ii) Describe TWO NATURAL ways by which nitrogen is lost from soil ecosystems.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

(iii) Describe TWO human activities which impact the nitrogen cycle.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 5 -

2. (a) Figure 2 shows apparatus that was used to investigate the distribution of stomata on the
upper and lower parts of a leaf.

Retort stand
Leafy shoot

- Syringe containing water for pushing air

back to right-hand end of capillary tube
Rubber bung
Graduated capillary tube

-Air
Water

Conical filter - Rubber tubing

flask

Figure 2. Apparatus for investigating stomata distribution in a leaf

Biological Sciences 1 and 2, 3rd Edition, p . 439

(i) Explain FOUR precautions that should be taken when setting up and conducting
this experiment.

[ 4 marks]

(ii) From which surface will the water loss most likely be GREATER?

[ 1 mark ]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 6 -

(iii) Suggest an appropriate control for the experiment.

[ 1 m ark ]

(b) Identify THREE factors that affect the closing and opening of stomata, and explain how
these factors function.

[ 3 marks]

(c) Figure 3 shows an electron micrograph of a plant structure.

Figure 3. Electron m icrograph o f a plant structure

Roberts M., Reiss M. and M onger B., Advanced B iology.

Nelson 2000, p . 259.

(i) Identify the structures labelled X and Y in Figure 3.

X : ________________________________________________________________

Y : ________________________________________________________________
[ 1 m ark ]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 7 -

(ii) Discuss TWO structural differences between the cells labelled X and Y and
describe how, in spite of these differences, they function as a unit.

[ 4 marks]

(iii) Name ONE route by which substances move from the chloroplast in leaves to
the phloem.

_______________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]

Total 15 marks

3. (a) (i) Define the term ‘health’.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) A breakdown of health may lead to disease. Differentiate between EACH of the
categories of disease listed below, with respect to the cause of the diseases.

Physical and mental

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 8 -

Infectious and non-infectious

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Deficiency and inherited

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 3 marks]

(iii) Explain the difficulty in classifying protein-energy malnutrition as a non-infectious,

physical, deficiency disease.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 3 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 9 -

(b) Figure 4 presents data on the number of deaths that occurred in women from laryngeal
and lung cancer and breast cancer for the period 1975-2005, in a country.

900
800
Key
700
Number 600 -----Laryngeal
of and
deaths 500 lung cancer

400 .......Breast cancer

300
200

100
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year

Figure 4. Deaths in women for the period 1975 - 2005

(i) Discuss the curves for laryngeal and lung cancer, and breast cancer.

Laryngeal and lung cancer

Breast cancer

[ 4 marks]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 10 -

(ii) Suggest TWO reasons for the difference in the shapes of the curves.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

(iii) Outline TWO challenges that health authorities in the Caribbean may face in
reversing the trends for laryngeal and lung cancer.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks]

Total 15 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 11 -

SECTION B

Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

4. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term ‘glycolysis’ and state where it takes place in
the cell. [ 4 marks]

(ii) Aerobic respiration is represented by the following equation

      C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2       6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Discuss FOUR reasons why this equation does NOT fully represent respiration.
[ 4 marks]

(b) Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. [ 3 marks]

(c) Comment on the significance of ATP and NADPH2 in photosynthesis. [ 4 marks]

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 4 here.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 12 -

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 13 -

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 14 -

5. (a) (i) Use an annotated diagram ONLY to describe the structure of a motor neurone.
[ 5 marks]

(ii) A farmer has been exposed to an insecticide that inhibits the enzymatic break-
down of acetyl choline Explain why this causes muscular twitching and spasms
in the farmer. [ 4 marks]

(b) (i) Outline TWO differences between hormonal and nervous control in animals.
[ 2 marks]

(ii) Hormones contribute to the maintenance of health, while hormone malfunction

may contribute to disease. With reference to diabetes mellitus, explain TWO
ways in which a malfunction in hormone activity could lead to disease.
[ 4 marks]

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 5 here.

Space for diagram

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 15 -

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 16 -

Write your answer to Question 5 here.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 17 -

6. (a) Define the term ‘immune response’ and distinguish between cell mediated and humoral
immune responses. [ 4 marks]

(b) Discuss the maturation of B and T cells in relation to their specific roles. [ 4 marks]

(c) Comment on the use of monoclonal antibodies in home pregnancy tests. [ 3 marks]

(d) Explain the difference between active artificial immunity and passive artificial
immunity. [ 4 marks]

Total 15 marks

Write your answer to Question 6 here.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 18 -

Write your answer to Question 6 here.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

02207020/CAPE/2010
 - 19 -

Write your answer to Question 6 here.

END OF TEST

The Council has made every effort to trace copyright holders. However, if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, or any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, CXC will be pleased to correct this
at the earliest opportunity.

02207020/CAPE/2010
 DO NOT

WRITE ON

THIS PAGE