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FAKENEWS
 newsar
ti
clest
hatar
eint
ent
ional
l
yandv
eri
fi
abl
yfal
se.

 desi
gnedt
omani
pul
atepeopl
e’
sper
cept
ionsofr
eal
fact
s,ev
ent
s,andst
atement
s.

 I
tisfabr
icat
edinf
ormat
iont
hatmimicsnewsmediacont
enti
nfor
m butlack(
s)thenews
media’
sedit
ori
alnor
msandprocessesf
orensur
ingt
heaccur
acyandcredibi
l
ityof
i
nfor
mat i
on.

It’
sabouti nf
ormati
onpresent edasnewst hatisknownbyi tspromot ertobef alsebasedon
factsthataredemonstrablyincorr
ect,orstat ementsorev entsthatv er
if
iablydidnothappen.
“Cl
ickbait
”referstoaheadli
neort heleadingwor dsofasoci almediapost( theteasermessage)
wri
ttentoattractatt
enti
onandencour agev i
sitor
st oclickatargetli
nktoal ongerstoryonawebpage.
Cli
ckbaitoff
ersodd, amazi
ng,orsuspensef ulphrasest hati
nducecur i
osity
, andenticepeopletowant
toknowmor e.
Theydon’tneedpi ctur
estobeclickbait
.Forexampl e,
 AManFal lsDownAndCr iesForHel pTwi ce.TheSecondTi me, MyJawDr ops

 9OutOf10Amer
icansAr
eCompl
etel
yWr
ongAboutThi
sMi
nd-
Blowi
ngFact

FAKENEWSCREATOR
 Pr
imar
il
yrol
eist
oini
ti
atet
hecr
eat
ionoff
akenews.

 i
ndi
vi
dualsorgr
oupswhodeli
berat
elyproduceanddisseminat
efalseinformati
ondisguised
asl
egi
timat
enews.Theymayfabri
catestori
es,mani
pulat
eimagesorv ideos,
ordist
ortfacts
tomi
sleadr
eader
s.Thei
rmoti
vati
onscanr angefr
om i
deologi
calagendast of
inanci
algain.

FAKENEWSPURVEYOR
 Theymaynotnecessar il
ycr eatefakenewst hemselves,butt
heyacti
vel
ydisseminat
eor
di
stri
butei
ttoawideraudience.Theyplayasi
gnifi
cantrol
einampli
fyi
ngt
hereachandimpact
offakenewsbysharingitthroughvari
ouschannels,suchassoci
almedi
a,websit
es,oreven
tr
aditi
onal
mediaoutlet
s

 Fakenewspurv
eyor
sexpl
oitt
hev
iral
nat
ureofsoci
almedi
atomaxi
mizet
hei
mpactoft
hei
r
misi
nfor
mat
ion.

HYPERPARTISANWEBSITES
 onli
neplat
for
msthatexhi
bitext
remebiasesandpromot
eone-
sidednar
rat
ives,
typi
cal
l
y
al
igningwi
thaspeci
fi
cpoli
tical
ideol
ogyorpart
y.

 Thesewebsi
tesoft
enpri
ori
ti
zeadv
anci
ngt
hei
rownagendar
athert
hanpr
esent
ingbal
anced
andobj
ecti
veinf
ormat
ion.

 These websi t
es of ten pri
ori
tize sensati
onali
sm ov eraccur acy and frequently publi
sh
misleadingorexagger atedinformation.Sensat
ional
ism inhyper par
tisanwebsitesrefersto
thepr acti
ceofpr esent
inginformationinawayt hatexaggeratesorampl i
fiesit
semot i
onal
i
mpact ,of
tenattheexpenseofaccur acyandobjecti
vit
y.Sensational
izedcontentisdesigned
topr ovokestrongemot ionalresponses,suchasanger ,f
ear,oroutrage,inordert oattr
act
att
ent i
onandi ncr
easeengagement .

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Whati
sdi
sinf
ormat
ion?

 Disinformati
onmeans“f
alsei
nfor
mation,asaboutacount
ry’
smili
tar
yst
rengthorpl
ans,
dissemi nat
edbyagover
nmentorint
ell
igenceagencyi
nahostil
eactoft
acti
calpol
it
ical
subv ersi
on.”

 I
tisal sousedmor egenerall
yt omean“ del
iberat
elymi sl
eadingorbi
asedi
nfor
mat
ion;
manipulat
ednar
rat
iveorfact
s;propaganda.
”
 di
sinfor
mat i
oni
smisinf
ormationthatisknowingly(i
ntent
ionall
y)spr
ead.

edoesdi
Wher sinf
ormat
ioncomef
rom?
 Compared tomisi
nfor
mat i
on,di
sinf
ormat
ioni
sar el
ati
vel
y new word,fi
rstr
ecorded i
n
1965–70.It’
sat r
anslat
ionoft heRussi ddezi
anwor nf
ormátsi
ya,i
nt ur
nbased onthe
Frenchdési
nfor
mer(“t
omi si
nfor
m” )
.
 Disi
nformati
on,then,can be under
stood as “r
everse i
nfor
mat
ion”or“
ant
i-
inf
ormat
ion”
speci
fical
l
ycreat
edt odecei
veandmisguideotherpeopl
e.
EXAMPLESOFDI
SINFORMATI
ON:
 LeniRobr
edoi
spar
tofNPAorNewPeopl
e’
sArmy
 BongbongMar
coswant
stogett
hemoneyofFi
l
ipi
noPeopl
e.

Whati
sMi
sinf
ormat
ion?

Mi sinformat ion-Isinformationthatisfalse,inaccurate,ormi sleadingandi spr esentedt obe

tr
ue.
Thespr eadofmat hhappensof teninourev erydayl i
ves.Wehumanbei ngs-
newsf lashar enotper f
ect.
Wecanal l makemi stakes.Weal lforgetthi
ngs.Wemi shearormi srememberdet ai
ls.Wet ellour
fr
iendssomet hingwehear donTVorsawonsoci almedi athatwasn' tr
eallyt
rue.Ifyouar espr eading
aroundinformat ion.Thati swrongbuty oudon’ tknowi tiswr ong, theny ouarewel l
,techni call
y,
spreadi
ngmi sinformat ionbutdon’tf earwarenotcal l
i
ngt hef actpoliceony ou!Thekey ,here,isthat
youunwi t
tinglyspr eadf alseinfor
mat ionaround; youdidn’tmeant o, orevenmi ghthav et houghtthe
i
nformationwast r
ue.
Misi
nformat iondoesn’ tcar
eabouti ntent,
andsoi ssimpl yaf ormf oranykindofwr ongorf al
seinformati
on.

Wher edoesmi si
nf ormationcomef rom?
Misinformati
oni sf ir
strecordedint helate1500s,andcombi nesinformationwiththepr efi
xmi s-,meani
ng
“wrong”or“ mistaken” .Mistakemi sspell
ing,andmi sunderstandingar esomeexampl esofot her
commonwor dsbesi desmi si
nformat i
ont hatusemi s-tomean“ wr ong”
Misinformati
oni s, ofcourse,rel
atedt othev er
bmi sinfor
m, whichmeanst ogheewr ongormi sleadi
ng
i
nformat iontoandi sfestrecordedar ound1350- 1400.You’llnoti
cet hatmisinfor
m, l
ike
misinformati
on, alsomakesnoment ionofwhyt hi
swr onginformat i
onisbei ngspreadar ound,only
thatitis.

ExamplesofMisinf
ormati
on:
MarcosJr.wantstoupdat
ehi stor
ical
account
storef
lecthi
sfamil
y’
sver
sionofev
ent
s.Hecan
cont
inuehishi
stori
calr
evi
sionism byint
imi
dati
nganyonewhodisagr
eewithhi
m.

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Mi
sinf
ormat
ion,
Disi
nfor
mat
ion:Howdot
heydi
ff
er?

Di
sinf
ormat
ion Mi
sinf
ormat
ion

Speci
fi
cint
entt
odecei
ve Noi
ntentt
odecei
ve

Whenpeopl eintenti
onal
lycr
eat ef
alseor Whenpeopl esharedisi
nfor
mationbutthey
misleadingcontenttomakemoney ,have don’tr
eali
zeit
’sfal
seormi sl
eading,
oft
en
poli
ticali
nfl
uenceort omali
ciousl
ycause becausethey’
retry
ingtohelporwanttofeel
tr
oubl eorharm. partofcommuni t
y.

Whydopeopl
eshar
edi
sinf
ormat
ion? Whydopeopl
eshar
emi
sinf
ormat
ion?

Money
,poli
ti
cal
gai
n,t
ocauseconf
usi
on,
to Outoffearorwanti
ngtopr otectpeopl
ethey
sowmist
rust
. careaboutortoconnectwithotherswhoare
shari
ngsimil
arinf
ormation.

Disi
nfor
mationinvol
vesthedeli
berat
eactofspreadingfal
seormi sl
eadinginformationwiththe
i
ntenttodecei
veothers.Thi
smi si
nformat
ionisnotacci
dental
;it
'scraft
edt oachi
ev especifi
cgoals.
Thesegoalsmightincl
udemaki ngmoney,gai
ningpoli
ti
calpower,causingconfusion,oreven
harmingsomeone'sreputat
ion.Di
sinf
ormati
oncreator
sknowt hatwhatt hey'
resharingisfal
se,and
theydoitonpurpose.

Misinformat i
oni swhenpeopleshareinformati
onthattheygenui
nelybeli
eveistrue,
butitturns
outtobei ncorrect.Theydon'
thavetheintenti
ontodeceiveanyone;t
hey'r
ejustpassingonwhatt hey
thi
nkisaccur ate.Thiscanhappenbecauset heyhear
di tf
romafri
end,readitonl
ine,
ormi si
nter
preted
thefacts.Misinformationoft
enoccursbecausepeopl ewanttohelporfeelconnectedtoaparticul
ar
group,orthey'rewor ri
edaboutthewell
-beingofthei
rlovedones.

Ty
pesofMi
s-andDi
sinf
ormat
ion

1.Sat
ir
eandPar
ody

Includingsat
ir
einatypologyaboutdi
sinfor
mati
onandmi si
nfor
mati
on,i
sperhapssurpr
isi
ng.
Satir
eandpar odycoul
dbeconsi der
edasaf ormofar
t.However
,inaworl
dwherepeopl
eincreasi
ngl
y
recei
v einfor
mati
onviathei
rsocialf
eeds,
therehasbeenconf
usionwheniti
snotunder
stoodasitei
s
sati
rical.

 I
t’
saf orm ofartbecauseiti
nvolvescreati
ngcont entthatismeanttobefunnyorsarcast
ic.
Thechallengeisthatsometi
mes, peoplemaynotr eal
izeit
'
saj oke.I
naworldwhereweof ten
getourinformati
onf r
om soci
almedi a,sat
ir
icalcontentcanbemi st
akenf
orrealnews.The
i
ntenti
onher eistoenter
tai
nratherthandeceive.Sat i
reisalessonandParodyisajoke.

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2.Mi
sleadi
ngCont
ent

Thi
st ypeofcontenti
swhenther
eisamisl
eadi
nguseofi
nformati
ontoframeissuesor
i
ndivi
dualsincert
ainwaysbycroppi
ngphot
os,
orchoosi
ngquotesorstat
ist
icssel
ect
ivel
y.Thi
sis
cal
l
edFr amingTheor y
.

 Thiscategor yi
nvol
vespresenti
nginformati
oninawayt hati
sdesignedtomakey ousee
somet hingorsomeoneinapar ti
cul
arli
ght.Thi
scanincl
udeusingcaref
ull
yselect
edquot
esor
stat
isti
cs, orcr
oppi
ngphot ostoinf
luenceyourper
cepti
on.It
'sli
keshowingyouonlypar
tof
thepicture,soyoudon'
tseet hewholetrut
h.

3.I
mpost
erCont
ent

Therearereal
issueswit
hjour
nali
stshav
ingthei
rby
linesusedalongsi
deart
icl
est
heydi
dnot
wr
it
e,ororgani
zat
ions’l
ogosusedinvi
deosorimagesthattheydi
dnotcreat
e.

 I
nt hiscase,someonepr
etendstobesomeonethey'
renot,li
keajournal
istorareput
able
organizat
ionandevenpopularname.Theyusef
akebyl
inesorlogost omakey outhi
nkthe
i
nformat i
oniscomingfr
om at r
ustedsour
cewhenit
'
snot .Thegoalhereistogainyourt
rust
throughdecepti
on.

4.Fabr
icat
edCont
ent

Newcont
entt
hati
s100%f
alse,
madet
odecei
veanddohar
m.

 Thi
siswhereent
irel
yfalsei
nformati
oniscreat
ed.Thi
nkofi
tasinventingst
ori
esorf
act
sthat
havenobasi
sinreal
ity
.Theintent
ionistodecei
veandharm byspreadingmade-
up
i
nformat
ion.

5.Fal
seconnect
ion

Whenheadlines,
visual
sorcapt
ionsdonotsuppor
tthecontent,
thisisanexampleoff
alse
connect
ion.Themostcommonexampl eoft
hist
ypeofcontentiscl
ickbaitheadl
i
nes.

 Thi
sinv
olvesmakingtheheadl
ine,vi
suals,orcapti
onsofanar t
icl
eorpostappearconnect
ed
toapar
ti
culart
opic,
evenwhent heyaren't
.Theai mistogetyouratt
ent
ionormakey oucli
ck
onsomethingt
hatmightnotbeasexci t
ingorrelevantasi
tseems.

6.Fal
secont
ext

Oneofthereasonstheter
m‘ f
akenews’i
ssounhel
pful
,i
sbecausegenui
necont
enti
sof
tenseen
bei
ngre-
cir
culatedoutofit
sorigi
nalcont
ext
.

 Peopleoftensharegenuinei
nformat
ion,
buttheyremovei
tf r
om i
tsor
igi
nal
context
.Thiscan
l
eadt omisunderstandi
ngsbecausethei
nfor
mat i
onappearstomeansomethi
ngdiff
erent
thanitori
ginal
l
ydid.It'
sli
ket
akingaquoteoutofaconversati
onandusi
ngiti
nadiffer
ent
discussi
on.

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7.Mani
pul
atedCont
ent

Mani
pul
atedcont
enti
swhengenui
necont
entori
mager
yismani
pul
atedt
odecei
ve.

 Realcontentl
i
kephotosorvideosi
schangedinsomewayt omi sl
eadyou.I
t'
sli
keal
ter
inga
pi
cturetomakei tl
ookli
kesomethi
nghappenedwheni tdi
dn'
t.Thepur
poseistomakey ou
bel
ievesomethingfal
sebasedonmodifi
edevidence.

Wher
edoesi
tcomef
rom?

Thr
eeEl
ement
sof‘
I
nfor
mat
ionDi
sor
der
’

Phasesof‘
I
nfor
mat
ionDi
sor
der
'

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Theexampleofthesi
tet
hatpubl
i
shedavi
ralstor
ythatt
hePopeendorsedpr
esi
dent
ial
candi
dateDonaldTrumpisoneoft
hemostfamous.Iti
sausefulcasest
udyf
orthi
nki
ngaboutthe
dif
fer
entphasesof‘i
nfor
mati
ondisor
der.

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Whatar
etheDi
sadv
ant
agesofFakeNews
Ther
earemanyconsoff
akenews,whichcanescalat
efur
theratawi
derl
evel
ifnott
ackl
edon
theti
me.From aper
sonal
lev
elt
oglobal
,theseDisadv
antagesofFakeNewscanaff
ectsoci
alor
economicharmony.

1.ChangeinPubli
cOpini
on
Assaidbefor
e,manypolit
ical
groupsi
ntheopposi
ti
ondiver
tthepubl
ic'
satt
enti
onfrom t
he
mainagendausingmanipul
atednews.Thisi
sdonespeci
all
ytochangepubl
icopini
onaboutrui
ning
therul
i
ngpartyandgainpubl
icsupport
.

2.Defamat i
onisamongt hedisadvant agesofFakeNews
Ever ypersonhast herightt
oex press;thi
srightoft
enti
mesmi susedtodefamepowerful
or
i
nfluenti
al personali
ti
essuchasbusi ness/leadersorcelebr
iti
es.FakeNewsisthebestwaytospread
misinformat i
onacr ossborders.
Newsaboutcel ebrit
ieshavingi l
li
citaff
airswithsomeonehasbeenper si
stentt
il
lnow.
Celebrit
iesdeat hhoaxesar ecommont ypeoff akenewswhi chmanypeoplehaveusedt odr
aw
vi
ewer sattention.

3.FalsePer
cepti
on
Whenainfl
uenti
alper
sonsaysit
,peopl
etendtobel
iev
eit.Developingafal
sepercepti
on
aboutsomeoneisonemaj ordi
sadvant
agesoffakenews.Wheneverast r
ongpersonal
i
tywi t
h
mill
i
onsoff ansmisi
nfor
mspeopleaboutaninci
dent,
theywoul
dbelieveitbli
ndl
y.

4.FakeNewsmayl eadtoSocialUnrest
Afakevi
olentinci
dentmayleadt opol
it
icalwar
far
e,soci
alunrestandcanevendisr
upta
nati
onseconomicgr owthwheni tt
urnsintoacommunal r
iot
.Theseincident
scantr
iggermore
vi
olenceinaregi
ont hatsometimesbecomeaser i
ousi
ssuetobeaddr essedgl
obal
l
y .

5.FakeNewsCostLi ves
WiththesurgeinCoronavi
ruspandemi
c,t
herehasbeenasurgeindeat
hsassosi
atedwit
h
fakeCoronavi
rusnewst oo—Incountr
iesl
ikeI
ndi
a,peopl
egener
all
yrel
yonmessengerappssuchas
WhatsAppt oconsumenews.

HowFakeNewsaf fect
sourli
ves?
Whati
s"f akenews",
andhowourper
cept
ionofi
ssuesr
elev
antt
oourdai
l
yli
ves?
FakeNewsaf
fectpeoplei
nmanyways:

1.I
tcandestr
oyreputat
ion
Fakenewscoulddeliv
ersomepeopl
etobreakthei
rreputat
ions,
event
hatt
heyar
enotgui
l
ty.
Itdest
roysthedi
gnityofaper
sonwhoisinnocentf
rom thefakenews.

2.I
tmakesot
herpeopleconfused.
Peopl
etendtoreaddiff
erentnews.I
ftheyreadthefakenewsandt
heor
igi
nal
news,
theywi
l
l
beconf
usedtoi
t.Theymightask,"Whatnewst el
l
st hetr
uth?"
.

3.I
tcancausetroubl
e.
Somefakenewsdeli
veracontent,i
nwhi
chi
trelatespeoplefr
om ani
ssue.I
fthatf
akenews
hasbeenreadbytheconv
ict
edpeople,theymi
ghtf
ightindif
ferentways.

4.Peopl
etendtobeliev
einthewrongnews
I
ftheyreadthefakenewsfirstt
hantheor
igi
nal
news,
theymi
ghtmakebel
i
eveoni
t.I
twhat
makesthem outdat
edfrom t
hestatusofoursoci
ety
.

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5.FakeNewswi l
ltr
yt omakemoneyof fyourti
meandat tenti
on.
Asaconsumerofi nformation,y
ourtime,attent
ion,andev enyouracti
onofclicki
ngopenl i
nk
i
sav al
uablecommodi ty
.Websitesgleanmoneyf r
omadv erti
sorsbasedonthenumberofv i
ews,l
ikes,
cl
icks,
etc.Bothlegit
imateandhoaxnewssi t
eshav eastakeintryi
ngtogety ourat
tenti
on,butr
eli
able
newsoutletsalsohavejournal
isti
candedi t
ori
alstandardsthat(usuall
ykeept hem f
rom resor
ti
ngt o
cl
ickbait
/orout r
ightemotionalmanipulat
ion.

6.FakeNewsmani pulatesyouremotionsf orprof

itandPolit
icalgain.
Sit
esandcont entcreatorswhodon' tcar
eaboutaccur acyorquali
tyreport
ingwi
llusecl
ickbai
t
headings, wri
ti
ng,andi magest omakey ouout r
aged, sy
mpathet i
c,orangry
.Whenonl i
necontent
provokesast rongemot ionalr
esponse,peopl earemor eli
kel
yt ocli
ckandshar ei
t.Thi
smeansmor e
moneyf orthewebsitespromot ingemotionall
ymani pul
ati
vecont ent.

7.FakeNewscanbeHar mf ul
toy ourHealt
h.
Therearemanyf akenewsandmi sl
eadingnewsstor
iesrel
atedt
omedical
treat
ment
sand
majordiseasesl
ikecancerordiabetes.
Trusti
ngthesef
alsestor
iescoul
dleady
outomakedeci
sions
thatmaybehar mfultoyourhealth.

HOW TODETERMI
NETHEACCURACYOFTHEI
NFORMATI
ON?

LOOKFOR:

Authori
ty-whoistheauthorandwher edidt hei
tem or
igi
nate?Checkontheindi
vi
dual
,companyor
i
nstit
uti
on,toseewheretheirbiases(personali
ncl
inat
ions/
favour
it
isms)ar
e.Istheauthor
’sname
l
ist
ed?Whatar ethei
rcr
edential
st hatmakethem anexperti
nthetopic?

Accur
acy-inf
ormationthati
saccurat
eandf r
eef r
om er
rorsisconsi
der
edmor
erel
i
abl
e.Oneortwo
ty
posareokbuti nfor
mat i
onthatispresentedinasl oppymannerwit
htoomanyspell
ingor
grammati
calmist
akescomesacr ossasunprofessi
onal
.

Obj
ecti
vi
ty-checktoseei ftheinf
ormati
onispresent
edwiththel
eastamountofpr
ejudi
ceor
per
sonalbi
as.I
sitanopi
nionori
sittr
yingt
osel
lyousomethi
ng?

Timel
iness-whenwastheinf
ormat
ionfi
rstpubli
shed?Ist
hecont
entyouarel
ooki
ngatup-
to-
dat
e,or
thewebsit
eupdatedr
egular
ly,
ori
sitsomethingthati
soldmadetolookl
ikenewi
nfor
mati
on?

QUICKTI PS
✔Don’tgetal lyourinf
ormationonsoci
almedi a.Checktr
ustednewswebsitesorgovernment
websit
es.
✔Checkwhowr ot
ethearti
cle.Cany
outrustwhattheypostedandaretheyqual
i
fiedtopostthi
s
i
nformation?
✔BeforesharingapostonFacebookorWhatsapp,makesureyou’
vecheckedt
hati
tistr
ustwor
thy
andfactuali
nformati
on.

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 9
 GROUP3

ELECTI
VE1(
SOCI
ALNETWORKI
NGFORSOCI
ALI
NTEGRATI
ON)

MEDI
ALI
TERACYi
ntheAGEofMI
SINFORMATI
ONandDI
SINFORMATI
ON

MediaLi
ter
acy–istheabi
l
ityt
oaccess,
eval
uat
e,anal
yze,
creat
eandactusi
ngal
lfor
msofmedi
a
andcommunicat
ion.

Misi
nformati
on–isfal
seori
naccur
atei
nfor
mat
ionornewst
hati
sspr
eadbutnotnecessar
il
ywi
th
t
heintenti
ontohar
m.

Di
sinf
ormati
on–canr ef
ert
ofal
seori
naccur
atei
nfor
mat
ionornewst
hati
sint
ent
ional
l
yspr
eadt
o
mi
sleadtheaudi
ence.

Mal-
infor
mati
on–i nf
ormat
iont
hati
sbasedonr
eal
i
ty,
usedt
oinf
li
cthar
m onper
sonsoci
algr
oup,
or
ganizati
onorcount
ry.

Her
earesomebasi
cst
epswecanal
ltakei
nthef
ightt
ost
opmi
sinf
ormat
ionand
di
si
nfor
mati
on:

1.Recogni
zethepowerandinfl
uenceofmassmedia.Noonei
sabov
ethei
nfl
uenceofmedi
a.Mass
mediaisoneofthegr
eatestcul
ti
vator
sofourcul
tur
e.

2.Checkthesourceanddateofpubl
i
cati
on.Checki
ngthesourceanddateofpubl
icat
ioni
sthefi
rst
stepi
nev al
uat
ingapieceofinf
ormat
ion.
Thesourceshapesthecont
entandprovi
desanint
erpr
eti
ve
fr
amear oundtheinf
ormati
onbeingr
eported.

3.Lookbeyondtheheadli
neandimage.Mediaplat
formslikeFacebook,
Twitt
er,andInst
agram are
buil
tongiv
ingi
nformati
onsnapshotsorcomplet
eimage-basedinfor
mati
on.All
tooof t
en,consumers
sharei
nformat
ionaft
erreadi
ngonlyaheadli
ne,t
hefir
stparagraphofanewsstory,orj
ustviewingan
i
mage.

4.Beawareofconfir
mationbi
as.I
fthenewi nf
ormati
onali
gnswit
horconfi
rmswhatwet hi
nkwe
knoworbeli
evetobet r
ue,wedonottakethetimetoeval
uatei
t.Whenthenewinformat
ionis
contr
aryt
oourbeli
efsorpercei
vedknowledge,wearemuchlessli
kel
ytodeem i
tcredi
ble,wi
ll
work
hardtodi
scr
editi
t,orwil
lqui
ckl
ydismissitasfal
se.

5.St
epoutofyourcomfor
tzone.Mostofusgetournewsandinfor
mationfr
om soci
almedi
aor
i
nter
netsour
ces.I
t’
simportanttorememberthatwhenwei
nter
actwit
hinfor
mati
ononthese
pl
atf
orms,weareaccessi
ngitthroughaf
il
terbubbl
e.

Howt
oPREVENTt
hespr
eadoff
akenews?
News
 I
tisar
epor
taboutr
ecenthappeni
ngsi
nanewspaper
,tel
evi
sion,
radi
oori
nter
net
.

FakeNews
 Af al
seormisleadi
nginf
ormati
onpresent
edasnews,i
toft
enhastheaim ofdamagi
ngt
he
reputat
ionofapersonorent
it
y,ormakingmoneyt
hroughadv
ert
isi
ngrevenue.

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 10
 GROUP3

ELECTI
VE1(
SOCI
ALNETWORKI
NGFORSOCI
ALI
NTEGRATI
ON)

TakeAct
ionandPr
eventFakeNews

Seekoutandf
oll
owtrust
ednewssources.
 Inst
eadofsimplywait
ingtoseewhatotherTwi
tt
erorFacebookuser
spost
,fol
l
ow v
eri
fi
ed
newsoutl
etsandrepor
ter
sthaty
outrust

Readbeyondtheheadli
ne.
 Manypeopl eshar
earti
cleswi
thoutf
ull
yreadi
ngt
hem.Asy
ouar
ereadi
ng,
lookf
ort
het
ell
tal
e
signsthatt
hestorymaybefake.

Bewar
eofconf i
rmationbias.
 Thisisat endencytoplacemorevalueort
rusti
ninf
ormat
iont
hatconf
ir
msourbel
i
efsand
rej
ectinf
ormat i
onthatcont
radi
ctst
hosebel
i
efs.

Donotsharefakestor
ies.
 Becauseoft he"
il
lusi
onoft
rut
h"ef
fect
,youshoul
dnotshar
efakest
ori
es,
event
opoi
ntoutt
hat
theyarefake.

Ti
pst
oRecogni
zeFakenewsandI
dent
if
yDi
sinf
ormat
ion

1.Checkotherreli
abl
esource
Searchotherr
eputabl
enewssi
tesandout
let
stoseei
ftheyar
erepor
ti
ngont
hisst
ory
.Check
forcr
edibl
esourcescitedwit
hint
hest
ory.

2.Checkthesourceoftheinfor
mati
on
I
fthisstor
yisfrom anunknownsour ce,dosomeresear
ch.Examinethewebaddressofthepage
andlookforstr
angedomainsotherthan".
com"--
suchas"i
nfonet
."Checkforanyspel
l
inger
rorsoft
he
companynamei ntheURLaddress.

3.Lookattheaut
horPerf
orm asear
chont
heauthor
.
Checkforcr
edi
bil
i
ty,
howmanyf ol
l
owerst
heyhaveandhowl
ongt
heaccounthasbeenact
ive.

4.Sear
chtheprofi
l
ephoto
I
naddi t
iontolookingattheauthor'
sinf
ormati
onandcredi
bil
i
ty,checkt
heirprof
il
epicture.
Completearever
seimagesearchofprof
il
ephotoonGoogl
eRever
seImageSearch.Makesurethe
i
magei snotastockimageoracel
ebri
ty.

5.Readbeyondt heheadli
ne
Evenlegi
timatenewssourceswil
lsometi
mesusemi
sleadi
ngheadl
i
nes.
Asy
ou'
rer
eadi
ngt
he
art
icl
e,askyourselfi
fthecont
entmatchestheheadl
i
ne.

6.Det
ermineifiti
saj oke
Sat
iri
calwebsi t
esmaket hestoryaparodyorajoke.Checkthewebsit
et oseeifthey
consi
stent
lypostfunnystor
iesandi
ftheyar
eknownforsat
ir
e.Onesuchsi
teknownfordoi
ngthi
sis
TheOnion.

7.Useaf act
-checkingsite
Fact-
checkingsitescanalsohelpdet
erminei fthenewsiscr
edi
bleorfake.Thesesi
tesuse
i
ndependentf actcheckerstor evi
ew andresearcht heaccur
acyoftheinf
ormat i
onbychecking
reputablemedi asources.Theyareoft
enpartoflargernewsoutl
etst
hati
denti
fyincorr
ectf
actsand
statement s.

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 11
 GROUP3

ELECTI
VE1(
SOCI
ALNETWORKI
NGFORSOCI
ALI
NTEGRATI
ON)

Popul
arFact
-checki
ngsi
tes

1.Poli
ti
Fact-t
ocheckt heaccuracyofpol
i
t i
cians
2.FactCheck-t hi
ssi t
eisfrom theAnnenber gPublicPolicyCenteral
socheckstheaccuracyof
poli
ti
calcl
aims
3.Snopes-Thisisoneoftheoldestandmostpopul ardebunkingsi
tesonthei
nter
netthatf
ocuseson
newsstori
es,urbanlegendsandmemes.
4.BBCRealityCheck.Thissi
teispartoftheBr i
ti
shBroadcast i
ngCompany(BBC)thatchecksfact
s
fornewsstori
es.

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 12