LECTURE ON DATA COLLECTION/

OBSERVATION METHOD

PREPARED BY : DR. THANGZAKHUP TOMBING

RESEARCH PROCESS

FORMULATION
OF RSEARCH
PROBLEM

REVIEW OF
REPORT
EXISTING
WRITING
LITERATURE

RESEARCH
METHOD/
CONTENT
PROCESS
ANALYSIS/ FORMULATION
TESTING OF OF HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

DATA RSEARCH
COLLECTION DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION

◦ COLLECTION OF DATA , THE MOST

FASCINATING PHASE OF RESEARCH
◦ RESEARCHER BEGINS TO FEEL THE
EXCITEMENT OF RESEARCH
◦ RESEARCHER MAY HIMSELF COLLECT THE
DATA OR RELY ON OTHERS
◦ COLLECTION AND SELECTION OF DATA
REQUIRES GREAT SKILL AND EXPERIENCE
DATA COLLECTION

“THAT METHOD IS BEST THAT SUITS THE RESEARCHER BEST”

TYPES OF DATA:
1. PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA
- DIRECT PRIMARY
- INDIRECT PRIMARY
2. SECONDARY SOURCES DATA
- PERSONAL DOCUMENTS
- PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
 DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
“SCIENCE BEGINS WITH OBSERVATION AND MUST ULTIMATELY RETURN TO
OBSEVATION FOR ITS FINAL VALIDATION”
- GOODE AND HATT
“OBSERVATION IS A SYSTEMATIC AND DELIBERATE SYUDY THROUGH THE
EYE OF SPONTANEOUS OCCURENCE AT THE TIME THEY OCCUR. THE
PURPOSE OF OBSERVATION IS TO PERCEIVE THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF
SIGINIFICANT INTERESTED ELEMENT WITHIN COMPLEX SOCIAL
PHENOMENON, CULTURE, PATTERN OR HUMAN CONCDUCT”
- P.V. YOUNG
“ACCURATE WATCHING, KNOWING OF PHENOMENA AS THEY OCCUR IN
NATURE WITH REGARD TO CAUSE AND EFFECT OR MUTUAL REALTIONS”
- OXFORD DICTIONARY
DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
◦ OBSERVATION METHOD IMPLIES EMPLOYMENT OF THE
VISION AS THE MEANS OF DATA COLLECTION
◦ IT IS COMMONLY USED IN BEHAVARIOUL STUDIES
◦ THE OBSERVATION TO BE MADE IS TO BE
SYSTEMATICALLY PLANNED AND RECORDED;
SUBJECTED TO CHECKS AND CONTROLS TO ENSURE
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
◦ OBSERVATION OF THE MANIFEST AND THE LATENT
◦ OBSERVATION A SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUE
DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
◦ OBSERVATION METHOD IS A SCIENTIFIC PROCESS IF :
1.SERVES FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH PROCESS
2. IT IS PLANNED SYSTEMATICALLY :
- SYSTEMATICALLY PLANNED AND RECORDED
- IT IS SUBJECTED TO CHECKS AND CONTROL TO ENSURE VALIDITY AND
RELIABILITY
3.HELPS IN COLLECTION OF RELEVANT INFORMATIONS CONNECTED TO
THE TOPIC
4. IT IS USED TO FIND OUT QUALITATIVE FACTS
 DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
◦ OBSERVATION PLAN AND PURPOSE
- IT MUST BE CONCIOUSLY PLANNED WITH A PURPOSE IN TANDEM TO THE
RESEARCH TOPIC
- RESEARCHER USING OBSERVATION METHOD MUST KEEP IN MIND :
1.WHAT SHOULD BE OBSERVED AND WHAT IS CAPABLE OF BEING
OBSERVED?
2.HOW THE OBSERVATION SHOULD BE RECORDED?
3. HOW THE ACCURACY OF THE OBSERVATION CAN BE BEST ASSURED?
DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
◦ CHARACTERISTICS OF OBSERVATION METHOD
- IT IS AN AFFAIR OF THE EYE
- IT IS USED TO VERIFY HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY OF FACTS OR TO
ESATBLISH CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
- IT HAS A DEFINITE OBJECTIVE : BEHAVARIOUL STUDY; STUDY OF
CUSTOMS OF A PARTICULAR COMMUNITY ETC...
- IT INVOVLES DIRECT OR INDIRECT PRESENCE OF THE RESEARCHER IN
THE FILED
- IT IS FOR THE PURPOSE OF FACT OR QUALITTAIVE RESEARCH
- IT DETERMINES THE FACT OR REALITY FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE
OBSERVED PERSON HIMSELF
- IT IS FOR THE PUPOSE OF SECURING INFORMATION
DATA COLLECTION
OBSERVATION METHOD
UNCONTROLLED
OBSERVATION

NON
PARTICIPANT / OBSERVATION CONTROLLED
DISGUISE OBSERVATION
OBSERAVTION METHOD

PARTICIPANT
OBSEVATION
THANK YOU!!
DATA COLLECTION
INTERVIEW METHOD
“INTERVIEW MAY BE REGARDED AS A SYSTEMATIC METHOD BY WHICH
A PERSON ENTERS MORE OR LESS IMAGINATIVELY INTO THE LIFE OF
A COMPARATIVE STRANGER”
- P.V. YOUNG

“INTERVIEW IS FUNDAMENTALLY A PROCESS OF SOCIAL

INTERACTION. IT IS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION MAINLY
THROUGH THE VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE RESPONDENT
AND THE INTERVIEWER”
- GOODE AND HATT

“INTERVIEW IS A MEETING OF PERSONS FACE TO FACE , ESPECIALLY

FOR THE PURPOSES OF FORMAL CONFERENCE ON SOME POINT”
- OXFORD DICTIONARY
DATA COLLECTION
INTERVIEW METHOD
PURPOSE OF INTERVIEW METHOD
1. FROMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE HYPOTHESIS
THROUGH PERSONAL CONTACT
3. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ABOUT QUALITATIVE FACTS
4. IMPROVING THE METHOD OF OBSERVATION
5. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ABOUT VARIOUS PROBLEMS IN
DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES
DATA COLLECTION
INTERVIEW METHOD – TYPES OF
INTERVIEW MWTHOD

STRUCTURED
/ FOCUSSED

INTERVIEW UNSTRUCTUR
REPETITIVE
METHOD ED

CLINICAL
DATA COLLECTION
CASE STUDY METHOD
“CASE STUDY IS A METHOD OF EXPLORING AND ANALYSING THE
LIFE OF A SOCIAL UNIT, BE IT THAT OF A PERSON, A FAMILY, AN
INSTITUTION, CULTURAL GROUP OR EVEN AN ENTIRE
COMMUNITY”
- P.V. YOUNG
- AN INTENSIVE STUDY THROUGH WHICH OINE CAN PRECISELY
KNOW THE FACTORS AND CAUSES OF A PATICULAR PHENOMENON
- A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
- KNOWING FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE
DATA COLLECTION
CASE STUDY METHOD
DATA COLLECTION
CASE STUDY METHOD
◦ STAGES OF CASE STUDY METHOD
1. ASSUMPTIONS IN CASE STUDY
- TOTALITY OF BEING
- COMPLEXITY OF BEING
- TIME FACTOR
- UNDERLYING UNITY / SIMILARITIES IN HUMAN RESPONSE
2. DETERMINATION OF FACTORS
- PARTICULAR FACTORS
- GENERAL FACTORS
3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
4. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION
DATA COLLECTION
CASE STUDY METHOD
◦ CHARCTERISTICS OF CASE STUDY METHOD:
1. THE STUDY OF THE WHOLE UNIT
2. INTENSIVE STUDY

TYPES OF CASE STUDY METHOD:

1. DEVIANT CASE ANALYSIS
2. ISOLATED CLINICAL CASE ANALYSIS
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
“IN SOCIAL SCIENCE, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO COLLECT DATA FROM
EVERY RESPONDENT RELEVANT TO OUR STUDY BUT ONLY FROM
FRACTIONAL PARTS OF THE RESPONDENTS. THE PROCESS OF
SELECTING THE FRACTIONAL PART IS CALLED SAMPLING” – DAVID S.
FOX
“A SMALLER REPRESENTATION OF THE WHOLE” – GOODE AND HATT
“A SUBJECT OF CASES FROM THE POPULATION CHOSEN REPRESENT
IT” – NAN LIN
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
◦ PURPOSE OF USING SAMPLING METHOD
1. THE RESEARCHER HAS TO COLLECT OR GATHER INFORMATION
FROM A WIDER AREA
2. THE RESEARCHER DOES NOT REQUIRE CENT PER CENT
ACCURACY
3. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ADOPT CENSUS METHOD WHERE ALL
THE UNITS OF UNIVERSE ARE SELECTED FOR STUDY
4. THE POPULATION IS HOMOGENOUS
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
◦ USE OF SAMPLING METHOD IN LEGAL RESEARCH
1.THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOCIO - LEGAL RESEARCH
2. TO GET QUALITATIVE ASSESMENT OF THE INTERACTION OF LAW
WITH SOCIETY
3. FOR INTENSIVE AND EXHAUSTIVE STUDY OF LAW AND SOCIETY
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
◦ SAMPLING DESIGN
SAMPLE DESIGN IS A DEFINITE PLAN TO DETERMINED BEFORE A
DATA IS COLLECTED :
- HOW TO COLLECT
- HOW MUCH TO COLLECT
- WHERE, WHEN, WHAT AND WHY TO COLLECT
- WHAT METHOD TO EMPLOY
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
◦ IMPLICATIONS IN SAMPLING DESIGN
1. VARIOUS TYPES OF UNIVERSE
2. SAMPLING UNIT – GEOGRAPHICAL TERM;SOCIAL TERMS;
CONSTRUCTIVE TERMS
3. SOURCE LIST
4. SIZE OF THE SAMPLE
5. PARAMETERS OF INTEREST
6. BUDGET CONSTRAINT
7. SAMPLE SELECTION PROCEDURE
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD
◦ FEATURES OF GOOD SAMPLE
1. IT MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNIVERSE
2. IT MUST BE RELIABLE AND ADEQUATE IN SIZE,
3. THE SAMPLING UNIT MUST BE CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS, IT MUST
HAVE THE SAME CHANCE OF INCLUSION
4. THE SAMPLING UNIT SHOUL BE SUITABLE FOR THE PROBLEM
UNDER STUDY
5. THE SAMPLING UNIT SHOULD CONTAIN INDEPENDENT FEATURES
6. THE SAMPLING UNIT SHOULD BE EASILY ASCERTAINABLE AND
HOMOGENOUS IN CHARACTER
DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING METHOD

1. RANDOM SAMPLING
2. COMPLEX RANDOM SAMPLING

1. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
PROBABLE
2.STRATIFIED SAMPLING
3.CLUSTER SAMPLING
4. AREA SAMPLING
5. MULTI STAGE SAMPLING
TYPES OF SAMPLING
6. SEQUENTIAL AMPLING
DESIGN

1. DELIBEARTE SAMPLING OR
NON - PROBABLE PUPOSIVE SAMPLING
3. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING