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Chapter 2 Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2 Resistive Circuits
Resistive Circuits
1. Solve circuits (i.e., find currents and
voltages of interest) by combining
resistances in series and parallel.
2. Apply the voltage-division and current-
division
principles.
3. Solve circuits by the node-voltage
technique.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
4. Solve circuits by the mesh-current technique.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Circuit Analysis using
Series/Parallel Equivalents
1. Begin by locating a combination of
resistances that are in series or parallel.
Often the place to start is farthest from the
source.
2. Redraw the circuit with the equivalent
resistance for the combination found in
step 1.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the circuit is
reduced as far as possible. Often (but not
always) we end up with a single source and
a single resistance.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Voltage Division
R1
v1 = R1i = v total
R1 + R2 + R3
R2
v 2 = R2 i = v total
R1 + R2 + R3
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Application of the Voltage-
Division Principle
R1
v1 = vtotal
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
1000
= × 15
1000 + 1000 + 2000 + 6000
= 1.5V
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Current Division
v R2
i1 = = itotal
R1 R1 + R2
v R1
i2 = = itotal
R2 R1 + R2
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Application of the Current-
Division Principle
R2 R3 30 × 60
Req = = = 20Ω
R2 + R3 30 + 60
Req 20
i1 = is = 15 = 10A
R1 + Req 10 + 20
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Although they are very
important concepts,
series/parallel equivalents and
the current/voltage division
principles are not sufficient to
solve all circuits.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Node Voltage Analysis
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Writing KCL Equations in
Terms of the Node Voltages
for Figure 2.16
v1 = v s
v2 − v1 v2 v2 − v3
+ + =0
R2 R4 R3
v3 − v1 v3 v3 − v 2
+ + =0
R1 R5 R3
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
v1 v1 − v2
+ + is = 0
R1 R2
v 2 − v1 v 2 v 2 − v3
+ + =0
R2 R3 R4
v3 v3 − v 2
+ = is
R5 R4
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Circuits with Voltage
Sources
We obtain dependent
equations if we use all of the
nodes in a network to write
KCL equations.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
v1 v1 − (− 15) v2 v 2 − (− 15)
+ + + =0
R2 R1 R4 R3
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
− v1 + 10 + v2 = 0
v1 v1 − v3 v2 −v 3
+ + =1
R1 R2 R3
v 3 − v1 v 3 − v 2 v3
+ + =0
R2 R3 R4
v1 v3
+ =1
R1 R4
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Node-Voltage Analysis with
a Dependent Source
v 2 − v1 v 2 v2 −v 3
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
v3 − v 2 v3
+ + 2i x = 0
R3 R4
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Next, we find an expression for the
controlling variable ix in terms of the
node voltages.
v3 − v 2
ix =
R3
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Substitution yields
v1 − v 2 v3 − v 2
= is + 2
R1 R3
v2 − v1 v 2 v2 − v 3
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
v3 − v 2 v3 v3 − v 2
+ +2 =0
R3 R4 R3
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Node-Voltage Analysis
1. Select a reference node and
assign variables for the unknown
node voltages. If the reference
node is chosen at one end of an
independent voltage source, one
node voltage is known at the
start, and fewer need to be
computed.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
2. Write network equations. First, use
KCL to write current equations for
nodes
and supernodes. Write as many current
equations as you can without using all
of
the nodes. Then if you do not have
enough equations because of voltage
sources
connected between nodes, use KVL to
write additional equations.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
3. If the circuit contains dependent
sources, find expressions for the
controlling variables in terms of the
node voltages. Substitute into the
network equations, and obtain
equations having only the node
voltages as unknowns.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
4. Put the equations into standard form
and solve for the node voltages.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Mesh Current Analysis
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Choosing the Mesh
Currents
When several mesh currents flow through
one element, we consider the current in
that element to be the algebraic sum of
the mesh currents.
Sometimes it is said that the mesh
currents are defined by “soaping the
window panes.”
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Writing Equations to Solve
for Mesh Currents
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
In Figure 2.32b
R7 i3 + R6 (i3 − i2 ) + R8 (i3 − i4 ) = 0
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Mesh Currents in Circuits
Containing Current Sources
A common mistake made by beginning
students is to assume that the voltages
across current sources are zero. In
Figure 2.35, we have:
i1 = 2A
10(i2 − i1 ) + 5i2 + 10 = 0
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Combine meshes 1 and 2 into a supermesh. In other
words, we write a KVL equation around the periphery of
meshes 1 and 2 combined.
i1 + 2(i 1 −i3 ) + 4(i2 − i3 ) + 10 = 0
Mesh 3:
3i3 + 4(i3 − i2 ) + 2(i3 − i1 ) = 0
i2 − i1 = 5
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
− 20 + 4i1 + 6i2 + 2i2 = 0
vx
= i2 − i1
4
v x = 2i2
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Mesh-Current Analysis
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
4. Put the equations into standard form.
Solve for the mesh currents by use of
determinants or other means.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Thévenin Equivalent
Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Thévenin Equivalent
Circuits
Vt = voc
voc
Rt =
isc
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Finding the Thévenin
Resistance Directly
When zeroing a voltage source, it becomes a
short circuit. When zeroing a current source,
it becomes an open circuit.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Step-by-step
Thévenin/Norton-
Equivalent-Circuit
1. Perform two of these:
Analysis
a. Determine the open-circuit voltage Vt = voc.
b. Determine the short-circuit current In =
isc.
c. Zero the sources and find the Thévenin
resistance Rt looking back into the
terminals.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
2. Use the equation Vt = Rt In to compute
the remaining value.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Source Transformations
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Maximum Power Transfer
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
SUPERPOSITION
PRINCIPLE
The superposition principle states
that the total response is the sum of
the responses to each of the
independent sources acting
individually. In equation form, this is
rT = r1 + r2 + L + rn
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
The Wheatstone bridge is used by mechanical
and civil engineers to measure the resistances
of strain gauges in experimental stress studies
of machines and buildings.
R2
Rx = R3
R1
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits