ENGLISH POINTERS

1. Must and Have to are both used to talk about

obligations.
Examples:
 We must talk to her before she leaves.
 Grammar
 I have to go into work early tomorrow.
 Word Analogy
2. The 1st example is more personal. You feel that it’s
 Figure of speech necessary and important to talk to her before she
 Reading comprehension leaves. The obligation comes from you and your
feelings.
GRAMMAR 3. The 2nd example is more situational, which Is why
you have to. It’s necessary to go into work early. The
1. The simplest sentence that you can make is when you obligation comes from the situation, not from you.
tell someone to do something. Example: Work!, 4. Must not mean it’s forbidden or you’re not allowed
Leave!, Run! to do it. Example: Visitors must not touch the
2. Subject (noun) + Predicate (verb) = He runs. paintings.
3. S+P+ adverb of place = He runs around the park. 5. Don’t have to means not necessary: you can do
4. S+P+ adverb of time = He runs every morning. choose if you’ll do it or not.
5. S+P+ adverb of place and time = He runs around 6. You use should to give advice or express your
the park ever morning. opinion.
6. S+P+ adverb of manner = He runs slowly. 7. “You should go to bed earlier. Then you wouldn’t
7. To have a grammatically correct sentence you should feel so tired all the time.” This is not an obligation,
know the answer on the question “What comes so you still have a choice.
next?”. Example: She likes. 8. You can use the three to give advice or express
She likes….what? opinions but learn the DIFFERENCES:
8. The complement is the thing you add after a verb to  You should try the fish. It’s delicious! (this
make a sentence complete. sounds neutral, it doesn’t matter if u try the
9. Complement can be a noun, a verb, an adjective or fish or not).
an adverb; can be single words or phrases.  You must/have to try the fish. It’s delicious!
10. Noun can be a one word or a phrase. (this sounds more stronger, more emphatic.)
Example: Table = Wooden table 9. Using must or have to expresses stronger feelings
11. The sentence may be complete but sometimes you than just using should.
need to add complements because sometimes, it 10. If u want to give a negative advice, only shouldn’t is
doesn’t make sense. possible.
12. Conjunction – words which join parts of a sentence
together. Examples:
 like, VERB TENSES (SIMPLE,
 but, PERFECT, CONTINOUS TENSES)
 if,
 although, 1. Every English verb has two parts.
 because,  The first part is the time: past, present,
 or. future.
13. Complex sentence – sentence with 2+ parts (clauses)  The second part is the aspect: simple,
joined in a conjunction. continuous, perfect, perfect
14. Independent clauses - part of a complex sentence continuous.
that could stand by itself. 2. There are 3 time and 4 aspects and you can these in
15. Dependent clauses – part of a complex sentence that 12 different ways.
could not stand by itself.
16. Just because you can add many clauses doesn’t mean
it’s a good idea. Sentences with too many clauses are
difficult to follow, so it’s generally better to limit
your complex sentences to two or, maximum, three
clauses.

3. Examples:
MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD.  I was having dinner this time yesterday. (the
time is past and the aspect is continuous: it’s
past continuous)
  He’s been sitting there for hours. (the time is
present, and the aspect is perfect continuous:
it’s present perfect continuous).
 Where will you be next week? (the time is WOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE,
future and the aspect is simple: it’s future
simple). SHOULD HAVE
4. Simple verb forms describe two things: single
actions and repeated actions or states.
 I’ll go with you. (future simple & single
actions)
 I went to Rome. (past simple & single
actions)
 I go to work by bus. (present simple &
repeated actions or states)
5. Continuous verb forms use the verb be together
with an -ing verb: be + -ing verb.
6. Continuous verb forms describe things which are
incomplete. It is used to talk about one moment in
time.
 She was telling me a really interesting
story. (continuous form was used
because she hadn’t finished her story).
7. Perfect verb forms connect two points in time.
 He hadn’t finished speaking. (connect
two different times or actions in the
past: past to present)
 She’s finished all her homework. (past
to present)
 We’ll have finished everything by
Friday. (present to future)
8. Have + past participle. It can be use in past, present
1. Would, should, could are modal verbs, so they
don’t have past forms.
2. You can talk about past by adding have + past
participle after the verb.
3. Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.
(what would have happened if things had gone the
other way?)
4. Could have also talks about imaginary past: you’re
talking about possibilities. You’re talking about
opportunities and chances which you didn’t have in
reality.
 To talk about imaginary past
 To guess about something in the past
 To criticise someone for something
they didn’t do
 To say that someone was lucky to
avoid bad situation
5. Should have can be use;
 To criticize someone
 To criticize yourself
 Expressing regret from what you did
 Talk about something which you
expected to happen, but it didn’t.

9.
or future term.
Past perfect = had (past form of have) + past
MODAL VERBS
participle. Example: We hadn’t thought about it.
10. Present perfect = has/have + past participle. 1. NINE MODAL VERBS
11. Future perfect = will have (future form of have) +  Can
past participle. Example: I’ll have finished all by  Could
exams by this time next year.  May
12. In the present perfect, the auxiliary verb is always  Might
have (for I, you, we, they) or has (for he, she, it). In  Will
the past perfect, the auxiliary verb is always had.  Would
13. Perfect continuous forms are a mix of the perfect  Shall
and continuos (have + been + -ing).  Should
 She’d been feeling much better. (past  Must
perfect continuous). 2. Modal words follow their own rules:
 We’ve been waiting for ages. (present  #1 modal verb + infinite verb “to”.
perfect continuous). You can’t put a noun after a modal verb
 By the end of the day, we’ll have been or an -ing verb, or anything else, only
working without a break for 14 hours. an infinitive verb without “to”
(future perfect continuous).  #2 modal verbs don’t have tenses like
14. Continuous = incomplete/temporary regular verbs do, but not 100%
applicable.
i. Could is the past tense of can
in some cases.
ii. Would can sometimes act like
a past version of will.
  #3 modal verbs are auxiliary verbs: you can 4. Scale : length : : yardstick : length (a scale measures
make negatives by adding “not” to the end weight; a yardstick measures length)
of the verb. 5. Watermelon : fruit : : dalmatian : canine (watermelon
3. Meanings of modal verbs is a kind of fruit; dalmatian is a kind of canine.
 Asking permission 6.
 Expressing (im)possibility
 Giving advice/suggestions
 Expressing (un)certainty
 Expressing probability
 Expressing willingness/refusal
 Making a request/offer
 Expressing obligation
 Expressing (in)ability

TO, IN, AT
1. Verb of movement + to
2. Noun of movement + to
3. The place home does not use the preposition “to”:
also, to the pronouns here or there
4. In describe being surrounded by walls or other
things: it describe states, without movement.
5. At expresses the specific place. It can also answer to
the question why and what. Can also use at events.

WORD ANALOGY
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PAIR OF
WORDS

 Antonyms
 Synonyms
 Descriptive
 Cause and effect 1. Sleepless : Fatigue : : Fast: Hunger
 Part to whole 2. Exemption : Rule : : Immunity : Disease
 Steps in process 3. Pencil : Drawing : : Chisel : Carving
 Things and functions 4. Cassock : Priest : : Battle Dress : Soldier
 Item to category 5. Parts : Strap : : Wolf : Flow (reverse letters of the
 Implied relationship word)
 Symbol and what it represents 6. Physician : Treatment : : Judge : Judgement
7. NOMOSTUDIO : PQOQUVWFKQ : : CHANNEL :
3 POSSIBLE STEPS TO PASS ANALOGY TEST EJCPPGN (plus 2 letter)
8. NATION : ANOTIN : : LOVELY : OLLVEY
1. Learn to educate yourself (improve ur vocabulary) (scrambled letters in pattern)
2. Exercise elimination 9. SOUTH : NORTHWEST : : NORTH : SOUTHEAST
3. Never change ur first guess (3 movement clockwise from south to northwest
while 3 movement counter clockwise to north to
40 ITEMS ANALOGY TEST southeast)
10. Sentence : Paragraph : : Keyboard : Laptop
1. Butter : bread : : Paint : wood (butter covers bread;
paint covers wood.
2. Shelf : bookcase : : key : piano (shelf is part of a
bookcase; key is a part of piano)
3. Fish : school : : wolf : pack (a group of fish is called
school; group of wolves called a pack.