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OCW SKAA1213 08 Kinematic of Particles 2
OCW SKAA1213 08 Kinematic of Particles 2
TOPIC 8
KINEMATIC OF PARTICLES
Lecturers:
Rosli Anang
Dr. Mohd Yunus Ishak
Dr. Tan Cher Siang
Outline
• Introduction
• Rectilinear Motion
• C ili
Curvilinear Motion
i
• Problems
Introduction
• General Terms & Definition:
• Mechanic Static – equilibrium of a body that is at rest, or the
body moves with constant velocity
t0 t1 t2 Time
s
O Position
s1 s
s2
Displacement
Rectilinear Motion
• Displacement:
– Change in the particle’s position, vector quantity
– If particle moves from S1 to S2:
s s2 s1
– When s is +ve / ‐ve, particle’s position is right / left of its
initial position
t0 t1 t2 Time
s
O Position
s1 s
s2
Displacement
Rectilinear Motion
• Velocity:
– The speed of the changes of positions.
– Average velocity:
s
v s s2 s1 t t2 t1
t
– Instantaneous velocity:
vins lim s / t
Velocity, v
t
t 0 s
O
ds s
v
s1
dt s2
t1 t2
Rectilinear Motion
• Acceleration:
– The speed of the changes of velocities.
– Average acceleration:
v
a v v2 v1 t t2 t1
t
– Instantaneous acceleration:
a limv / t
t
t 0 Acceleration a
Acceleration,
dv d 2 s
a 2 O
s
dt dt v1 v2
Rectilinear Motion
• Magnitude and directions
Factor +ve value ‐ve value Zero value
Position s
Position, Direction to right Direction to left ‐
Velocity, v Direction to right Direction to left Particle stop moving
Acceleration, a Velocity Velocity Constant velocity
increased decreased
Rectilinear Motion
• Position, velocity and acceleration as a function of
time (t):
ds dv
v a Differential
dt dt
s (t ) v (t ) a (t )
s (t ) v (t ) a (t )
s vdt v adt Integration
Rectilinear Motion
• Function of position, velocity and acceleration
without time (t) factor:
ds ds
v dt
dt v ds dv
vdv ads
dv dv v a
a dt
dt a
Rectilinear Motion
• Constant acceleration
acceleration, ac:
v t
v0 dv 0 ac dt v v0 act
s t 1 2
s0 ds 0 v dt s s0 v0t 2 act
v 2ac s s0
v s
vdv a ds v
2 2
c 0
v0 s0
Rectilinear Motion
• Summary of Equations:
ds dv d 2s
v a a 2 vdv ads
dt dt dt
– When acceleration is constant:
v v0 act
1 2
s so vot act
2
v2 v02 2ac s s0
Rectilinear Motion
• A vehicle moves in a straight line such that for a short
time its velocity is defined by v = (0.9t2 + 0.6t) m/s
where t is in second.
• When t = 0, s = 0.
• Determine it p position (s) and acceleration (a) when t
= 3s.
Rectilinear Motion
• Solution:
Position
When s = 0 when t = 0, we have:
0.9t 2 0.6t
ds
v
dt
ds 0.9t
s t s t
2
0.6t dt s 0.3t 0.3t
3 2
0 0 0 0
Wh t = 3s:
When 3
0.3t 3 0.3t 2
a
dv
dt
d
0.9t 2 0.6t
dt
1.8t 0.6
vC s O
Rectilinear Motion
• Solution:
Information gathering:
Take origin at “O” and upward direction is positive.
Acceleration is constant and due to gravity: aC = ‐9.81m/s2
The ball will reach maximum height at B:
s = sB vB = 0 (ball stops moving at maximum height)
FFrom the
th question
ti we have:
h
t=0 vA = +75m/s, sA = +40m
Rectilinear Motion
• Solution:
At Point B:
vc 6415.74
vc 80.1 m / s 80.1 m / s ()
Rectilinear Motion
• Erratic Motion:
– When a particle moves in erratic motion, it can be
best described graphically by a series of curves
curves.
– A graph is used to describe the relationship with
any 2 of the factors: a, v, s, t
– Recall kinematic equations:
ds dv
v a s vdt
d v adt
d
dt dt
Rectilinear Motion
• Erratic Motion:
– The s‐t, v‐t and a‐t Graphs
– When given the s‐ts t graph,
graph we can construct the v‐t
vt
graph and a‐t graph, and vice versa:
•
•
Slope of ss‐tt graph = v;
Slope of v‐t graph = a; v
ds
dt
a
dv
dt
•
•
Area under a‐t graph = v
Area under v‐t graph = s s vdt
d v adt
d
Rectilinear Motion
• Erratic Motion:
– The s‐t, v‐t and a‐t Graphs
– General behavior of graph:
• Incline slope positive
• Stagnant slope “0”
0
• Decline slope negative
Position, r
O
Path, s
Curvilinear Motion
• Introduction:
– Displacement Δr represents the change in the
particle’ss position.
particle position
r ' r r s
r
Displacement, r’
s
Position r
Position,
O
Path, s
Curvilinear Motion
• Introduction:
r
– Average velocity is defined as: vavg
t
O
Curvilinear Motion
• Introduction:
– The average and instantaneous acceleration are:
v dv d 2 r
aavg a 2
t dt dt
a
Acceleration
Path, s
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Projectile launched at (x0, y0) and path is defined
in the xx‐yy plane where yy‐axis
axis is the vertical axis.
axis
– Air resistance is neglected
– The only force exists is the weight downwards
– Projectile’s acceleration always act vertically
• Constant acceleration: ac = g = 9 81 m/s2
9.81
• ax = 0; ay = ‐g = ‐9.81 m/s2
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Horizontal motion:
– Since ax = 0,
0
v v0 ac t ; v x (v0 ) x
1 2 x x0 (v0 ) x t
x x0 v0t ac t ;
2
v x (v0 ) x
v v0 2ac ( s s0 );
2 2
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Vertical motion:
– Positive y axis is upward,
upward we take ay = ‐ g
v v0 ac t ; v y (v0 ) y gt
1 2 1 2
y y0 v0t ac t ; y y0 (v0 ) y t gt
2 2
v 2
v0 2ac ( y y0 );
2
v y2 (v0 ) 2y 2 g ( y y0 )
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– A cyclist jumps off the 25o slope track at 5m height, and
with the speed 20 m/s. Calculate the time (t) that the
cyclist is flying in the air, and the distance (D) from point A
when he landed on the ground.
y
v = 20 m/s B
25o h
x
A 5m
C
D
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Solution:
• Vertical motion:
v y v sin (20) sin 25 8.45m / s
1 2
y y0 (v0 ) y t gt
2
1
0 5 8.45t (9.81)t 2
2
4.905t 8.45t 5 0
2
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Solution:
• Using mathematical solution (take positive answer):
4.905t 2 8.45t 5 0
b b 4ac
2
( 8.45) 8.45 2
4(4.905)(5)
t
2a 2(4.905)
t 2.19s
Curvilinear Motion
• Projectile Motion
– Solution:
• Horizontal motion:
xC x A (v Ax )t
D xC 0 (18.13)(2.19) 39.7 m
Curvilinear Motion
• Planar Circular Motion:
– Normal & Tangential Components O
s
• When a particle moves in planar
circular motion, the path of motion O’
n
can be described using n and t un
coordinates,
di which
hi h act normall and
d ut
v v ut
ds
v s
dt
Curvilinear Motion
• Planar Circular Motion:
– Normal & Tangential Components
• Acceleration: the time rate of
change of velocity
a v vut vut
a at ut anun
v2
where at v or at ds vdv and an
R
s
R = 30m
v = 0.25t2
O’
Curvilinear Motion
• Planar Circular Motion:
– Solution:
• 1) Calculate the velocity at t = 3s
• The magnitude is given by: v = 0.25t2 m/s.
at v
d
d
dt
0.25t 2 0.5t
• At t = 3s: at = 0.5(3) = 1.5 ms‐2
Curvilinear Motion
• Planar Circular Motion:
– Solution:
• 2) Normal Component:
an
v 2
0.25t
2 2
30
• At t = 3s: an
v2
0.25(3) 2
2
0.169m / s 2
30
Curvilinear Motion
• Planar Circular Motion:
– Solution:
• acceleration vector is:
v2
a at ut anun v ut un
• Magnitude of acceleration: